Zusammenfassung
Dieser Beitrag argumentiert, dass internationale Organisationen wie etwa die Weltbank in Analysen globaler Wertschöpfungsketten oft übersehen werden, obwohl sie von grundlegender Bedeutung für die Wertketten der Lebensmittelbranche sind. Unter anderem beeinflusst allen voran die Weltbank solche Wertketten indem sie international Landreformprogramme verfolgt, mit denen sie die Regeln für die zahlreichsten Akteure in der Lebensmittelproduktion – die Kleinbauern – grundsätzlich beeinflusst. Der Beitrag geht konkret auf die Landreformen ein, wie sie von der Weltbank in den 1990ern und 2000ern befürwortet wurden, und untersucht dabei wie und welches Wissen über Landreform die Weltbank verbreitet, und wie sie mit den Widersprüchen, die von den Landreformen ausgelöst werden, umgeht. Es werden zwei solche Entwicklungen analysiert, und zwar die Zunahme der Subsistenzlandwirtschaft und das Aufkommen riesiger Agrarkonzerne in einigen der größten Länder Eurasiens: die Ukraine, Russland, Kasachstan, und die Türkei. Mittels einer Auswertung der Weltbank-Berichte über diese und andere Länder, argumentiert der Beitrag, dass die Weltbank die Konsequenzen ihrer Empfehlung zu Landreform herunterspielt und ein Wissen produziert, welches eine auf den ersten Blick unproblematische Hierarchisierung der Länder ermöglicht, die oben genannten Widersprüche aber letztendlich nicht erklären kann.
Abstract
This contribution argues that international organizations such as the World Bank are often overlooked in studies of global value chains, even though they can fundamentally influence value chains in the food economy. One of the ways in which the World Bank for instance impacts on such value chains is by pursuing international land reform programs that dramatically influence the rules for and the life-worlds of the most numerous actors in food production—small farmers. The chapter looks specifically at the land reforms advocated by the World Bank throughout the 1990s and the 2000s, examining how and what knowledge of land reform the World Bank disseminated, and how it presently deals with the contradictions raised by land reforms. The chapter’s focus is on two such contradictory developments: the growth of subsistence agriculture and the emergence of huge agricultural corporations in some of the largest Eurasian countries: Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, and Turkey. Through an analysis of the World Bank reports on these and other countries, the chapter argues that the World Bank plays down the consequences of its recommendation on land reform and produces a knowledge that allows at first sight the unproblematic ranking of countries but ultimately cannot explain the above contradictions.
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Notes
- 1.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit sind durch diese Formulierung sowohl Bauern als auch Bäuerinnen gemeint.
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Der Autor möchte sich bei Martin Brand, Julia Fülling, Linda Hering, Elmar Kulke, und Rüya Gökhan Koçer für ihre Anregungen und Verbesserungsvorschläge bedanken.
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Varga, M. (2020). Wissen über Landreformen: Die Weltbank und die Widersprüche ihres Wissensregimes. In: Baur, N., Fülling, J., Hering, L., Kulke, E. (eds) Waren – Wissen – Raum. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-30719-6_5
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