Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Carbohydrate Metabolism

  • Chapter
Avian Physiology

Part of the book series: Springer Advanced Texts in Life Sciences ((SATLIFE))

Abstract

Current literature. Since the previous edition of this text, much new information pertinent to a better understanding of normal avian carbohydrate metabolism has been gathered. Use of newly designed methodology, of more sensitive techniques, and of the “molecular approach” allow for reevaluation of the results of older experiments as well as for progress in understanding avian carbohydrate phenomena at a lower level of (organismic) organization. Emphasis has been placed on the cell, on the intracellular cooperation of organelles, and on the existence, location, and design of receptor sites. Unfortunately, the majority of this work has been restricted to but a few of the many available avian species. Most of our knowledge of avian carbohydrate metabolism is derived from studies completed on “domestic” avian forms, such as Gallus domesticus (chicken), duck, goose, and, to a lesser extent, Columba (pigeon).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

General Reviews

  • Bell, D. J., and B. M. Freeman (Eds.). (1971). “Physiology and Biochemistry of the Domestic Fowl,” Vols. I, II, and III. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drummond, G. I. (1967). Muscle metabolism. Fortschr. Zool., 18, 359.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farner, D. S., and J. R. King (Eds.). (1972) and (1973). “Avian Biology,” Vols. II and III. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, J. C., and A. J. Berger. (1966). “Avian Myology.” New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romanoff, A., (1967). “Biochemistry of the Avian Embryo.” New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

Selected Papers

  • Alvarado, F., and J. Monreal. (1967). Na+-Dependent active transport of phenylglucosides in the chicken intestine. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 20, 471.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Annison, E. F. (1971). Lipid and acetate metabolism. In “Physiology and Biochemistry of the Domestic Fowl,” Vol. I (D. J. Bell and B. M. Freeman, Eds.). London: Academic Press, Chapter 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Assenmacher, I. (1973). The peripheral endocrine glands. In “Avian Biology,” Vol. III (D. S. Farner, and J. R. King, Eds.). New York: Academic Press, Chapter 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, D. J. (1967). Some monosaccharides in hen’s urine. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 20, 523.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, D. J. (1971). Plasma glucose. In “Physiology of the Domestic Fowl,” Vol. 2 (D. J. Bell and B. M. Freeman, Eds.). London: Academic Press, Chapter 39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, D. J., and P. D. Sturkie (1965). In “Avian Physiology” (2nd ed.) (P. D. Sturkie, Eds.). Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, Chapter 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogner, P. H. (1966). Development of sugar transport in the chick intestine. Biol. Neonat, 9, 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bogner, P. H., and I. A. Haines. (1964). Functional development of active sugar transport in the chick intestine. Am. J. Physiol., 207, 37.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, K. K., R. C. Anderson, and N. Maze. (1945). Susceptibility of birds to insulin as compared with mammals. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 84, 74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ensor, D. M., D. H. Thomas, and J. G. Phillips. (1970). Possible role of thyroid in extrarenal secretion following a hypertonic saline load in the duck. J. Endocrinol. 46, X (Abst.).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Exton, J. H., G. A. Robison, and E. W. Sutherland. (1972). Glucagon and cyclic AMP. In “Handbook of Physiology,” Sect. 7, “Endocrinology,” Vol. I (N. Breinkel and D. F. Steiner, Eds.). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, Chapter 27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fearon, J. R., and F. H. Bird. (1968). Site and rate of active transport of D-glucose in the intestine of the fowl at various initial glucose concentrations. Poultry Sci., 47, 1412.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, B. M. (1966). The effects of cold, nor-adrenaline and adrenaline upon the oxygen consumption and carbohydrate metabolism of the young fowl. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 18, 369.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, B. M. (1967). Some effects of cold on the metabolism of the fowl during the perinatal period. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 20, 179.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, B. M. (1969). The mobilization of hepatic glycogen in Gallus domesticus at the end of incubation. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 28, 1169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, B. M., and D. R. Langslow. (1973). Responses of plasma glucose, free fatty acids and glucagon to cobalt and nickel chlorides by Callus domesticus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 46A, 427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodridge, A. G. (1968a). Lipolysis in vitro in adipose tissue from embryonic and growing chicks. Am. J. Physiol., 214, 897.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodridge, A. G. (1968b). Metabolism of glucose-U-14C in vitro in adipose tissue from embryonic and growing chicks. Am. J. Physiol., 214, 897.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodridge, A. G. (1968c). Citrate-cleavage enzyme, malic enzyme and dehydrogenases in embryonic and growing chicks. Biochem. J., 108, 663.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Golden, W. R. C., and C. N. H. Long. (1942). The influence of certain hormones on the carbohydrate levels of the chick. Endocrinology, 30, 675.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grande, F. (1968). Effect of glucagon on plasma free fatty acids and blood sugar in birds. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 128, 532.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grande, F. (1969). Lack of insulin effect on free fatty acid mobilization produced by glucagon in birds. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 130, 711.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grande, F. (1970). Effects of glucagon and insulin on plasma free fatty acids and blood sugar in owls. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 133, 540.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grande, F. (1971). Effect of tolbutamide on plasma-free fatty acids and blood sugar in birds. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 137, 548.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grande, F., and W. F. Prigge (1970). Glucagon infusion, plasma FFA and triglycerides, blood sugar, and liver lipids in birds. Am. J. Physiol., 218, 1406.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grande, F., W. F. Prigge, and M. de Oya. (1972). Influence of theophylline on the adipokinetic effect of glucagon in vivo. Proc. Sco. Exp. Biol. Med., 141, 774.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenman, D. L., and M. X. Zarrow. (1961). Steroids and carbohydrate metabolism in the domestic bird. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 106, 459.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guidotti, G., and P. Foa. (1961). Development of an insulin-sensitive glucose transport system in chick embryo hearts. Am. J. Physiol., 201, 869.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guidotti, G., A. Borghetti, G. Gaja, L. Loreti, G. Ragnotti, and P. Foa. (1968). Amino acid uptake in the developing chick embryo heart. Biochem. J., 107, 565.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guidotti, G. G., L. Loreti, G. Gaja, and P. P. Foa. (1966). Glucose uptake in the developing chick embryo heart. Am. j. Physiol., 211, 981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, R. A., and P. J. Heald. (1966). Lipid metabolism and the laying hen: IV. The synthesis of triglycerides by slices of avian liver. Biochim, Biophys. Acta, 116, 41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hazelwood, R. L. (1958). The peripheral action of tolbutamide in the fowl. Endocrinology, 63, 611.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hazelwood, R. L. (1965) Carbohydrate metabolism. In “Avian Physiology” (2nd ed.) (P. D. Sturkie, Ed.). Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, Chapter 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazelwood, R. L. (1971). Endocrine control of avian carbohydrate metabolism. Poultry Sci., 50: 9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hazelwood, R. L. (1972). The intermediary metabolism of birds. In “Avian Biology,” Vol. II, (D. S. Farner and J. R. King, Eds.). New York: Academic Press, Chapter 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazelwood, R. L. (1973). The avian endocrine pancreas. Am. Zool., 13, 699.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hazelwood, R. L., and F. W. Lorenz. (1959). Effects of fasting and insulin on carbohydrate metabolism of the domestic fowl. Am. J. Physiol., 197, 47.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hazelwood, R. L., J. R. Kimmel, and H. G. Pollock. (1968). Biological characterization of chicken insulin activity in rats and domestic fowl. Endocrinology, 83, 1 331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazelwood, R. L., S. D. Turner, J. R. Kimmel, and H. G. Pollock. (1973). Spectrum effects of a new polypeptide (third hormone?) isolated from the chicken pancreas. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 21, 485.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heald, P. J. (1963). The metabolism of carbohydrate by liver of the domestic fowl. Biochem. J., 86, 103.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heald, P. J., P. M. McLachlan, and K. A. Rookledge. (1965). The effects of insulin, glucagon and adrenocorticotropic hormone on the plasma glucose and free fatty acids of the domestic fowl. J. Endocrinol., 33, 83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holdsworth, C. D., and T. H. Wilson. (1967). Development of active sugar and amino acid transport in the yolk sac and intestine of the chicken. Am. J. Physiol., 212, 233.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, D. A., R. J. Levin, and D. H. Smyth. (1971). Absorption from the alimentary tract. In “Physiology and Biochemistry of the Domestic Fowl,” Vol. I (D. J. Bell and B. M. Freeman, Eds.). London: Academic Press, Chapter 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimmel, J. R., L. J. Hayden, and H. G. Pollock. (1975). Isolation and characterization of a new pancreatic polypeptide hormone. J. Biol. Chem., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimmel, J. R., H. G. Pollock, and R. L. Hazelwood. (1968). Isolation and characterization of chicken insulin. Encodrinology, 83, 1323.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King, D. B. (1969). Effect of hypophysectomy of young cockerals, with particular reference to body growth, liver weight and liver glycogen level. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 12, 242.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langslow, D. R., and B. M. Freeman. (1972). Partial pancreatectomy and the role of insulin in carbohydrate metabolism in Callus domesticus. Diabetologia, 8, 206.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langslow, D. R., and B. M. Freeman. (1973). Investigations into the mode of action of Synthelin A in Gallus domesticus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 46A, 447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langslow, D. R., and C. N. Hales. (1969). Lipolysis in chicken adipose tissue in vitro. J. Endocrinol., 43, 285.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langslow, D. R., and C. N. Hales. (1971). The role of the endocrine pancreas and catecholamines in the control of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. In “Physiology and Biochemistry of the Domestic Fowl,” Vol. I (D. J. Bell and B. Freeman, Eds.). London: Academic Press, Chapter 21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langslow, D. R., E. J. Butler, C. N. Hales, and A. W. Pearson. (1970). The response of plasma insulin, glucose and non-esterified fatty acids to various hormones, nutrients and drugs in the domestic fowl. J. Endocrinol., 46, 243.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langslow, D. R., B. M. Freeman, and K. D. Buchanan. (1973a). Responses of plasma glucose, free fatty acids, glucagon and insulin to Synthalin A by Gallus domesticus Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 46A, 437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langslow, D. R., J. R. Kimmel, and H. G. Pollock. (1973b). Studies of the distribution of a new avian pancreatic polypeptide and insulin among birds, reptiles, amphibians and mammals. Endocrinology, 93, 558.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lepkovsky, S., A. Chari-Bitron, R. Lemmon, R. Ostwald, and M. Dimick. (1960). Metabolic and anatomic adaptations in chickens “trained” to eat their daily food in two hours. Poultry Sci., 39, 385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lepkovsky, S., M. K. Dimick, F. Furuta, N. Sapir, R. Park, N. Narita, and K. Komatsu. (1967). Response of blood glucose and plasma free fatty acids to fasting and to injection of insulin and testosterone in chickens. Endocrinology, 81, 1001.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, T. M., and R. E. Chance. (1972). Spectrum gastronintestinal actions of a new bovine pancreas polypeptide (BPP). Gastroenterology, 62, 852. (Abstr.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, Y. C., and P. D. Sturkie. (1968). Effect of environmental temperatures on the catecholamines of chickens. Am. J. Physiol., 214, 237.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lukens, F. D. W. (1948). Alloxan diabetes. Physiol. Rev., 28, 304.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marhussen, J., and F. Sundby. (1973). Duck insulin: Isolation, crystallization and amino acid sequence. Intl. J. Peptide Protein Res., 5, 37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayes, J. S., L. R. Miller and F. K. Myers. (1970). The relationship of galactose-1-phosphate accumulation and uridyl transferase activity to the differential galactose toxicity in male and female chicks. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 39, 661.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mialhe, P. (1969). Some aspects of the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in birds. In Progress in Endocrinology (C. Gual, Eds.). Intl. Congr. Ser. No. 184. Amsterdam: Excerpta Med. Foundation, p. 158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Migliorini, R. H., C. Linder, J. L. Moura, and J. A. Veiga. (1973). Gluconeogenesis in a carnivorous bird (black vulture). Am. J. Physiol., 225, 1389.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, R. A. (1942). Effects of anterior pituitary preparations and insulin on islet cells of the pigeon pancreas. Endocrinology, 31, 535.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mirsky, I. A., and S. Gitelson. (1957). Comparison of the hypoglycemic action of tolbutamide in the fowl and other species. Endocrinology, 61, 148.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mirsky, I. A., and S. Gitelson. (1958). The diabetic response of geese to pancreatectomy. Endocrinology, 63, 345.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mirsky, I. A., and K. Kawamura. (1966). Heterogeneity of crystalline insulin. Endocrinology, 78, 1115.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mirsky, I. A., R. Jinks, and G. Perisutti. (1964). Production of diabetes mellitus in the duck by insulin antibodies. Am. J. Physiol., 206, 133.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, H. E., and J. R. Neely. (1972). Insulin and membrane transport. In “Handbook of Physiology,” Sect. 7, “Endocrinology,” Vol. 1, “Endocrine Pancreas” (D. F. Steiner and N. Freinkel, Eds.). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Co., Chapter 20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, N., S. Elgart, and I. A. Mirsky. (1942). Pancreatic diabetes in the owl. Endocrinology, 31, 119.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Hea, E. K., and G. A. Leveille. (1968). Lipogenesis in isolated adipose tissue of the domestic chick. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 26, 111.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Hea, E. K., and G. A. Leveille. (1969). Lipid biosynthesis and transport in the domestic chick (Callus domesticus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 30, 149.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Opdyke, D. F. (1942). Response of fasted and non-fasted chicks to insulin. Endocrinology, 31, 363.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce, J., and W. O. Brown. (1971). Carbohydrate metabolism. In “Physiology and Biochemistry of the Domestic Fowl” Vol. 1 (D. J. Bell and B. M. Freeman, Eds.). London: Academic Press, Chapter 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pittman, R. P., and R. L. Hazelwood. (1973). Catecholamine response of chickens to exogenous insulin and tolbutamide. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 45A, 141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raheja, K. L., J. G. Snedecor, and R. A. Freedland. (1971a). Activities of some enzymes involved in lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, glycolysis and glycogen metabolism in chicks from day of hatch to adulthood. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 39B, 237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raheja, K. L.J., G. Snedecor, and R. A. Freedland. (1971b). Effect of propylthiouracil feeding on glycogen metabolism and malic enzyme in the liver of the chick. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 39B, 833.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riddle, O., and D. F. Opdyke. (1947). The action of pituitary and other hormones on the carbohydrate and fat metabolism of young pigeons. Carnegie Inst. Publ., 569, 49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samols, E., J. Tyler, and P. Mialhe. (1969). Suppression of pancreatic glucagon release by the hypoglycemic sulfonylureas. Lancet, 2, 174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shao, T. C.I and D. C. Hill. (1967). A comparison of the effect of dietary fat and carbohydrate on free amino acids in blood plasma of chicks. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol, 45, 225.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C. J. V. (1972). Blood glucose levels in young chickens: the influence of light regimes. Poultry Sci., 51, 268.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, L. (1966). Species variation in the amino acid sequence of insulin. Am. J. Med., 40, 662.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snedecor, J. G. (1968). Liver hypertrophy, liver glycogen accumulation, and organ-weight changes in radio-thyroidectomized and goitrogen-treated chicks. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 10, 277.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stamler, J., R. Pick, and L. N. Katz. (1954). Effects of cortisone, hydrocortisone and corticotrophin on lipemia, glycemia and atherogenesis in cholesterol-fed chicks. Circulation, 10, 237.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sundby, F., and E. K. Frandsen. (1972). Crystallization and amino acid sequence of duck glucagon. Fed. Eu. Biol. Sci. Letters, 26, 289.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, S. D., and R. L. Hazelwood. (1973). Does histamine play a role in the secretogogic effect of avian pancreatic “gastrin”? Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 144, 852.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tweist, G., and C. J. Smith. (1970). Circadian rhythm on blood glucose level of chickens. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 32, 371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagh, P. V., and P. E. Waibel. (1966). Metabolizability and nutritional implications of 1 -arabinose and d-xylose for chicks. J. Nutr., 90, 207.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, J. C., and E. A. Newsholme. (1967). A comparison of the properties of fructose 1,6-diphosphatase, and the activities of other key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, in the livers of embryonic and adult rat, sheep and domestic fowl. Biochem. J. 104, 378.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ziswiler, V., and D. S. Farner. (1972). Digestion and the digestive system. In “Avian Biology,” Vol. II (D. S. Farner and J. R. King, Eds.). New York: Academic Press, Chapter 6.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. R. L. Hazelwood
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Physiology, Cook College, Rutgers University, Thompson Hall, Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903, USA

    P. D. Sturkie

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1976 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hazelwood, R.L. (1976). Carbohydrate Metabolism. In: Sturkie, P.D. (eds) Avian Physiology. Springer Advanced Texts in Life Sciences. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-96274-5_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-96274-5_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-96276-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-96274-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation