Abstract
Thirty-five years ago the foundation was laid for a classification of the Demonspongiae that in essence is still in use among virtually all neontologists. I am referring to Lévi’s (1953) system based on reproductive characters. Unfortunately, when examined closely, this scheme of classification cannot endure a test of logical consistence. Especially the proposed subclass Tetractinomorpha is entirely based on a single primitive feature, viz. the absence of the viviparous reproduction. Furthermore, the synapomorphy for the major other subclass, Ceractinomorpha, the viviparous behavior, was insufficiently established, as would appear later when several ceractinomorph groups were found to be oviparous. The application of these characters induced Levi to search for and emphasize supporting characters, such as the axial condensation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bergquist PR (1978) Sponges. Hutchinson University Library, London
Bergquist PR (1980a) The ordinal and subclass classification of the Demospongiae (Porifera): appraisal of the present arrangement, and proposal of a new order. NZ J Zool 7:1–16
Bergquist PR (1980b) A revision of the supraspecific classification of the orders Dictyoceratida, Dendroceratida, and Verongida (class Demospongiae). NZ J Zool 7:443–503
Bergquist PR (1985) Poriferan relationships. In: Morris SC, George JD, Gibson R, Platt HM (eds) The systematics association special volume 28
Boury-Esnault N, De Vos L, Donadey C, Vacelet J (1991) Ultrastructure of choanosome and sponge classification. In: Rützler K, Hartman WD (eds) Proc 3rd Int Conf Biol Sponges Woods Hole
Burton M (1956) The sponges of West Africa. Atl Rep 4:111–147
De Laubenfels MW (1936) A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. Publ. Carnegie Inst Wash Pap Tortugas Lab 30:1–225
De Weerdt WH (1989) Phylogeny and vicariance biogeography of North Atlantic Chalinidae (Haposclerida, Demospongiae). Beaufortia, 39(3):55–95
Hallmann EF (1917) A revision of the genera with microscleres included, or provisionally included in the family Axinellidae; with descriptions of some Australian species. Part II. Proc Linn Soc NSW 41(3):495–552
Hartman WD (1982) Porifera. In: Parker SP (ed) Synopsis and classification of living organisms (1). McGraw-Hill, New York
Hooper JNA (1991) Character stability and affinities between Microcionidae (Poeclosclerida) and Axinellida. In: Rützler K, Hartman WD (eds) Proc 3rd Int Conf Biol Sponges, Woods Hole (in press)
Lévi C (1953) Sur une nouvelle classification des Démosponges. CR Acad Sci Paris 236:853–855
Lévi C (1956) Etude des Halisarca de Roscoff. Embryologie et systématique des Démosponges. Arch Zool Exp Gén 93(1): 1–181
Lévi C (1973) Systématique de la classe de Demospongiae (Démosponges). In: Grassé PP (ed) Traité Zool 3(1):577–631
Maddison WP, Donoghue MJ, Maddison DR (1984) Outgroup analysis and parsimony. Syst Zool 33:83–103
Möhn E (1984) System und Phylogenie der Lebewesen. Band 1. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart
Reid REH (1968) Microscleres in Demosponge classification. Univ Kansas Paleontol Contrib 35:1–37
Reiswig HM, Mackie GO (1983) Studies on hexactinellid sponges III The taxonomic status of Hexactinellida within the Porifera. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Biol Sci 301:419–428
Topsent E (1928) Spongiaires de l’Atlantique et de la Méditerranée provenant des croisières de Prince Albert 1er de Monaco. Rés Camp Sci Prince Albert 1er Monaco 74:1–376
Van Soest RWM (1984) Deficient Merlia normani Kirkpatrick, 1908, from the Curaçao reefs, with a discussion on the phylogenetic interpretation of sclerosponges. Bijdr Dierk 54:211–219
Van Soest RWM (1987) Phylogenetic exercises with monophyletic groups of sponges. In: Vacelet J, Boury-Esnault N (eds) Taxonomy of the Porifera from the N.E. Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. NATO ASI Ser G13. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Van Soest RWM (1991) Towards a phylogenetic classification of sponges. In: Rützler K, Hartman WD (eds) Proc 3rd Int Conf Biol Sponges, Woods Hole (in press)
Van Soest RWM, Zea S (1986) A new sublithistid sponge Monanthus ciocalyptoides n.sp. (Porifera, Halichondrida), from the West Indian region. Bull Zool Mus Univ Amst 10(4):201–205
Wapstra M, Van Soest RWM (1987) Sexual reproduction, larval morphology and behaviour of Demosponges from the south west coast of the Netherlands. In: Vacelet J, Boury-Esnault N (eds) Taxonomy of Porifera from the N.E. Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. NATO ASI Ser G13 Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Wiley EO (1981) Phylogenetics: the theory and practice of phylogenetic systematics. Wiley, New York
Zandee M (1987) A computing environment for cladistic analysis. Preliminaries of a user manual for CAFCA/PC. In: Hovenkamp P, Gittenberger E, Hennipman E, de Jong R, Roos MC, Sluys R, Zandee M (eds) Systematics and evolution: a matter of diversity. Utrecht University
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
van Soest, R.W.M. (1991). Demosponge Higher Taxa Classification Re-Examined. In: Reitner, J., Keupp, H. (eds) Fossil and Recent Sponges. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75656-6_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75656-6_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-75658-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-75656-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive