Abstract
The relation between vesicoureteral reflux and pyelonephritis was first pointed out in a study of patients with neurogenic bladder (HUtch 1952). Almost 10 years later, studies done by HOdson and EDwards (1960) indicated the importance of intrarenal reflux in the pathogenesis of chronic pyelonephritis. Further studies by HOdson et al. (1975), using the pig as an experimental animal, showed that sterile reflux could produce renal scars in the areas of intrarenal reflux. His model, however, required bladder neck obstruction and a high voiding pressure in order to produce the high-grade reflux. While Hodson felt that sterile reflux damages the kidney, RANSLEY and RISDON’S study (1978) in the same model did not confirm Hodson’s work, and they showed that scarring from sterile reflux would occur only if the bladder neck obstruction was severe enough to cause high-pressure reflux. This has been confirmed in another pig model of obstructive reflux (JOrgeson 1986). We also confirmed these latter studies in the monkey, showing that after bladder neck obstruction, increased voiding and resting bladder pressure as well as peristaltic failure of the ureter led to transmission of these high pressures to the kidney with renal damage and interstitial nephritis (MEndoza and ROberts 1983). Neurogenic sphincteric dysfunction such as that which occurs in myelodysplasia may also cause high-pressure voiding, which will cause renal damage whether reflux is present or not, as shown in studies of myelodysplastic patients (MCGUIRE et al. 1981). The studies of Allen (1977), HInman (1973), KOff and MUrtagh (1984), and VAn Gool (1979) all showed that the dysfunctional voiding which can occur in neurologically normal children, may cause not only reflux, but also renal damage from voiding pressures as high as 150 cm of water.
Supported by USPHS grant RR00164 and DK14681
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Achtman M, Mercer A, Kusecek B, Pohl A, Heuzenroeder M, Aaronson W, Sutton A, Silver RP (1983) Six widespread bacterial clones among Escherichia coli Kl isolates. Infect Immun 39: 315–335
Alexander HR, Doherty GM, Buresh CM, Venzon DJ, Norton JA (1991) A recombinant human receptor antagonist to interleukin–1 improves survival after lethal endotoxemia in mice. J Exp Med 173: 1029
Allen TD (1977) The non–neurogenic neurogenic bladder. J Urol 117: 232–238
Allen TD, Arant BS Jr, Roberts JA (1992) Commentary: vesicoureteral reflux—1992. J Urol 148: 1758–1760
Angel JR, Smith TW Jr, Roberts JA (1979) The hydrodynamics of pyelorenal reflux. J Urol 122: 20–26
Arnaout MA (1993) Cell adhesion molecules in inflammation and thrombosis: status and prospects. Am J Kidney Dis 21: 72–76
Babior BM, Kipnes RS, Curnette JT (1973) Biological defense mechanisms. The production by leukocytes of superoxide, a potential bactericidal agent. J Clin Invest 52: 741
Bailey RR (1973) The relationship of vesicoureteral reflux to urinary tract infection and chronic pyelonephritis—reflux nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 1: 132–141
Berg UB, Johansson SB (1982) Age as a main determinant of renal functional damage in urinary tract infection. Arch Dis Child 58: 963–969
Bevilacqua MP, Pober JS, Wheeler ME, Cotran RS, Gimbrone MA jr (1985) Interleukin 1 acts on cultured human vascular endothelium to increase the adhesion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, and related leukocyte cell lines. J Clin Invest 76: 2003
Billiau A, Vandekerckhove F (1991) Cytokines and their interactions with other inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of sepsis and septic shock. Eur J Clin Invest 21: 559–573
Birmingham Reflux Study Group (1983) Prospective trial of operative versus non–operative treatment of severe vesicoureteral reflux: two years’ observation in 96 children. Br Med J 287: 171–174
Bisset GS III, Strife JL, Dunbar JS (1987) Urography and voiding cystourethrography: findings in girls with urinary tract infection. AJR 148: 479
Bollgren I, Winberg J (1976) The periurethral aerobic flora in girls highly susceptible to urinary infections. Acta paediatr Scand 65: 81–87
Brenner BM (1983) Hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury and the progressive nature of kidney disease. Kidney Int 23: 647–655
Bricker NS, Dewey RR, Lubowitz H (1958) Studies in experimental pyelonephritis. Simultaneous and serial investigation of a pyelonephritic and intact kidney in the same animal. Clin Res 6: 292–294
Brinton CC Jr (1965) The structure, function, synthesis and genetic control of bacterial pili and a molecular mechanism for DNA and RNA transport in gram-negative bacteria. Trans NY Acad Sci 27: 1003–1154
Camerini D, James SP, Stamenkovic I, Seed B (1989) Leu8/TQ1 is the human equivalent of the Mel–14 lymph node homing receptor. Nature 342: 78
Daimle NK, Doyle LV (1990) Ability of human T lymphocytes to adhere to vascular endothelial cells and to augment endothelial permeability to macromolecules is linked to their state of post-thymic ijiaturation. J Immunol 144: 1233–1240
de Man P, van Kooten C, Aarden L (1989) Interleukin-6 induced at mucosal surfaces by gramnegative bacterial infection. Infect Immun 57: 3383–3388
Dinarello CA (1987) The biology of interleukin 1 and comparison to tumor necrosis factor. Immunol Lett 16: 227
Dinarello CA (1992) Role of interleukin-1 in infectious diseases. Immunol Rev 127: 119–145
Dowling KJ, Roberts JA, Kaack MB (1987) P-fimbriated E. coli urinary tract infection: a clinical correlation. South Med J 80: 1533–1536
Duguid JP, Aiiderson ES, Campbell I (1966) Fimbriae and adhesive properties of salmonellae. J Pathol Bacterid 92: 107–138
Edwards D, Normand ICS, Prescod N, Smellie JM (1977) Disappearance of reflux during long-term prophylaxis of urinary tract infections in children. Br Med J 2: 285–288
Ellner JJ, Spagnuolo PJ (1979) Suppression of antigen- and mitogen-induced human T-lymphocyte DNA synthesis by bacterial lipopolysaccharide: mediation by monocyte activation and production of prostaglandins. J Immunol 123: 2689
Elo J, Tallgren LG, Vaisanen V, Korhonen TK, Makela PH (1985) Association of P and other fimbriae with clinical pyelonephritis in children. Scand J Urol Nephrol 19: 281–284
Filly RA, Friedland GW, Govan DE, Fair WR (1974) Development and progression of clubbing and scarring in children with recurrent urinary tract infections. Radiology 113: 145
Fowler JE Jr, Stamey TA (1977) Studies of introital colonization in women with recurrent urinary infection. VII. The role of bacterial adherence. J Urol 117: 472–476
Fridovich I (1983) Superoxide radical: an endogenous toxicant: Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 23: 239–257
Fussell EN, Roberts J A (1984) The ultrastructure of acute pyelonephritis in the monkey. J Urol 133: 179–183
Gatenby PA, Kansas GS, Xian CY, Evans RL, Engleman EG (1982) Dissection of immunoregulatory subpopulations of T lymphocytes within the helper and suppressor lineages in man. J Immunol 129: 1997
Glauser M, Lyons JM, Braude AI (1978) Prevention of chronic pyelonephritis by suppression of acute suppuration. J Clin Invest 61: 403–407
Glauser MP, Zanetti G, Baumgartner J-D, Cohen J (1991) Septic shock: pathogenesis. Lancet 338: 732–739
Goldstein IM, Brai M, Osier AG, Weismann G (1973) Lysosomal enzyme release from human leukocytes: mediation by the alternate pathway of complement activation. J Immunol 111: 35–37
Gordon AC, Thomas DFM, Arthur RJ, Irving HC, Smith SEW (1990) Prenatally diagnosed reflux: a follow-up study. Br J Urol 65: 407–412
Grisham MB, Hernandez LA, Granger DN (1986) Xanthine oxidase and neutrophil infiltration in intestinal ischemia. Am J Physiol 251: G567–G574
Hinman F, Baumann FW (1973) Vesical and ureteral damage from voiding dysfunction in boys without neurologic or obstructive disease. J Urol 109: 727–732
Hinshaw LB, Tekamp-Olsen P, Chang ACK, Lee PA, Taylor FB Jr, Murray CK, Peer GT, Emerson
TE jr, Passay RB, Juo GC (1990) Survival of primates in LD100 septic shock following therapy with antibody to tumor necrosis factor ( TNFa ). Circ Shock 30: 279
Hodson CJ, Edwards D (1960) Chronic pyelonephritis and vesicoureteric reflux. Clin Radiol 11: 219–231
Hodson CJ, Maling TMJ, McManamon PJ, Lewis MG (1975) The pathogenesis of reflux nephropathy (chronic atrophic pyelonephritis). Br J Radiol [Suppl] 13: 1–26
Hultgren SJ, Lindberg F, Magnusson G et al. (1989) The PapG adhesin of uropathogenic Escherichia coli contains separate regions for receptor binding and for the incorporation into the pilus. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 86: 4357–4361
Hultgren SJ, Abraham S, Caparon M, Falk P, St Gerne JW III, Normark S (1993) Pilus and nonpilus bacterial adhesins: assembly and function in cell recognition. Cell 73: 887–901
Hutch JA (1952) Vesico-ureteral reflux in the paraplegic: cause and correction. J Urol 68: 457–467
Jacobson SH, Eklof O, Eriksson CG, Lins L-E, Tidgren B, Winberg J (1989) Development of hypertension and uraemia after pyelonephritis in childhood: 27-year follow-up. Br Med J 299: 703–706
Janson KL, Roberts JA (1978) Experimental pyelonephritis. V. Functional characteristics of pyelonephritis. Invest Urol 15: 397–400
Jones GW, Isaacson RW (1983) Proteinaceous bacterial adhesins and their receptor. CRC Crit Rev Microbiol 10: 229–260
Jorgensen TM (1986) Pathogenetic factors in vesicoureteral reflux. Neurourol Urodynam 5: 153–183
Kaack MB, Dowling KJ, Patterson GM, Roberts JA (1986) Immunology of pyelonephritis. VIII. E. coli causes granulocytic aggregation and renal ischemia. J Urol 136: 1117–1122
Kaack MB, Roberts JA, Baskin G, Patterson GM (1988) Maternal immunization with P–fimbriae for the prevention of neonatal pyelonephritis. Infect Immun 56: 1–6
Källenius G, Winberg J (1978) Bacterial adherence to periurethral epithelial cells in girls prone to urinary tract infections. Lancet 2: 540–543
Källenius G, Möllby R, Svenson SB, Winberg J, Lundblad A, Svenson S (1980) The pk antigen as receptor of pyelonephritogenic E. coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 7: 297–302
Källenius G, Möllby R, Svenson SB, Hehn I, Hultberg H, Cedergren B, Winberg J (1981) Occurrence of P-fimbriated Escherichia coli in urinary tract infections. Lancet 2: 1369–1372
Kincaid-Smith P (1975) Glomerular lesions in atrophic pyelonephritis and reflux nephropathy. Kidney Int 8 [Suppl]: 81–83
Klebanoff SJ (1975) Antimicrobial mechanisms in neutrophils of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Semin Hematol 12: 117–142
Klebanoff SJ, Vadas MA, Harlan JM, Sparks LH, Gamble JR, Agosti JM, Waltersdorph AM (1986) Stimulation of neutrophils by tumor necrosis factor. J Immunol 136: 4220
Koff SA, Murtagh D (1984) The uninhibited bladder in children: effect of treatment on vesicoureteral reflux resolution. Contr Nephrol 39: 211–220
Kuehn M, Heuser J, Normark S, Hultgren S (1992) P pili in uropathogenic E. coli are composite fibres with distinct fibrillar adhesive tips. Nature 356: 252–255
Latham R, Stamm W (1984) Role of fimbriated Escherichia coli in urinary tract infections in adult women: correlation with localization studies. J Infect Dis 149: 835–840
Leffler H, Svanborg-Eden CS (1980) Chemical identification of a glyeosphingolipid receptor for Escherichia coli attaching to human urinary tract epithelial cells and agglutinating human erythrocytes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 8: 127–134
Lindberg F, Lund B, Johansson L, Normark S (1987) Localization of the receptor–binding protein adhesin at the tip of the bacterial pilus. Nature 328: 84–87
Lomberg H, Hanson L, Jacobsson B, Jodal N, Leffler H, Eden CS (1983) Correlation of P blood group, vesicoureteral reflux, and bacterial attachment in patients with recurrent pyelonephritis. N Engl J Med 308: 1189–1192
Lomberg H, Hellstrom M, Jodal U, Leffler H, Lincoln K, Eden CS (1984) Virulence-associated traits in Escherichia coli causing first and recurrent episodes of urinary tract infection in children with or without vesicoureteral reflux. J Infect Dis 150: 561–569
Lomberg H, Hellstrom M, Jodal U, Orskov I, Svanborg Edén C (1989) Properties of Escherichia coli in patients with renal scarring. J Infect Dis 159: 579–582
Lund B, Lindberg F, Marklund B-I, Normark S (1987) The PapG protein is the alpha-D-galactopyranosyl (1–4) beta-D-galactopyranose-binding adhesin of uro–pathogenic Escherichia coli Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 5898–5902
Lund B, Linberg F, Marklund B-I, Normark S (1988) Tip proteins of pili associated with pyelonephritis: new candidates for vaccine development. Vaccine 6: 110–112
Mackie GG, Stephens FD (1975) Duplex kidneys: a correlation of renal dysplasia with position of the ureteral orifice. J Urol 114: 274–280
Matsubara T, Ziff M (1986) Increased superoxide anion release from human endothelial cell in response to cytokines. J Immunol 137: 3295
McGuire EJ, Woodside JR, Borden TA, Weiss RM (1981) Prognostic value of urodynamic testing in myelodysplastic patients. J Urol 126: 205–209
Mendoza JM, Roberts J A (1983) Effects of sterile high-pressure vesicoureteral reflux on the monkey. J Urol 130: 602–606
Meylan PR, Glauser MP (1989) Role of complement-derived and bacterial formylpeptide chemotactic factors in the in vivo migration of neutrophils in experimental Escherichia coli pyelonephritis in rats. J Infect Dis 159: 959–965
Meyrier A, Condamin M-C, Fernet M, Labigne-Roussel A, Simon P, Callard P, Rainfray M, Soilleux M, Groc A (1989) Frequency of development of early cortical scarring in acute primary pyelonephritis. Kidney Int 35: 696–703
Michie AJ (1959) Chronic pyelonephritis mimicking ureteral obstructions. Pediatr Surg 6: 1117–1127
Miller T, North D (1979) Immunobiologic factors in the pathogenesis of renal infection. Kidney Int 16: 665
Miller T, Phillips S (1981) Pyelonephritis: the relationship between infection, renal scarring, and antimicrobial therapy. Kidney Int 19: 654–662
Mobley HLT, Jarvis KG, Elwood JP, Whittle DI, Lockatell CV, Russell RG, Johnson DE, Donnenberg MS, Warren JW (1993) Isogenic P-fimbrial deletion mutants of pyelonephritogenic Escherichia colt the role of aGal(l–4)/?Gal binding in virulence of a wild-type strain. Mol Microbiol 10: 143–155
Morimoto C, Letvin NL, Boyd AW, Hagan M, Brown HM, Kornacki MM, Schlossman SF (1985) The isolation and characterization of the human helper-inducer T-cell subset. I. Immunol 134: 3762
Mundi H, Bjorksten B, Svanborg C, Ohman L, Dahlgren C (1991) Extracellular release of reactive oxygen species from human neutrophils upon interaction with Escherichia coli strains causing renal scarring. Infect Immun 59: 4168–4172
Murray HW (1990) Gamma interferon, cytokine-induced macrophage activation, and antimicrobial host defense. In vitro in animal models, and in humans. Diagn Microbial Infect Dis 13: 411
Natanson C, Eichenholz PW, Danner RL, Eichacker PQ, Hoffman WD, Kuo GC, Banks SM, macVittie TJ, Parrillo JE (1989) Endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor challenges in dogs simulate the cardiovascular profile of human septic shock. J Exp Med 169: 823
Neal DE Jr, Kaack MB, Baskin G, Roberts JA (1991) Attentuation of antibody response to acute pyelonephritis by treatment with antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35: 2340–2344
Norgren M, Baga M, Tennent JM et al (1987) Nucleotide sequence, regulation and functional analysis of the papC gene required for cell surface localization of Pap pili of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 1: 169–178
Normark S, Lark D, Hull R, Norgren M, Bagga M, O’Hanley P, Schhoolnik G, Falkow S (1983) Genetics of digalactoside–binding adhesin from a uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain. Infect Immun 41: 942–949
O’Hanley P, Lark D, Falkow S, Schoolnik G (1985) Molecular basis of Escherichia coli colonization of the upper urinary tract in BALB/c mice: Gal-Gal pili immunization prevents E. coli pyelonephritis in the BALB/c mouse and model of human pyelonephritis. J Clin Invest 75: 347–360
Ohlsson K, Bjork P, Bergenfeld M, Hageman R, Thompson RC (1990) Interleukin–1 receptor antagonist reduces mortality from endotoxin shock. Nature 348: 550
Okusawa S, Gelfand JA, Ikejima T, Connolly RJ, Dinarello CA (1988) Interleukin 1 induces a shock–like state in rabbits. J Clin Invest 81: 1162
Ormrod D, Cawley S, Miller T (1986) Neutrophil-mediated tissue destruction in experimental pyelonephritis. In: Kass EH, Svanborg Eden C (eds) Host–parasite interactions in urinary tract infections. University of Chicago, Chicago, pp 365–368
Paller MS (1989) Effect of neutrophil depletion on ischemic renal injury in the rat. J Lab Clin Med 113: 379–386
Paquet N (1984) Detection of complement-coated bacteria in experimental urinary tract infections. Master’s thesis, University of Geneva, Geneva
Patarroyo M, Makgoba (1989) Leucocyte adhesion to cells in immune and inflammatory responses. Lancet 2: 1139–1142
Plos K, Hull SI, Hull RA et al (1989) Distribution of the P-associatedpilus (pap) region among E. coli from natural sources. Evidence for horizontal gene transfer. Infect Immun 57: 1604–1611
Ransley PG, Risdon RA (1978) Reflux and renal scarring. Br J Radiol [Suppl] 14: 1–34
Ransley PG, Risdon RA (1981) Reflux nephropathy: effects of antimicrobial therapy on the evolution of the early pyelonephritic scar. Kidney Int 20: 733–742
Richards C, Gauldie J, Baumann H (1991) Cytokine control of acute-phase protein expression. Eur Cytokine Network 2: 89–98
Risdon RA, Yeung CK, Ransley PG (1993) Reflux nephropathy in children submitted to unilateral nephrectomy: a clinicopathological study. Clin Nephrol 40: 308–314
Roberts JA (1975) Experimental pyelonephritis in the monkey. III. Pathophysiology of ureteral malfunction induced by bacteria. Invest Urol 13: 117–120
Roberts JA (1987) Bacterial adherence and urinary tract infection. South Med J 80: 347–351
Roberts JA, Roth JK Jr, Domingue G, Lewis RW, Kaack B, Baskin G (1982) Immunology of pyelonephritis in the primate model. Y. Effect of superoxide dismutase. J Urol 128: 1394–1400
Roberts JA, Roth JK Jr, Domingue G, Lewis RW, Kaack B, Baskin GB (1983) Immunology of pyelonephritis in the primate model. VI. Effect of complement depletion. J Urol 129: 193–196
Roberts JA, Kaack B, Kallenius G, Mollby R, Winberg J, Svenson SB (1984) Receptors for pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli in primates. J Urol 131: 163–168
Roberts JA, Suarez GM, Kaack B, Kallenius G, Svenson SB (1985) Experimental pyelonephritis in the monkey. VII. Ascending pyelonephritis in the absence of vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 133: 1068–1075
Roberts JA, Kaack MB, Fussell EF, Baskin G (1986) Immunology of pyelonephritis. VII. Effect of allopurinol. J Urol 136: 960–963
Roberts JA, Kaack MB, Baskin G, Korhonen TK, Svenson SB, Winberg J (1989) P-fimbriae vaccines. II. Cross–reactive protection against pyelonephritis. Pediatr Nephrol 3: 391–396
Roberts JA, Kaack MB, Baskin G (1990) Treatment of experimental pyelonephritis in the monkey. J Urol 143: 150–154
Roberts J A, Kaack MB, Baskin G, Martin LN (1993) Events leading to septic death from experimental acute pyelonephritis in the monkey. J Urol 150: 1030–1033
Rosenberg AR (1991) Vesico–ureteric reflux and antenatal sonography. In: Bailey RR (ed) Proceedings of 2nd CJ Hodson symposium on reflux nephropathy. Design Printing Services, Christchurch PP 1–2
Rosenfield AT, Glickman MG, Taylor KJW, Crade M, Hopson J (1979) Acute focal bacterial nephritis (acute lobar nephroma). Radiology 132: 553–561
Rushton HG, Majd M, Jantausch B, Wiedermann BL, Belman AB (1992) Renal scarring following reflux and nonreflux pyelonephritis in children: evaluation with 99mtechnetium–dimercaptosuccinic and scintigraphy. J Urol 147: 1327–1332
Sanders ME, Makgoba MW, Sharrow SO, Stephany D, Spriunger TA, Young HA, Shaw S (1988) Human memory T lymphocytes express increased levels of three cell adhesion molecules (LFA–3, CD2, and LFA–1) and three other molecules (UCHL-1, CDw29, Pgp-1) and have enhanced IFN g production. J Immunol 140: 1401
Scharer K (1971) Incidence and causes of chronic renal failure in childhood. In: Cameron JS, Fries D, Ogg CS (eds) Dialysis and renal transplantation. Pitman Medical Books, Berlin, pp 211–217
Schmidt MA, O’Hanley P, Schoolnik GK (1984) Gal–Gal pyelonephritis Escherichia coli pili: linear, immunogenic, and antigenic epitopes. J Exp Med 161: 705–717
Schrier RW, Harris DCH, Chan L, Shapiro JI, Caramelo C (1988) Tubular hypermetabolism as a factor in the progression of chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 12: 243–249
Skoog SJ, Belman AB, Majd M (1987) Nonsurgical approach to the management of primary vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 138: 941–946
Slotki IN, Asscher AW (1982) Prevention of scarring in experimental pyelonephritis in the rat by early antibiotic therapy. Nephron 30: 262–268
Smellie JM, Normand ICS (1975) Bacteriuria, reflux and renal scarring. Arch Dis Child 50: 548–585
Smellie JM, Edwards D, Hunter N, Normann ICS, Prescod N (1975) Vesicoureteric reflux and renal scarring. Kidney Int 8: S65–S72
Smellie JM, Ransley PG, Normand ICS, Prescod N, Edwards D (1985) Development of new renal scars: a collaborative study. Br Med J 290: 1957–1960
Smith TW jr, Roberts JA (1978) Chronic pyelonephritis. II. Persistence of variant bacterial forms. Invest Urol 16: 154–162
Starnes HF jr, Pearce MK, Tewari A, Yim HJ, Zou J-C, Abrams JS (1990) Anti–IL–6 monoclonal antibodies protect against lethal Escherichia coli infection and lethal tumor necrosis factor a challenge in mice. J Immunol 145: 4185
Steele BT, Robitaile P, DeMaria J, Grignon A (1989) Follow-up evaluation of prenatally recognised vesicoureteric reflux. J Pediatr 115: 95–96
Sullivan MJ, Harvey RA, Shimamura T (1977) The effects of cobra venom factor, an inhibitor of the complement system, on the sequence of morphological events in the rat kidney in experimental pyelonephritis. Yale J Biol Med 50: 267–273
Svanborg–Edén C, Hanson LÁ, Jodal U, Lindberg U (1976) Variable adherence to normal human urinary–tract epithelial cells of Escherichia coli strains associated with various forms of urinarytract infection. Lancet 2: 490–492
Svenson S, Hultberg H, Kállenius G, Korhonen TK, Mollby R, Winberg J (1983) P-fimbriae of pyelonephritogenic E. coli: identification and chemical characterization of receptors. Infection 11: 61–67
Váisánen V, Elo J, Tallgren LG, Siitonen A, Makela PH, Svanborg Edén C, Kállenius G, Svenson SB, Hultberg H, Korhonen TK (1981) Mannose-resistant haemagglutination and P-antigen recognition characteristic of E. coli causing primary pyelonephritis. Lancet 2: 1366–1369
Van Deventer SJH, Büller HR, Ten Cate JW, Aarden LA, Hack CE, Struck A (1990) Experimental endotoxaemia in humans: analysis of cytokine release and coagulation, fibrinolytic, and complement pathway. Blood 76: 2520
Van Gool JD (1979) Bladder infection and pressure. In: Hodson J, Kincaid-Smith P (eds) Reflux nephropathy. Masson, New York, pp 181–189
Waage A, Brandtzaeg P, Halstensen A, Kierulf P, Espevik T (1989) The complex pattern of cytokines in serum from patients with meningococcal septic shock. Association between interleukin 6, interleukin 1, and fatal outcome, J Exp Med 169: 333
Walker RD (1994) Vesicoureteral reflux update: effect of prospective studies on current management. Urology 43: 279–283
Ward PA, Cochrane GC, Müller-Eberhard HJ (1965) The role of serum complement in chemotaxis of leukocytes in vitro. J Exp Med 122: 327–346
Winberg J, Andersen HJ, Berstrom T, Jacobsson B, Larson H, Lincoln K (1974) Epidemiology of symptomatic urinary tract infection in childhood. Acta Pathol Scand [Suppl 252: 1–20
Winberg J, Bollgren I, Kállenius G, Mollby R, Svenson SB (1982) Clinical pyelonephritis and focal renal scarring. A selected review of pathogenesis, prevention, and prognosis. Pediatr Clin N Amer 29: 801–813
Winrow VR, Winyard PG, Morris CJ, Blake DR (1993) Free radicals in inflammation: second messengers and mediators of tissue destruction. Br Med Bull 49: 506–522
Winter AL, Hardy BE, Alton DJ, Arubs GS, Churchill BM (1983) Acquired renal scars in children. J Urol 129: 1190–1194
Wiswell TE, Smith FR, Bass JW (1985) Decreased incidence of urinary tract infections in circumcised male infants. Pediatrics 75: 901–903
Ziegler EJ, Fisher CJ jr, Sprung CL, Straube RC, Sadoff JC, Foulke GE, Wortel CH, Fink MP, Dellinger RP, Teng NNH, Allen IE, Berger HJ, Knatterud SL, LoBuglio AF, Smith CR, and the HA–1A Sepsis Study Group (1991) Treatment of gram-negative bacteremia and septic shock with HA–1A human monoclonal antibody against endotoxin. A randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. N Engl J Med 324: 429
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Roberts, J.A. (1995). Mechanisms of Renal Damage in Chronic Pyelonephritis (Reflux Nephropathy). In: Dodd, S.M. (eds) Tubulointerstitial and Cystic Disease of the Kidney. Current Topics in Pathology, vol 88. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79517-6_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79517-6_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-79519-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-79517-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive