Zusammenfassung
This article investigates the link between countries’ level of democracy and their ability to attract degree-mobile students from abroad. The network of international student mobility is analyzed for the time span between 2000 and 2009 in a cross-sectional manner, focusing on OECD and member countries of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). Using Social Network Analysis and Exponential Random Graph Modelling, the study demonstrates that ties are more frequent when both countries in a dyad have either low or high levels of democracy, i. e., when there is homophily with regard to their democracy level. However, this applies only when the receiving country is economically wealthy. We thus conclude that there is a considerable confounding of effects of democratization and economic prosperity.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
Literatur
Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. A. (2005). Institutions as fundamental cause of long-run growth. In K. J. Arrow & M. D. Intriligator (Hrsg.), Handbook of economic growth, Bd. 1A (S. 385-472). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01006-3
Apolinarksi, B., & Brandt, T. (2018). Ausländische Studierende in Deutschland 2016: Ergebnisse der Befragung bildungsausländischer Studierender im Rahmen der 21. Sozialerhebung des Deutschen Studentenwerks durchgeführt vom Deutschen Zentrum für Hochschul- und Wissenschaftsforschung. http://www.sozialerhebung.de/download/21/soz_21_ba-bericht-dt.pdf, Abruf: 13.12.2019.
Barnett, G. A., & Wu, R. Y. (1995). The international student exchange network: 1970 & 1989. Higher Education, (30), 353-368.
Barnett, G. A., Lee, M., Jiang, K., & Park, H. W. (2015). The flow of international students from a macro perspective: A network analysis. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 46(4), 533-559. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2015.1015965
Barro, R. J. (1999). Determinants of democracy. Journal of Political Economy, 107(S6), S158-S183. https://doi.org/10.1086/250107
Beine, M., Noël, R., & Ragot, L. (2012). The determinants of international mobility of students. (CESifo Working Paper No. 3848). https://www.ifo.de/DocDL/cesifo1_wp3848.pdf, Abruf: 21.01.2020.
Bergerhoff, J., Borghans, L., Seegers, P. K., & van Veen, T. (2013). International education and economic growth. IZA Journal of European Labor Studies, 2(3), 1-13. http://www.izajoels.com/content/2/1/3, Abruf: 02.10.2019.
Bessey, D. (2012). International student migration to Germany. Empirical Economics, 42(1), 345-361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-010-0417-0
Bologna Declaration (1999, June 19). Joint declaration of the European Ministers of Education. http://ehea.info/media.ehea.info/file/Ministerial_conferences/02/8/1999_Bologna_Declaration_English_553028.pdf, Abruf: 02.10.2019.
Brooks, R., Waters, J., & Pimlott‐Wilson, H. (2012). International education and the employability of UK students. British Educational Research Journal, 38(2), 281-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411926.2010.544710
Caruso, R., & Wit, H. de (2013). Determinants of mobility of students in Europe: A preliminary quantitative study (MPRA Paper No. 49808). München. http://mpra.ub.unimuenchen.de/49808/, Abruf: 02.10.2019.
Chen, T.-M., & Barnett, G. A. (2000). Research on international student flows from a macro perspective: A network analysis of 1985, 1989 and 1995. Higher Education, 39, 435-453.
Council of the European Union (2011). Council conclusions on a benchmark for learning mobility. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1569935095446&uri=CELEX:52011XG1220(06), Abruf: 02.10.2019.
Economist Intelligence Unit (2007). The Economist Intelligence Unit’s index of democracy. https://www.economist.com/media/pdf/DEMOCRACY_INDEX_2007_v3.pdf, Abruf: 13.12.2019.
Forstorp, P.-A., & Mellström, U. (2018). Higher education, globalization and eduscapes: Towards a critical anthropology of a global knowledge society. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-44047-1
Fulge, T., & Vögtle, E. M. (2014). Sweeping change – but does it matter? The BP and determinants of student mobility. In K. Martens, P. Knodel, & M. Windzio (Hrsg.), Transformations of the state: Internationalization of education policy: A new constellation of statehood in education? (S. 67-88). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Gainous, J., & Martens, A. M. (2012). The effectiveness of civic education. American Politics Research, 40(2), 232-266. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X11419492
Glaeser, E. L., Ponzetto, G. A. M., & Shleifer, A. (2007). Why does democracy need education? Journal of Economic Growth, 12(2), 77-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-007-9015-1
Güçlü, N. (1997). Transnational student mobility. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (13), 33-40.
Jon, J.-E., Lee, J. J., & Byun, K. (2014). The emergence of a regional hub: Comparing international student choices and experiences in South Korea. Higher Education, 67(5), 691-710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-013-9674-0
Kahanec, M., & Králiková, R. (2011). Pulls of international student mobility. (IZA Discussion Paper 6233), http://ftp.iza.org/dp6233.pdf Abruf: 13.12.2019.
Kondakci, Y., Bedenlier, S., & Zawacki-Richter, O. (2017). Social network analysis of international student mobility: Uncovering the rise of regional hubs. Higher Education, 75(3), 517-535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-017-0154-9
Krivitsky, P. N. (2012). Exponential-family random graph models for valued networks. Electronic Journal of Statistics, 6, 1100-1128. https://doi.org/10.1214/12-EJS696
Lee, E. S. (1966). A theory of migration. Demography, 3(1), 47-57. https://doi.org/10.2307/2060063
Lee, K. H., & Tan, J. P. (1984). The international flow of third level lesser developed country students to developed countries: Determinants and implications. Higher Education, 13(6), 687-707.
Levatino, A., Eremenko, T., Molinero Gerbeau, Y., Consterdine, E., Kabbanji, L., Gonzalez-Ferrer, A., . . . Beauchemin, C. (2017). Opening or closing borders to international students? Convergent and divergent dynamics in France, Spain and the UK. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 16(3), 366-380. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2018.1457432
Lewis, M. P., Simons, G. F., & Fennig, C. D. (2015). Ethnologue: Languages of the world. Dallas, TX.
Lipset, S. M. (1959). Some social requisites of democracy: Economic development and political legitimacy. American Political Science Review, 53(1), 69-105. https://doi.org/10.2307/1951731
Lomer, S. (2018). UK policy discourses and international student mobility: The deterrence and subjectification of international students. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 16(3), 308-324. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2017.1414584
Lusher, D., Koskinen, J., & Robbins, G. (2013). Exponential random graph models for social networks: Theories, methods, and applications. (Structural Analysis in the Social Sciences 35). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Maoz, Z. (2010). Networks of nations: The evolution, structure, and impact of international networks 1816-2001. (Structural Analysis in the Social Sciences 32). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Marshall, M., Jaggers, K., & Gurr, T. (2011). Polity IV project: Political regime characteristics and transitions, 1800-2013. https://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm, Abruf: 02.10.2019.
Mazzarol, T., & Soutar, G. N. (2001). Push-pull factors influencing international student destination choice. (CEMI Discussion Paper Series, DP 0105). Centre for Entrepreneurial Management and Innovation. https://cemi.com.au/sites/all/publications/CEMI%20DP0105%20Mazza-rol%20and%20Soutar%202001.pdf, Abruf: 02.10.2019.
McMahon, M. (1992). Higher education in a world market: An historical look at the global context of international study. Higher Education, 24(4), 465-482.
McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. M. (2001). Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1), 415-444. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415
Oosterbeek, H., & Webbink, D. (2011). Does studying abroad induce a brain drain? Economica, 78(310), 347-366. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0335.2009.00818.x
Parsons, T. (1960). Structure and process in modern societies. New York, NY: Free Press.
Perkins, R., & Neumayer, E. (2014). Geographies of educational mobilities: Exploring the uneven flows of international students. The Geographical Journal, 180(3), 246-259. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12045
Racine, N., Villeneuve, P. Y., & Thériault, M. (2016). Attracting foreign students: The case of two universities in Québec. Journal of Studies in International Education, 7(3), 241-252. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315303254428
Ravenstein, E. G. (1885). The laws of migration. Journal of the Statistical Society of London, 48(2), 167-235. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2979181, Abruf: 13.12.2019.
Ravenstein, E. G. (1889). The laws of migration. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 52(2), 241-305. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2979333, Abruf: 13.12.2019.
Rigobon, R., & Rodrik, D. (2004). Rule of law, democracy, openness and income: Estimating the interrelationships. http://www.nber.org/papers/w10750, Abruf: 02.10.2019.
Rodríguez González, C., Bustillo Mesanza, R., & Mariel, P. (2011). The determinants of international student mobility flows: An empirical study on the Erasmus programme. Higher Education, 62(4), 413-430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-010-9396-5
Shields, R. (2013). Globalization and international student mobility: A network analysis. Comparative Education Review, 57(4), 609-636.
Shields, R. (2016). Following the leader? Network models of “world-class” universities on Twitter. Higher Education, 71(2), 253-268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-015-9900-z
Spilimbergo, A. (2009). Democracy and foreign education. American Economic Review, 99(1), 528-543. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.99.1.528
Teichler, U. (2004). The changing debate on internationalisation of higher education. Higher Education, 48(1), 5-26. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HIGH.0000033771.69078.41
UNESCO Institute of Statistics (2019). Data on inbound internationally mobile students by country of origin. http://data.uis.unesco.org/, Abruf: 02.10.2019.
van Mol, C., & Timmerman, C. (2014). Should I stay or should I go? An analysis of the determinants of intra-European student mobility. Population, Space and Place, 20(5), 465-479. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1833
Vögtle, E. M. (2014). Higher education policy convergence and the Bologna process: A cross-national study: Transformations of the state. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Vögtle, E. M., & Fulge, T. (2013). The Bologna process’ impact on cross-national student mobility: A multi-method evaluation. (TranState Working Papers 179). http://www.sfb597.unibremen.de/pages/pubApBeschreibung.php?SPRACHE=de&ID=220, Abruf: 07.10.2019.
Vögtle, E. M., & Windzio, M. (2016). Networks of international student mobility: Enlargement and consolidation of the European transnational education space? Higher Education, 72(6), 723-741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-015-9972-9
Vögtle, E. M., & Windzio, M. (2020). Looking for freedom? Networks of international student mobility and countries’ levels of democracy. The Geographical Journal, 186(1), 103-115. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12329
Wei, H. (2013). An empirical study on the determinants of international student mobility: A global perspective. Higher Education, 66(1), 105-122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-012-9593-5
Windzio, M. (2018). The network of global migration 1990-2013. Social Networks, 53, 20-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2017.08.006
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Der/die Herausgeber bzw. der/die Autor(en), exklusiv lizenziert durch Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Vögtle, E.M., Windzio, M. (2021). Der Einfluss des Demokratieniveaus von Staaten auf ihre Attraktivität als Studiendestination Eine netzwerkanalytische Perspektive. In: Jungbauer-Gans, M., Gottburgsen, A. (eds) Migration, Mobilität und soziale Ungleichheit in der Hochschulbildung . Higher Education Research and Science Studies. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-31694-5_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-31694-5_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer VS, Wiesbaden
Print ISBN: 978-3-658-31693-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-658-31694-5
eBook Packages: Education and Social Work (German Language)