Abstract
In the short time since its discovery in 1993, the prototype cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21 (CIP1, Harper et al. 1993; WAF1, El-Deiry et al. 1993; p21, Xiong et al. 1993a; CAP20, Gu et al. 1993; SDI1, Noda et al. 1994; MDA6, Jiang et al. 1995) has become an intensely studied molecule. Much has been learned about its molecular structure, biochemical interactions, and physiological role. p21 is a focal point that integrates many types of signals that impact on processes of cell division and cell death. Since 1995 to date there have been over 600 references in Current Contents dealing with WAF1 or CIP1 and they are increasing at a rate of up to 25 per week. The p53 field which dates back to 1979 has had some 6000 references on Medline since 1993. This chapter will highlight some of the recent discoveries emphasizing the role of p21 and p53 in growth control and the maintenance of genomic integrity.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aprelikova O. Xiong Y, Liu ET (1995) Both p16 and p21 families of cyclin-dependent kinase ( CDK) inhibitors block the phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinases by the CDK-activating kinase. J Biol Chem 270: 18195–18197
Bae I, Smith ML, Fornace AJ Jr (1995) Induction of p53-, MDM2- and WAFT/CIPI-like molecules in insect cells by DNA-damaging agents. Exp Cell Res 217: 541–545
Balbin M, Hannon GJ, Pendas AM, Ferrando AA, Vizoso F, Fueyo A, Lopez-Otin C (1996) Functional analysis of a p21 WAFI/CIPI /SDI I mutant (arg94-trp) identified in a human breast carcinoma. J Biol Chem 271: 15782–15786
Ball KL, Lane DP (1996) Human and plant proliferating-cell nuclear antigen have a highly conserved binding site for the p53-inducible gene product p21WAFl. Eur J Biochem 237: 854–861
Barlow C, Hirotsune S, Paylor R, Liyanage M, Eckhaus M, Collins F, Shiloh Y, Crawley JN, Ried T, Tagle D, Wynshaw-Boris A (1996) Atm-Deficient mice: a paradigm of Ataxia Telangiectasia. Cell 86: 159–171
Blagosklonny MV, Wu GS, Omura S, El-Deiry WS (1996) Proteasome-dependent regulation of p2IWAFI/CIPI expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 227: 564–569
Bogue MA, Zhu C, Aguilar-Cordova E, Donehower LA, Roth DB (1996) p53 is required for both radiation-induced differentiation and rescue of V(D)J rearrangement in seid mouse thymocytes. Genes Dev 10: 553–565
Bohmer R-M, Scharf E, Assoian RK (1996) Cytoskeletal integrity is required throughout the mitogen stimulation phase of the cell cycle and mediates the anchorage-dependent expression of cyclin DI. Mol Biol Cell 7: 101–111
Brugarolas J, Chandrasekaran C, Gordon JI, Beach D, Jacks T, Hannon G.1 (1995) Radiation-induced cell cycle arrest compromised by p21 deficiency. Nature 377: 552–557
Buettner VL, Hill KA, Nishino H, Schaid DJ, Frisk CS, Sommer SS (1996) Increased mutation frequency and altered spectrum in one of four thymic lymphomas derived from tumor prone p53/Big Blue double transgenic mice. Oncogene 13: 2407–2413
Chen IT, Smith ML, O’Connor PM, Fornace AJ Jr (1995a) Direct interaction of Gadd45 with PCNA and evidence for competitive interaction of Gadd45 and p21Wafl/Cipl with PCNA. Oncogene 11: 1931–1937
Chen J, Jackson PK, Kirschner MW, Dutta A (1995b) Separate domains of p2 involved in the inhibition of Cdk kinase and PCNA. Nature 374: 386–388
Chen J, Chen S, Saha P, Dutta A (1996) p2lCipl/Wafl disrupts the recruitment of human Fen1 by proliferating-cell nuclear antigen into the DNA replication complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 11597–11602
Chin YE, Kitagawa M, Su W-CS, You Z-H, Iwamoto Y, Fu X-Y (1996) Cell growth arrest and induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIPI mediate by STATI. Science 272: 719–722
Cox LS, Midgley CA, Lane DP (1994) Xenopus p53 is biochemically similar to the human tumour suppressor protein p53 and is induced upon DNA damage in somatic cells. Oncogene 9: 2951–2959
Cross SM, Sanchez CA, Morgan CA, Schimke MK, Ramel S, Idzerda RL, Raskind WH, Reid BJ (1995) A p53-dependent mouse spindle checkpoint. Science 267: 1353–1356
Datto MB, Yu Y, Wang XF (1995) Functional analysis of the transforming growth factor beta responsive elements in the WAFI/Cipl/p21 promoter. J Biol Chem 270: 28623–28628
de Nooij JC, Letendre MA, Hariharan IK (1996) A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, Dacapo, is nec- essary for timely exit from the cell cycle during Drosophila embryogenesis. Cell 87: 1237–1247
Deng C, Zhang P, Harper JW, Elledge SJ, Leder P (1995) Mice lacking p21CIPl/WAFT undergo normal development, but are defective in GI checkpoint control. Cell 82: 675–684
Donehower LA, Godley LA, Aldaz CM, Pyle R, Shi Yp, Pinkel D, Gray J, Bradley A, Medine D, Varmus HE (1995) Deficiency of p53 accelerates mammary tumorigenesis in Wnt-1 transgenic mice and promotes chromosomal instability. Genes Dev 9: 882–895
Dulic V, Kaufmann WK, Wilson SJ, Tlsty TD, Lees E, Harper JW, Elledge SJ, Reed SI (1994) p53-dependent inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase activities in human fibroblasts during radiation-induced GI arrest. Cell 76: 1013–1024
EI-Deiry WS (1996) p53, p21 WAFT/CIPI and the control of cell proliferation. In: Thomas NSB (ed) Cell cycle control and apoptosis in malignant disease. Bios Scientific, Oxford, UK, pp 55–75
EI-Deiry WS, Tokino T, Velculescu VE, Levy DB, Parsons R, Trent JM, Lin D, Mercer WE, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B (1993) WAF1, a potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression. Cell 75: 817–825
EI-Deiry WS, Harper JW, O’Connor PM, Velculescu VE, Canman CE, Jackman J, Pietenpol JA, Burrell M, Hill DE, Wang Y, Wiman KG, Mercer WE, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B (1994) WAFT/CIP1 is induced in p53-mediated GI arrest and apoptosis. Cancer Res 54: 1169–1174
El-Deiry WS, Tokino T, Waldman T, Velculescu V, Oliner JD, Burell M, Hill DE, Rees JL, Hamilton SR, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B (1995) Topological control of p21WAF1/CIPI expression in normal and neoplastic tissues. Cancer Res 55: 2910–2919
Elledge SJ (1996) Cell cycle checkpoints: preventing an identity crisis. Science 274: 1664–1672
Fan S, Chang JK, Smith ML, Duba D, Fornace AJ Jr, O’Connor PM (1997) Cells lacking CIPI/WAFT genes exhibit preferential sensitivity to cisplatin and nitrogen mustard. Oncogene 14: 2127–2136
Ford JM, Hanawalt PC (1995) Li-Fraumeni syndrome fibroblasts homozygous for p53 mutations are deficient in global DNA repair but exhibit normal transcription-coupled repair and enhanced UV resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 8876–8880
Fukasawa K, Choi T, Kuriyama R, Rulong S, Vande Woude GF (1996) Abnormal centrosome amplification in the absence of p53. Science 271: 1744–1747
Givol I, Givol D, Rulong S, Resau J, Tsarfaty I, Hughes SH (1995) Overexpression of human p2lwafl/ cipl arrests the growth of chicken embryo firboblasts transformed by individual oncogenes. Oncogene I 1: 2609–2618
Gorospe M, Wang X, Guyton KZ, Holbrook NJ (1996) Protective role of p2lWafl/Cipl against prostaglandin A2-mediated apoptosis of human colorectal carcinoma cells. Mol Cell Biol 16: 6654–6660
Griffiths SD, Clarke AR, Healy LE, Ross G, Ford AM, Hooper ML, Wyllie AH, Greaves M (1997) Absence of p53 permits propagation of mutant cells following genotoxic damage. Oncogene 14: 523–531
Gu Y, Turck CW, Morgan DO (1993) Inhibition of CDK2 activity in vivo by an associated 20K regulatory subunit. Nature 366: 707–710
Gulbis JM, Kelman Z, Hurwitz J, O’Donnell M, Kuriyan J (1996) Structure of the C-terminal region of p2IWAFI/CIPI complexed with human PCNA. Cell 87: 297–306
Hakem R, Luis de la Pompa J, Elia A, Potter J, Mak TW (1997) Partial rescue of BRCA15–6 early embryonic lethality by p53 or p21 null mutation. Nature Gen 16: 298–302
Harper JW, Adami GR, Wei N, Keyomarsi K, Elledge SJ (1993) The p2I cdk-interacting protein Cipl is a potent inhibitor of GI cyclin-dependent kinases. Cell 75: 805–816
Harper JW, Elledge SJ, Keyomarsi K, Dynlacht B, Tsai L-H, Zhang P, Dobrowolski S, Bai C, Connell-Crowley L, Swindell E, Fox MP, Wei N (1995) Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases by p21. Mol Biol Cell 6: 387–400
Harvey M, Sands AT, Weiss RS, Hegi ME, Wiseman RW, Pantazis P, Giovanella BC, Tainsky MA, Bradley A, Donehower LA (1993) In vitro growth characteristics of embryo fibroblasts isolated from p53-deficient mice. Oncogene 8: 2457–2467
Haupt Y, Maya R, Kazaz A, Oren M (1997) Mdm2 promotes the rapid degradation of p53. Nature 387: 296–299
Havre PA, Yuan J, Hedrick L, Cho KR, Glazer PM (1995) p53 inactivation by HPV16 E6 results in increased mutagenesis in human cells. Cancer Res 55: 4420–4424
Hundley JE, Koester SK, Troyer DA, Hilsenbeck SG, Subler MA, Windle JJ (1997) Increased tumor proliferation and genomic instability without decreased apoptosis in MMTV-ras mice deficient in p53. Mol Cell Biol 17: 723–731
Huppi K, Siwarski D, Dosik J, Michieli P, Chedid M, Reed S, Mock B, Givol D, Mushinski JF (1994) Molecular cloning, sequencing, chromosomal localization and expression of mouse p21 ( Waft ). Oncogene 9: 3017–3020
Jiang H, Lin J, Su ZZ, Herlyn M, Kerbel RS, Weissman BE, Welch DR, Fisher PB (1995) The melanoma differentiation-associated gene mda-6, which encodes the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, is differentially expressed during growth, differentiation and progression in human melanoma cells. Oncogene 10: 1855–1864
Kastan MB, Zhan Q, EI-Deiry WS, Carrier F, Jacks T, Walsh WV, Plunkett BS, Vogelstein B, Fornace AJ Jr (1992) A mammalian cell cycle checkpoint pathway utilizing p53 and GADD45 is defective in ataxia telangiectasia. Cell 71: 587–597
Kubbutat MHG, Jones SN, Vousden KH (1997) Regulation of p53 stability by Mdm2. Nature 387: 299–303
LaBaer J, Garrett MD, Stevenson LF, Slingerland JM, Sandhu C, Chou HS, Fattaey A, Harlow E (1997) New functional activities for the p2I family of CDK inhibitors. Genes Dev 11: 847–862
Lane ME, Sauer K, Wallace K, Jan YN, Lehner CF, Vaessin H (1996) Dacapo, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, stops cell proliferation during Drosophila development. Cell 87: 1225–1235
Lengauer C, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B (1997) Genetic instability in colorectal cancers. Nature 386: 623–627
Levine AJ (1997) p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division. Cell 88:323–331
Li K-S, Rishi AK, Shao Z-M, Dawson MI, Jong L, Shroot B, Reichert U, OrdonezJ, Fontana JA (1996) Posttranscriptional regulation of p2I WAF1/CIPI expression in human breast carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 56: 5055–5062
Li R, Waga S, Hannon GJ, Beach D, Stillman B (1994) Differential effects by the p21 cdk inhibitor on PCNA-dependent DNA replication and repair. Nature 371: 534–537
Li W, Fan J, Hochhauser D, Bertino JR (1997) Overexpression of p2lwafl leads to increased inhibition of E2F-I phosphorylation and sensitivity to anticancer drugs in retinoblastoma-negative human sarcoma cells. Cancer Res 57: 2193–2199
Lin J, Reichner C, Wu X, Levine AJ (1996) Analysis of wild-type and mutant p21 WAFT gene activities. Mol Cell Biol 16: 1786–1793
Liu M, Lee MH, Cohen M, Bommakanti M, Freedman LP (1996a) Transciptional activation of the Cdk inhibitor by vitamin D3 leads to the induced differentiation of the myelomonocytic cell line U937. Genes Dev 10: 142–153
Liu M, Iavarone A, Freedman LP (1996b) Transcriptional activation of the human p2I WAFI/CIPI gene by retinoic acid receptor. J Biol Chem 271: 31723–31728
Liu PK, Kraus E, Wu TA, Strong LC, Tainsky MA (1996e) Analysis of genomic instability in LiFraumeni fibroblasts with germline p53 mutations. Oncogene 12: 2267–2278
Liu Y, Martindale JL, Gorospe M, Holbrook NJ (1996d) Regulation of p21WAF1/CIPI expression through mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Cancer Res 56: 31–35
Livingstone LR, White A, Sprouse J, Livanos E, Jacks T, Tlsty TD (1992) Altered cell cycle arrest and gene amplification potential accompany loss of wild-type p53. Cell 70: 923–935
Lundgren K, Montes de Oca Luna R, McNeill YB, Emerick EP, Spencer B, Barfield CR, Lozano G, Rosenberg MP, Finlay CA (1997) Targeted expression of MDM2 uncouples S phase from mitosis and inhibits mammary gland development independent of p53. Genes Dev 11: 714–725
Luo Y, Hurwitz J, Massague J (1995) Cell-cycle inhibition by independent CDK and PCNA binding domains in p2lCipl. Nature 375: 159–161
Malkowicz SB, Tomaszewski JE, Linnenbach AJ, Cangiano TA, Maruta Y, McGarvey TW (1996) Novel p21WAFI/CIPI mutations in superficial and invasive transitional cell carcinomas. Oncogene 13: 1831–1837
McDonald ER III, Wu GS, Waldman T, El-Deiry WS (1996) Repair defect in p21WAF1/CIPI —/human cancer cells. Cancer Res 56: 2250–2255
Mekeel KL, Tang W, Kachnic LA, Luo C-M, DeFrank JS, Powell SN (1997) Inactivation of p53 results in high rates of homologous recombination. Oncogene 14: 1847–1857
Mekeel KL, Tang W, Kachnic LA, Luo C-M, DeFrank JS, Powell SN (1997) Inactivation of p53 results in high rates of homologous recombination. Oncogene 14: 1847–1857
Michieli P, Chedid M, Lin D, Pierce JH, Mercer WE, Givol D (1994) Induction of WAFI /CIPI by a p53-independent pathway. Cancer Res 54: 3391–3395
Michieli P, Li W, Lorenzi MV, Miki T, Zakut R, Givol D, Pierce JH (1996) Inhibition of oncogene-mediated transformation by ectopie expression of p21 Wafl in NIH3T3 cells. Oncogene 12: 775–784
Missero C, Di Cunto F, Kiyokawa H, Koff A, Dotto GP (1996) The absence of p2lCipl/WAFI alters keratinocyte growth and differentiation and promotes ras-tumor progression. Genes Dev 10: 3065–3075
Noda A, Nina Y, Venable SF, Pereira-Smith OM, Smith JR (1994) Cloning of senescent cell-derived inhibitors of DNA synthesis using an expression screen. Exp Cell Res 211: 90–98
Noda A, Nina Y, Venable SF, Pereira-Smith OM, Smith JR (1994) Cloning of senescent cell-derived inhibitors of DNA synthesis using an expression screen. Exp Cell Res 211: 90–98
Parker SB, Eichele G, Zhang P, Rawls A, Sands AT, Bradley A, Olson EN, Harper JW, Elledge SJ (1995) p53-independent expression of p2lCipl in muscle and other terminally differentiating cells. Science 267: 1024–1027
Perkins ND, Felzien LK, Betts JC, Leung K, Beach DH, Nabel GJ (1997) Regulation of NF-x13 by cyclin-dependent kinases associated with the p300 coactivator. Science 275: 523–527
Polyak K, Waldman T, He T-C, Kinzler KW, Volgelstein B (1996) Genetic determinants of p53-induced apoptosis and growth arrest. Genes Dev 10: 1945–1952
Prabhu NS, Blagosklonny MV, Zeng Y-X, Wu GS, Waldman T, El-Deiry WS (1996) Suppression of cancer cell growth by adenovirus expressing p2IWAFI/CIPI deficient in PCNA interaction. Clin Cancer Res 2: 1221–1229
Reynisdottir I, Massague J (1997) The subcellular locations of pl5Ink4b and p27Kipl coordinate their inhibitory interactions with cdk4 and cdk2. Genes Dev 11: 492–503
Russo AA, Jeffrey PD, Patten AK, Massague J, Pavletich NP (1996) Crystal structure of the p27Kipl cyclin-dependent-kinase inhibitor bound to the cyclin A-Cdk2 complex. Nature 382: 325–331
Sabbatini P, Han J, Chiou S-K, Nicholson DW, White E (1997) Interleukin l(3 converting enzyme-like proteases are essential for p53-mediated transcriptionally dependent apoptosis. Cell Growth Differ 8: 643–653
Sabbatini P, Han J, Chiou S-K, Nicholson DW, White E (1997) Interleukin l(3 converting enzyme-like proteases are essential for p53-mediated transcriptionally dependent apoptosis. Cell Growth Differ 8: 643–653
Schwartz JL, Jordan R (1997) Selective elimination of human lymphoid cells with unstable chromosome aberrations by p53-dependent apoptosis. Carcinogenesis 18: 201–205
Scully R, Chen J, Plug A, Xiao Y, Weaver D, Feunteun J, Ashley T, Livingston DM (1997) Association of BRCAI with RadSI in mitotic and meiotic cells. Cell 88: 265–275
Serrano M, Lin AW, McCurrach ME, Beach D, Lowe SW (1997) Oncogenic ras provokes premature cell senescence associated with accumulation of p53 and pl6INK4A. Cell 88: 59302
Sharan SK, Morimatsu M, Albrecht U, Lim D-S, Regel E, Dinh C, Sands A, Eichele G, Hasty P, Bradley A (1997) Embryonic lethality and radiation hypersensitivity mediated by Rad51 in mice lacking Brca2. Nature 386: 804–810
Sheikh MS, Rochefort H, Garcia M (1995) Overexpression of p21WAFI/CIPI induces growth arrest, giant cell formation and apoptosis in human breast carcinoma cell lines. Oncogene 11: 1899–1905
Sheikh MS, Chen YQ, Smith ML, Fornace AJ Jr (1997) Role of p21Wafl/Cipl/Sdil in cell death and DNA repair as studied using a tetracycline-inducible system in p53-deficient cells. Oncogene 14: 1875–1882
Shim J, Lee H, Park J, Kim H, Choi EJ (1996) A non-enzymatic p21 protein inhibitor of stress-activated protein kinases. Nature 381: 804–806
Shin KH, Tannyhill RJ, Liu X, Park NH (1996) Oncogenic transformation of HPV-immortalized human oral keratinocytes is associated with the genetic instability of cells. Oncogene 12: 1089–1096
Shiohara M, El-Deiry WS, Wada M, Nakamaki T, Tekeuchi S, Yang R, Chen D-L, Vogelstein B, Koeffler HP (1994) Absence of WAFT mutations in a variety of human malignancies. Blood 84: 3781–3784
Shou W, Dunphy WG (1996) Cell cycle control by Xenopus p28Kixl, a developmentally regulated inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases. Mol Biol Cell 7: 457–469
Sigalas I, Calvert AH, Anderson JJ, Neal DE, Lunec J (1996) Alternatively spliced mdm2 transcripts with loss of p53 binding domain sequences: transforming ability and frequent detection in human cancer. Nature Med 2: 912–917
Smith ML, Kontny HU, Zhan Q, Sreenath A, O’Connor PM, Fornace AJ Jr (1996) Antisense GADD45 expression results in decreased DNA repair and sensitizes cells to u.v.-irradiation or cisplatin. Oncogene 13: 2255–2263
Somasundaram K, El-Deiry WS (1997) Inhibition of p53-mediated transactivation and cell cycle arrest by E I A through its p300/CBP-interacting region. Oncogene 14: 1047–1057
Somasundaram K, Zhang H, Zeng Y-X, Houvras Y, Peng Y, Zhang H, Wu GS, Licht JD, Weber BL, ElDeiry WS (1997) Arrest of the cell cycle by the tumour suppressor BRCAI requires the CDK-inhibitor p2lWafl/Cipl. Nature 389: 187–190
Struzbecher H-W, Donzelmann B, Henning W, Knippschild U, Buchhop S (1996) p53 is linked directly to homologous recombination processes via RAD51/RecA protein interaction. EMBO J 15: 1992–2002
Tanaka N, Ishihara M, Lamphier MS, Nozawa H, Matsuyama T, Mak TW, Aizawa S, Tokino T, Oren M, Taniguchi T (1996) Cooperation of the tumor suppressors IRF-1 and p53 in response to DNA damage. Nature 382: 816–818
Timchenko NA, Wilde M, Nakanishi M, Smith JR, Darlington GJ (1996) CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein a (C/EBPa) inhibits cell proliferation through the p21 (WAFI/CIPI/SDI-1) protein. Genes Dev 10: 804–815
Velculescu VE, EI-Deiry WAS (1996) Biological and clinical importance of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Clin Chem 42: 858–868
Waldman T, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B (1995) p21 is necessary for the p53-mediated GI arrest in human cancer cells. Cancer Res 55: 5187–5190
Somasundaram K, El-Deiry WS (1997) Inhibition of p53-mediated transactivation and cell cycle arrest by E I A through its p300/CBP-interacting region. Oncogene 14: 1047–1057
Waldman T, Lengauer C, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B (1996) Uncoupling of S phase and mitosis induced by anticancer agents in cells lacking p21. Nature 381: 713–716
Waldman T, Lengauer C, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B (1996) Uncoupling of S phase and mitosis induced by anticancer agents in cells lacking p21. Nature 381: 713–716
Wang J, Walsh K (1996) Resistance to apoptosis conferred by cdk inhibitors during myocyte differentiation. Science 273: 359–361
Wang XW, Yeh H, Schaeffer L, Roy R, Moncollin V, Egly J-M, Wang Z, Friedberg EC, Evans MK, Taffe BG, Bohr VA, Weeda G, Hoeijmakers JHJ, Forrester K, Harris CC (1995) p53 modulation of TFIIH-associated nucleotide excision repair activity. Nature Gen 10: 188–195
Wang XW, Vermeulen W, Courser JD, Gibson M, Lupold SE, Forrester K, Xu G, Elmore L, Yeh H, Hoeijmakers JH,I, Harris CC (1996) The XPB and XPD DNA helicases are components of the p53-mediated apoptosis pathway. Genes Dev 10: 1219–1232
White A, Livanos EM, Tlsty TD (1994) Differential disruption of genomic integrity and cell cycle reg-ulation in normal human fibroblasts by the HPV oncoproteins. Genes Dev 8: 666–677
White A, Livanos EM, Tlsty TD (1994) Differential disruption of genomic integrity and cell cycle reg-ulation in normal human fibroblasts by the HPV oncoproteins. Genes Dev 8: 666–677
Wu H, Wade M, Krall L, Grisham J, Xiong Y, Van Dyke T (1996) Targeted in vivo expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 halts hepatocyte cell-cycle progression, postnatal liver development, and regeneration. Genes Dev 10: 245–260
Wyllie FS, Haughton MF, Bond JA, Rowson JM, Jones Cl, Wynford-Thomas D (1996) S phase cell-cycle arrest following DNA damage is independent of the p53/p21WAF1 signaling pathway. Oncogene 12: 1077–1082
Xiong Y, Hannon GJ, Zhang H, Casso D, Kobayashi R, Beach D (1993a) p21 is a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases. Nature 366: 701–704
Xiong Y, Zhang H, Beach D (1993b) Subunit rearrangement of the cyclin-dependent kinases is associated with cellular transformation. Genes Dev 7: 1572–1583
Xiong Y, Kuppuswamy D, Li Y, Livanos EM, Hixon M, White A, Beach D, Tlsty TD (1996) Alteration of cell cycle kinase complexes in human papilloma E6- and E7-expressing fibroblasts precedes neo-plastic transformation. J Virol 70: 999–1008
Xu Y, Baltimore D (1996) Dual roles of ATM in the cellular response to radiation and in cell growth control. Genes Dev 10: 2401–2410
Xu Y, Ashley T, Brainerd EE, Bronson RT, Meyn MS, Baltimore D (1996) Targeted disruption of ATM leads to growth retardation, chromosomal fragmentation during meiosis, immune defects, and thymic lymphoma. Genes Dev 10: 2411–2422
Yin Y, Tainsky MA, Bischoff FZ, Strong LC, Wahl GM (1992) Wild-type p53 restores cell cycle control and inhibits gene amplification in cells with mutant p53 alleles. Cell 70: 937–948
Zakut R, Givol D (1995) The tumor suppression function of p21 Waf is contained in its N-terminal half (“half-WAF”). Oncogene 11: 393–395
Zeng Y-X, El-Deiry WS (1996) Regulation of p21 WAFT/CIPI expression by p53-independent pathways. Oncogene 12: 1557–1564
Zeng Y-X, Somasundaram K, El-Deiry WS (1997) AP2 inhibits cancer cell growth and activates p21WAFl/CIPI expression. Nature Gen 15: 78–82
Zhan Q, EI-Deiry W, Bae I, Alamo I Jr, Kastan MB, Vogelstein B, Fornace AJ Jr (1995) Similarity of the DNA-damage responsiveness and growth suppressive properties of WAFT/CIPI and GADD45. Int J Oncol 6: 937–946
Zhang H, Hannon GJ, Beach D (1994) p21-containing cyclin kinases exist in both active and inactive states. Genes Dev 8: 1750–1758
Zhang W, Grasso L, McLain CD, Gambel AM, Cha Y, Travali S, Deisseroth AB, Mercer WE (1995) p53-independent induction of WAF1/CIP1 in human leukemia cells is correlated with growth arrest accompanying monocyte/macrophage differentiation. Cancer Res 55: 668–674
Zhu L, Harlow E, Dynlacht BD (1995) p107 uses a p21 (CIP1)-related domain to bind cyclin/cdk2 and regulate interactions with E2F. Genes Dev 9: 1740–1752
Zhu X, Ohtsubo M, Bohmer RM, Roberts JM, Assoian RK (1996) Adhesion-dependent cell cycle progression linked to the expression of cyclin D1, activation of cyclin E-cdk2, and phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein. J Cell Biol 133: 391–403
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
El-Deiry, W.S. (1998). p21/p53, Cellular Growth Control and Genomic Integrity. In: Vogt, P.K., Reed, S.I. (eds) Cyclin Dependent Kinase (CDK) Inhibitors. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 227. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71941-7_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71941-7_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-71943-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-71941-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive