Abstract
Although weak and clumsy fliers, aphids have by riding the winds achieved amazing feats of dispersal (Elton 1925). The tendency to disperse is an adaptation (Johnson 1969) that has enabled aphids to spread the chance of survival in space, and to seek out and colonize plants that are of above average quality. Although the speed and direction of flight is usually governed by the wind, aphids nevertheless, by choosing when to fly (Dixon and Mercer 1983) and terminating their flight by actively flying downwards (Thomas et al. 1977), have some control over the distance they travel.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Burns M (1971) Flight in the vetch aphid, Megoura viciae Buckton. PhD Thesis, University of Glasgow.
Dixon AFG (1971a) The life-cycle and host preferences of the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi L., and their bearing on the theories of host alternation in aphids. Ann Appl Biol 68:135–147.
Dixon AFG (1971b) Migration in aphids. Sci Prog 59:41–53.
Dixon AFG (1972) Fecundity of brachypterous and macropterous alatae in Drepanosiphum dixoni (Callaphididae, Aphididae). Entomol Exp Appl 15:335–340.
Dixon AFG (1985) Structure of aphid populations. Annu Rev Entomol 30:155–174.
Dixon AFG, Burns MD, Wangboonkong S (1968) Migration in aphids: response to current adversity. Nature 220:1337–1338.
Dixon AFG, Dharma TD (1980) Number of ovarioles and fecundity in the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae. Entomol Exp Appl 28:1–14.
Dixon AFG, Glen DM (1971) Morph determination in the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi L. Ann Appl Biol 68:11–21.
Dixon AFG, Mercer DR (1983) Flight behaviour in the sycamore aphid: factors affecting take-off. Entomol Exp Appl 33:43–49.
Dixon AFG, Wratten SD (1971) Laboratory studies on aggregation, size and fecundity in the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scop. Bull Entomol Res 61:97–111.
Elton CS (1925) The dispersal of insects to Spitsbergen. Trans R Entomol Soc Lond 1925:289–299.
Fisher M (1982) Morph determination in Elatobium abietinum (Walk) the green spruce aphid. PhD Thesis, University of East Anglia.
Gutierrez AP, Morgan DJ, Havenstein DE (1971) The ecology of Aphis craccivora Koch and subterranean clover stunt virus I. The phenology of aphid populations and the epidemiology of virus in pastures in south-east Australia. J Appl Ecol 8:699–721.
Johnson B (1953) Flight muscle autolysis and reproduction in aphids. Nature 172:183.
Johnson B (1957) Studies on the degeneration of the flight muscles of alate aphids I. A comparative study of the occurrence of muscle breakdown in relation to reproduction in several species. J Insect Physiol 1:248–266.
Johnson CG (1969) Migration and dispersal of insects by flight. Methuen, London, 763 pp.
Kennedy JS, Booth CO (1963) Co-ordination of successive activities in an aphid. The effect of flight on the settling responses. J Exp Biol 40:351–369.
Lamb RJ, Mackay PA (1979) Variability in migratory tendency within and among natural populations of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Oecologia (Berl) 39:289–299.
Leather SR, Dixon AFG (1982) Secondary host preferences and reproductive activity of the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi. Ann Appl Biol 101:219–228.
Leather SR, Wellings PW (1981) Ovariole number and fecundity in aphids. Entomol Exp Appl 30: 128–133.
Lees AD (1967) The production of the apterous and alate forms in the aphid Megoura viciae Buckton, with special reference to the role of crowding. J Insect Physiol 13:289–318.
Matsuka M, Mittler TE (1978) Enhancement of alata production by an aphid, Myzus persicae, in response to increases in daylength. Bull Fac Agric Tamagawa Univ 19, pp 1-7.
Mittler TE (1958) Studies on the nutrition of Tuberolachnus salignus (Gmelin) (Homoptera, Aphididae) III. The nitrogen economy. J Exp Biol 35:626–638.
Noda I (1960) The emergence of winged viviparous female in aphid VI. Difference in the rate of development between the winged and the unwinged forms. Jpn J Ecol 10:97–102.
Shaw MJP (1970a) Effects of population density on alienicolae of Aphis fabae Scop. I. The effect of crowding on the production of alatae in the laboratory. Ann Appl Biol 65:191–196.
Shaw MJP (1970b) Effect of population density on alienicolae of Aphis fabae Scop. II. The effects of crowding on the expression of migratory urge in the laboratory. Ann Appl Biol 69:197–203.
Shaw MJP (1970c) Effect of population density on alienicolae of Aphis fabae Scop. III. The effect of isolation on the development of form and behaviour of alatae in a laboratory clone. Ann Appl Biol 65:205–212.
Taylor LR (1975) Longevity, fecundity and size, control of reproductive potential in a polymorphic migrant, Aphis fabae Scop. J Anim Ecol 44:135–159.
Thomas AAG, Ludlow AR, Kennedy JS (1977) Sinking speeds of falling and flying Aphis fabae Scopoli. Ecol Entomol 2:315–326.
Thornback N (1983) The factors determining the abundance of Metopolophium dirhodum (Walk.), the rose grain aphid. PhD Thesis, University of East Anglia.
Walters KFA, Dixon AFG (1982) Effect of host quality and crowding on the settling and take-off of cereal aphids. Ann Appl Biol 101:211–218.
Walters KFA, Dixon AFG (1983) Migratory urge and reproductive investment in aphids: variation within clones. Oecologia (Berl) 58:70–75.
Walters KFA, Dixon AFG (1984) The effect of temperature and wind on the flight activity of cereal aphids. Ann Appl Biol 104:17–26.
Ward SA, Dixon AFG (1984) Spreading the risk, and the evolution of mixed strategies: seasonal variation in aphid reproductive biology. In: Engels W et al. (eds) Advances in Invertebrate Reproduction, vol 3. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 367–386.
Ward SA, Wellings PW, Dixon AFG (1983) The effect of reproductive investment on pre-reproductive mortality in aphids. J Anim Ecol 52:305–313.
Watt AD, Dixon AFG (1981) The role of cereal growth stages and crowding in the induction of alatae in Sitobion avenae and its consequences for population growth. Ecol Entomol 6:441–447.
Wellings PW, Leather SR, Dixon AFG (1980) Seasonal variation in reproductive potential: a programmed feature of aphid life cycles. J Anim Ecol 49:975–985.
Wratten SD (1977) Reproductive strategy of winged and wingless morphs of the aphids Sitobion avenae and Metopolophium dirhodum. Ann Appl Biol 85:319–331.
Yagamuchi H (1976) Biological studies on the todo-fir aphid Cinara todicola Inouye with special reference to its population dynamics and morph determination. Bull Gov For Exp Stn (Tokyo) 283:1–102.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1986 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Dixon, A.F.G., Howard, M.T. (1986). Dispersal in Aphids, A Problem in Resource Allocation. In: Danthanarayana, W. (eds) Insect Flight. Proceedings in Life Sciences. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71155-8_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71155-8_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-71157-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-71155-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive