Abstract
Since the eighties, and even more from the middle of the next decade, the flexibility of the work has been cited by many European experts and policy makers as inevitable and urgent need, inherent to the development of new economic system, post-Fordist production and organization. Like a magic formula, flexibility would allow companies to overcome the global economic downturns responding promptly to the instability of the markets, thereby contributing to the general increase of wellness. Apologists for flexibility—ironically often holders of solid permanent contracts—obviously focused on the labor market, which was considered too rigid and that’s why plagued by various dysfunctions, such as high youth unemployment and long-term as well as a low participation of women and people over 50th.
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Notes
- 1.
Among the different forms of contract were introduced: job sharing, which allows two people to play a single work obligations; intermittent work, the placement contract (lasting between 9 and 18 months), on-call work, project work; (cf. Brunetta 2007).
- 2.
The reference to 2004, the first year after the Biagi Reform, allows a consistent comparison and aggregation of data from Istat, which then uses a new classification of employment contracts.
- 3.
Through transition matrices is possible to observe the steps from one employment status to another. See about: Istat (2012d, Appendix Table 25 Statistics on the labor market).
- 4.
The questionnaire was constructed using the software Lime Survey (http://www.limesurvey.org/), one of the most used and powerful software to create online surveys. It is an open source and freeware software that allows to manage the questionnaire and to control passwords and access, using customised path in the questionnaire and making compulsory to answer to some questions, as well as record and export data in many formats.
- 5.
The question about the occupation was also paid to the unemployed, who have indicated their profession earlier.
- 6.
This type is the result of an index constructed by crossing two variables of detection. The first is given by the responses to the survey question that asked “In your experience of precarious work: (1) have done more or less the same job/profession with the same employer; (2) have done more or less the same job/profession for different employers; (3) have done several jobs/professions for different employers”. The second is a variable (derived) built on the basis of the replies to the question “Can you identify the three jobs/professions that have done more often in recent years?”. This dichotomous variable classifies respondents among those who have had a career path consistent (they have always done the same profession or different professions with the same level of qualification) and those who have followed a career path not consistent (have played different professions of medium or low-skilled).
- 7.
This question has been submitted to all the respondents and not only to those who at the time of the interview was in precarious condition, as all have had experiences of precarious work.
- 8.
Textual analysis is presented here relative to the three open questions dedicated to building stories of precariousness of the respondent, to deepen an episode of instability and its future prospects. In our analysis we chose to consider these three fields as a single text.
- 9.
Key words are words over-represented in the text in analysis compared to a lexicon of frequency used as a reference. They can be considered as the peculiar expression of a text. Furthermore the repeated segments are those expressions composed of two or more words in sequence (eg. expiry of the contract) useful to track down the concepts used in the text. The extraction of those specific bag of words were performed using the TaLTaC2 software (www.taltac.it; Bolasco 1999).
- 10.
The index of criticality is achieved by using the dictionary of positive and negative adjectives in the software TaLTaC2 (cf. Bolasco della Ratta 2004), which allows both to describe the type of positive or negative adjectives used in a text, is to assess quantitatively the level of criticality, through an index that is obtained by dividing the occurrences of negative adjectives to those of positive adjectives.
- 11.
It was possible to classify almost all the answers, with the exception of 8 cases in which respondents wrote too general sentences or admitted to not knowing how to respond. About the technique of research entities, used for the semantic categorization with the software TaLTaC2, cf. Bolasco della Ratta, 2010.
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Della Ratta-Rinaldi, F., Di Nicola, P., Ioppolo, L., Rosati, S. (2016). Precarious Histories. In: Hepp, R., Riesinger, R., Kergel, D. (eds) Verunsicherte Gesellschaft. Prekarisierung und soziale Entkopplung - transdisziplinäre Studien. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-12902-6_4
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