Abstract
The afferent visual system (a.v.s.) includes all those stuctures of the retina and the brain which are mainly concerned with the sensory functions of vision and not with the polysensory integration of other modalities into the visual system or with visuo-motor control mechanisms. With this definition, the a.v.s. of vertebrates includes the optical apparatus of the eye, the retina, the pathways from the eye to the brain and in mammals the geniculate body, the primary visual cortex and part of the optic tectum. In the present report, we include also the description of the temporal response characteristics of neurons of the secondary and tertiary visual cortex. We do not give, however, a description of the special “feature extracting” properties of some of these cortical neuronal systems which are relevant to the analysis of visual patterns and which are described in another chapter of this volume (Stone and Freeman, Chap. 2, p. 153). Also excluded is the description of responses of tectal neurons, which are mentioned in two other chapters of this handbook (Sprague, Berlucchi, and Rizzolatti, 1973; Grüsser and Grüsser-Cornehls, 1973).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abe, Z.: Influence of adaptation on the strength frequency curve of human eyes, as determined with electrically produced flickering phosphenes. Tohoku J. exp. Med. 54, 37–44 (1951).
Aiba, S.: The effects of dexamphetamine, sodium amobarbital and meprobamate on critical frequency of flicker under two different surround illuminations. Psychopharmacology 1, 89–101 (1959).
Akimoto, H., Creutzfeldt, O.: Reaktionen von Neuronen des optischen Cortex nach elektri–scher Reizung unspezifischer Thalamuskerne. Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkr. 196, 496–519 (1958).
Allen, F.: The variation of visual sensory reflex action with intensity of stimulation. J. opt. Soc. Amer. IB, 383–430 (1926).
Alpern, M., Hendley, C.D.: Visual functions as indices of physiological changes in acid–base balance of the blood. Amer. J. Optom. 29, 301–314 (1952).
Alpern, M., Hendley, C.D., Spencer, R.W.: Variation of critical flicker frequency in the nasal visual field. Arch. Ophthal. 50, 50–63 (1953).
Alpern, M., Hendley, C.D., Spencer, R.W., Sugiyama, S.: Photic driving of the critical flicker frequency. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 51, 1379–1385 (1961).
Amecke-Mönninghof, E., Buettner, U.W.: Die Wechselwirkung von rezeptivem Feld¬zentrum und rezeptiver Feldperipherie retinaler Neurone der Katze. I. Phasische Reizung im Zentrum. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 319, R 152 (1970).
Amecke-Mönninghof, E., Buettner, U.W.: Die Wechselwirkung zwischen Feldzentrum und Feldperipherie von retinalen Neuronen der Katze. II. Phasische Reizung in der Peripherie. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 319, R 152 (1970).
Anderson, D.A., Huntington, J., Simonson, E.: Critical fusion frequency as a function of exposure time. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 56, 1607–1611 (1966).
Arden, G., Liu, Y.-M.: Some types of response of single cells in the rabbit lateral geniculate body to stimulation of the retina by light and to electrical stimulation of the optic nerve. Acta physiol. scand. 48, 36–48 (1960 a).
Arden, G., Liu, Y.–M.: Some responses of the lateral geniculate body of the rabbit to flickering light stimuli. Acta physiol. scand. 48, 49–62 (1960b).
Arduini, A.: Specific and non–specific components in the activity of a relay nucleus: the lateral geniculate. Arch. ital. Biol. 107, 715–722 (1969).
Arnold, H.: Optische Verschmelzungsfrequenz und ermüdende Beanspruchung. Arbeits¬physiologie 15, 62–78 (1953).
Arnold, H., Wacholder, K.: Weitere Untersuchungen über optische Verschmelzungsfrequenz und ermüdende körperliche Beanspruchung. Arbeitsphysiologie 15, 139–148 (1953).
Baader, E.G.: Über die Empfindlichkeit des Auges gegen Lichtwechsel. Med. Diss., Univ. Freiburg i. Br. 1891.
Baker, C.H.: The dependence of binocular fusion on timing of peripheral stimuli and on central process. Canad. J. Psychol. 6, 84–91 (1952 a).
Baker, C.H.: The dependence of binocular fusion on timing of peripheral stimuli and on central process. 2. Asymmetrical flicker. Canad. J. Psychol. 6, 123–130 (1952b).
Baker, C.H.: The dependence of binocular fusion on timing of peripheral stimuli and on central process. III. Cortical flicker. Canad. J. Psychol. 6, 151–163 (1952c).
Baker, C.H., Bott, E.A.: Studies on visual flicker and fusion. II. Effects of timing of visual stimuli on binocular fusion and flicker. Canad. J. Psychol. 5, 9–17 (1951).
Ball, R. J., Bartley, S. H.: Effects of intermittent monochromatic illumination on visual acuity. Amer. J. Optom. 47, 519–525 (1970).
Barlow, H.B.: Optic nerve impulses and Weber’s law. Cold Spr. Harb. Symp. quant. Biol. 80, 539–546 (1965).
Barlow, H.B., Fitzhugh, R., Kuffler, S. W.: Change of organization in the receptive fields of the cat’s retina during dark adaptation. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 187, 338–354 (1957).
Barnett, A.: Electrically produced flicker in darkness. Amer. J. Physiol. 183, 205–206 (1941).
Bartley, S.H.: The neural determination of critical flicker frequency. J. exp. Psychol. 21, 678–686 (1937).
Bartley, S.H.: Subjective brightness in relation to flash rate and the light-dark ratio. J. exp. Psychol. 28, 313–319 (1938).
Bartley, S.H.: Some factors in brightness discrimination. Psychol. Rev. 40, 337–358 (1939).
Bartley, S.H.: Brightness enhancement in relation to target intensity. J. Psychol. 32, 57–62 (1951).
Bartley, S.H.: Brightness comparison when one eye is stimulated intermittently and the other eye steadily. J. Psychol. 34, 165–167 (1952).
Bartley, S.H.: Light adaptation and brightness enhancement. Perceptual and Motor Skills 7, 85–92 (1957).
Bartley, S.H.: Some facts and concepts regarding the neurophysiology of the optic pathway. Arch. Ophthal. 00, 775–791 (1958).
Bartley, S.H., Ball, R.J.: Effects of intermittent illumination on visual acuity. Amer. J. Optom. 45, 458–464 (1968).
Bartley, S.H., Nelson, T.M.: Certain chromatic and brightness changes associated with rate of inter– mittency of photo stimulation. J. Psychol. 50, 323–332 (1960).
Bartley, S.H., Nelson, T.M.: A further study of pulse–to–cycle fraction and critical flicker frequency. A decisive theoretical test. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 51, 41–45 (1961).
Bartley, S.H., Nelson, T.M.:Some relations between sensory end results and neural activity in the optic pathway. J. Psychol. 55, 121–143 (1963).
Bartley, S.H., Nelson, T.M., Ronney, J. E.: The sensory parallel of the reorganization period in the cortical response in intermittent retinal stimulation. J. Psychol. 52, 137–147 (1961).
Bartley, S.H., Nelson, T.M., Soules, E.M.: Visual acuity under conditions of intermittent illumination productive of paradoxical brightness. J. Psychol. 55, 153–163 (1963).
Bartley, S.H., Paczewitz, G., Valsi, E.: Brightness enhancement and the stimulus cycle. J. Psychol. 43, 187–192 (1957).
Bartley, S.H., Wilkinson, F.R.: Brightness enhancement when entoptic stray light is held constant. J. Psychol. 33, 301–305 (1952).
Basler, A.: Über die Verschmelzung von zwei nacheinander erfolgenden Lichtreizen. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 143, 245–251 (1911).
Baumgartner, G. : Die Reaktionen der Neurone des zentralen visuellen Systems der Katze im simultanen Helligkeitskontrast. IN: Jung, R., Kornhuber, H. H. (Hrsg.): Neurophysiologie und Psychophysik des visuellen Systems, S. 296–313. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1961.
Baumgartner, G., Brown, J.L., Schulz, A.: Responses of single units of the cat visual system to rectangular stimulus patterns. J. Neurophysiol. 28, 1–18 (1965).
Baumgartner, G., Brown, J.L., Schulz, A., Hakas, P.: Reaktionen einzelner Opticusneurone und corticaler Nervenzellen der Katze im Hell–Dunkel–Grenzfeld (Simultankontrast). Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 270, 29 (1959).
Baumgartner, G., Brown, J.L., Schulz, A., Hakas, P., Hakas, P.: Die Neurophysiologie des simultanen Helligkeitskontrastes. Reziproke antagonistischer Neuronengruppen des visuellen Systems. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 274, 489–510 (1962).
Baylor, D. A., Puortes, M. G.F.: Electrical responses of single cones in the retina of the turtle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 207, 77–92 (1970).
Bayly, E. J.: Spectral analysis of pulse frequency modulation in the nervous system. IEEE Trans. BME-15, 257–265 (1968).
Bayly, E. J.: Spectral analysis of pulse frequency modulation. In: Systems analysis approach to neuro-physiological problems. Conf. Proc. Lab. Neurophysiol. Univ. Minnesota, 48–60 (1969).
Beck, A.: Anstieg der Verschmelzungsfrequenz bei Erregung im Elektroretinogramm. Klin. Wschr. 29, 446–448 (1951).
Benham, C.H.: The artiflcal spectrum top. Nature (Lond.) 51, 200 (1895).
Berg, O.: A study of the effect of evipan on the flicker fusion intensity in brain injuries. Acta psychiat. (Kbh.) Suppl. 58, 1–116 (1949).
Berger, C.: Area of retinal image and flicker fusion frequency. Acta physiol. scand. 28, 224–233 (1953).
Berger, C.: Illumination of surrounding field and flicker fusion frequency with foveal images of different sizes. Acta physiol. scand. 30, 161–170 (1954).
Bielck, G.G.: De raritate luminis. Medical doctor thesis, 12 p. Introduced by J. A. SEGNER. Göttingen: Vandenhoek 1740.
Bishop, G.H., O’leary, J.L.: Electrical activity of the lateral geniculate of cats following optic nerve stimuli. J. Neurophysiol. 3, 308–322 (1940).
Bishop, P.O.: Synaptic transmission. An analysis of the electric activity of the lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat after optic nerve stimulation. Proc. Roy. Soc. 141 B, 362–392 (1953).
Bishop, P.O.: Properties of afferent synapses and sensory neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 6, 191–255 (1964).
Bishop, P.O., Burke, W., Davis, R.: The identification of single units in central visual pathway. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 162, 409–431 (1962).
Bishop, P.O., Burke, W., Davis, R., Jeremy, D., Mcleod, J. G.: Phenomenon of repetitive firing in lateral geniculate of cat. J. Neurophysiol. 16, 437–447 (1953).
Bjerver, K., Goldberg, L.: Effect of alcohol ingestion on driving ability. Quart. J. Stud. Alcohol II, 1–30 (1950).
Bleck, F.C., Craig, E.A.: Brightness enhancement and hue: I. The effect of Munsell–hue targets. J. Psychol. 59, 243–250 (1965).
Bleck, F.C., Craig, E.A.: Brightness enhancement and hue: II. Hue shift as a function of steady and intermittent photic stimulation. J. Psychol. 59, 251–258 (1965).
Bornschein, H.: Vergleichende Elektrophysiologie der Retina. In: Jung, R., Kornhuber, H. (Hrsg.): Neurophysiologie und Psychophysik des visuellen Systems. Berlin-Göttingen- Heidelberg: Springer 1961.
Bornschein, H.: Physiologische Aspekte des Flimmerelektroretinogramms: Komponenten und Frequenzcharakteristik. Docum. Ophthal. 18, 85–100 (1964).
Bornschein, H., Lahoda, R.: Harmonie analysis of human flicker electroretinogram. Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Med. Electronics 342–344 (1960).
Bornschein, H., Lahoda, R., Schubert, G.: Das photopische Flimmer–Elektroretinogramm des Menschen. Z. Biol. 106, 229–238 (1953).
Bornschein, H., Lahoda, R., Schubert, G., Szegvary, G.: Flimmerelektroretinographische Studie bei einem Säuger mit reiner Zapfennetzhaut (Citellus citellus). Z. Biol. 110, 285–290 (1958).
Borsellino, A., Fuortes, M.G.F.: Responses to single photons in visual cells of Limulus. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 196, 507–539 (1968).
Borsellino, A., Fuortes, M.G.F., Smith, T.G.: Visual responses in Limulus. Cold Spr. Harb. Symp. quant. Biol. 30, 429–443 (1965).
Borsellino, A., Fuortes, M.G.F., Poppele, R. E., Terzuolo, C. A.: Transfer functions of the slowly adapting stretch receptor organ of Crustacea. Cold Spr. Harb. Symp. quant. Biol. 30, 581 (1965).
Botjman, M. A.: History and present status of quantum theory in vision. In: Rosenblith, W. A. (Ed.): Sensory Communication, pp. 377–401. Cambridge, Massachusetts: M.I.T. Press 1961.
Bouman, M. A.: My image of the retina. Quart. Rev. Biophys. 2, 25–64 (1969).
Bouman, M. A., Doesschate, J. Ten: Adaptation and the electrical excitability of the eye. Docum. Ophthal. 26, 240–247 (1969).
Botjman, M. A., Doesschate, J.Ten, Velden, H. A. Van Der: Electrical stimulation of the human eye by means of periodical rectangular stimuli. Docum. Ophthal. 5–6, 151–167 (1951).
Bourassa, Ch.M., Bartley, S.H.: Some observations on the manipulation of visual acuity by varying the rate of intermittent stimulation. J. Psychol. 59, 319–328 (1965).
Boycott, B.B., Dowling, J.E.: Organization of the primate retina: light microscopy. Proc. roy. Soc. Lond. B 255, 109–184 (1969).
Boynton, R-M., Stuhr, J. F., Ikeda, M.: Study of flicker by increment threshold technique. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 51, 196–201 (1961).
Brewster, D.: On the influence of successive impulses of light upon the retina. Phil. Mag. (Lond. Edinb.) 4, 241–245 (1834).
Brindley, G.S.: The site of electrical excitation of the human eye. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 127, 189–200 (1955).
Brindley, G.S.: Beats produced by simultaneous stimulation of the human eye with intermittent light and intermittent or alternating current. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 164, 157–167 (1962).
Brindley, G.S.: Physiology of the retina and the visual pathway. London: Edward Arnold 1960.
Brindley, G.S., Ducroz, J.J., Rushton, W.A.H.: The flicker fusion frequency of the blue sensitive mechanism of colour vision. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 183, 497–500 (1966).
Brink, G. Van Den, Reijnues, G.A.: Spatial and temporal facilitation in vision. Vision Res. 6, 533–551 (1966).
Broca, A., Sulzer, D.: La sensation lumineuse en fonction du temps. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 184, 831–834 (1902).
Broekhuijsen, M.L., Veringa, F.T.: Sinusoidal current and perceived brightness II. Vision Res. 12, 363 (1971).
Brown, J.L.: Harmonic analysis of visual stimuli below fusion frequency. Science 137, 686–688 (1962).
Brown, J.L.: Flicker and intermittent stimulation. Chapter 10. In: Graham, C.H. (Ed.): Vision and Visual Perception, p. 251. New York-London–Sydney: John Wiley and Sons 1965.
Brown, K.T., Wiesel, T.N.: Intraretinal recording with micropipette electrodes in the intact cat eye. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 149, 537–562 (1959).
Brücke, E.: Über den Nutzeffekt intermittierender Netzhautreizungen. Sitzungsber. K. Akad. Wissensch., math.-naturwiss. Klasse. Wien 49, II, 128–153 (1864).
Büttner, Ch.. Büttner, U., Eysel, U., Grüsser, O.-J., Lunkenheimer, H.-U., Schaible, D. Spatial Summation In The Receptive Fields Of Cat’s Retinal Ganglion Cells. I. Summation Within The Rf-Center. Proceedings Of The First European Biophysics Congress 1971, Baden, Austria, Ed. Broda, E., Locker, A., Springen-Lederer, H. Separatum, Verlag Der Wiener Medizinischen Akademie, 257–261 (1971).
Büttner, Ch.. Büttner, U., Grüsser, O.- J.: Die Frequenzeigenschaften der off-Inhibition im rezeptiven Feld-zentrum retinaler on-Zentrum Neurone der Katze. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 312, 133 (1969).
Büttner, Ch.. Büttner, U., Grüsser, O.- J.: Interaction of excitation and direct inhibition in the receptive field center of retinal neurons. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 322, 1–21 (1971).
Büttner, Ch.. Büttner, U., Grüsser, O.- J.: Summation of excitation and inhibition in the receptive field center of retinal neurons. Biokybernetik III, Symposion Leipzig 1969, pp. 197–201. Ed. Drischel, H., Tiedt, N. Jena: VEB Gustav Fischer 1971.
Büttner, Ch.. Büttner, U., Grüsser, O.-J., Rackensperger, W., Vierkant, J.: Die Summation von zwei unabhängig von¬einander ausgelösten Erregungen im rezeptiven Feldzentrum retinaler Neurone der Katze. I. Internat. Symposion Biokybernetik Leipzig (1967). Wiss. Z. Karl-Marx-Universität Leipzig 2, 178–182 (1968).
Büttner, U., Grüsser, O.-J.: Zeitliche und räumliche Einflüsse auf die Erregungsintegration im rezeptiven Feld retinaler Neurone der Katze. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 291, 88 (1966).
Büttner, U., Grüsser, O.-J.: Quantitative Untersuchungen der räumlichen Erregungssummation im rezeptiven Feld retinaler Neurone der Katze. I. Reizung mit 2 synchronen Lichtpunkten. Kybernetik 3, Bd. 4, 81–94 (1968).
Büttner, U., Grüsser, O.-J.: Spatial summation within the RF-center of retinal neurons. The effect of the distance of two light stimuli, unpubl. (1971).
Burckhardt, Ch.W.: From flicker-fusion to color vision. Biologica Computer Laboratory Report 1–41, Dept. El. Eng., Univ. of Illinois Urbana, 111. (1966).
Burke, W., Sefton, A.J.: Discharge patterns of principle cells and interneurons in lateral geniculate nucleus of rat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 187, 201–212 (1966).
Burke, W., Sefton, A.J.: Inhibitory mechanisms in lateral geniculate nucleus of rat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 187, 231–246 (1966).
Byzov, A.L.: Horizontale Retina-Zellen als Regulatoren der synaptischenÜbertragung(russ.). Fiziol. Zh. SSSR 53, 1115–1124 (1967).
Cajal, S. Ramon Y: Die Retina. Translated by GREEFF. Wiesbaden: Bergmann 1896.
Campbell, F. W., Cooper, G.F., Enroth Cugell Ch.: The spatial selectivity of the visual cells of the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 208, 223–235 (1969).
Campbell, F. W., Cooper, G.F., Enroth Cugell Ch., Robson, J. G.: The attenuation characteristics of the visual system determined by measurements of flicker threshold, brightness and pupilomotor effect of modulated light. Docum. Ophthal. 28, 83–84 (1964).
Campenhausen, Ch. Von: Über den Ursprungsort von musterinduzierten Flickerfarben im visuellen System des Menschen. Z. vergl. Physiol. 61, 355–360 (1968).
Campenhausen, Ch. Von: The color of Benham’s top under metameric illumination. Vision Res. 9, 677–682 (1969).
Campenhausen, Ch. Von: Musterinduzierte Flickerfarben. Untersuchungen zur Psychophysik des Farbensehens. Verh. dtsch. Zool. Ges. 64, 227–234 (1970).
Cervetto, L.: Analysis of the pigeon’s electroretinogram. Arch. ital. Biol. 106, 194–203 (1968)
Christian, P., Haas, R.: Über ein Farbenphänomen (polyphäne Farben). Sitzungsber. Heidel¬berg, Akad. Wiss. Math.-naturw. Klasse 1948, 1–28.
Clark, W.E. Le Gros: The visual centres of the brain and their connexions. Physiol. Rev. 22, 205–232 (1942).
Clausen, J.: Visual sensations (phosphenes) produced by AC sine wave stimulation, 101 p. Copenhagen ( Bergen ): Ejnar Munksgaard 1955.
Clausen, J., Vanderbilt, C.: Visual beats caused by simultaneous electrical and photic stimulation. Amer. J. Psychol. 70, 577–585 (1957).
Cleland, B.G., Dubin, M.W., Levick, W.R.: Simultaneous recording of input and output of lateral geniculate neurons. Nature, New Biology 231, 191–192 (1971a).
Cleland, B.G., Dubin, M.W., Levick, W.R.: Sustained and transient neurones in the cat’s retina and the lateral geniculate nucleus. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 217, 473–496 (1971b).
Cleland, B.G., Dubin, M.W., Levick, W.R., Enroth-Cugell, C.: Cat retinal ganglion cell responses to changing light intensities: Sinusoidal modulation in the time domain. Acta physiol. scand. 68, 365–381 (1966).
Cleland, B.G., Dubin, M.W., Levick, W.R., Enroth-Cugell, C.: Quantitative aspects of sensitivity and summation in the cat retina. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 198, 17–38 (1968).
Cleland, B.G., Dubin, M.W., Levick, W.R., Enroth-Cugell, C.: Quantitative aspects of gain and latency in the cat retina. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 206, 73–91 (1970).
Cobb, P. W.: Some comments on the Ives theory of flicker. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 24, 91–98 (1934a).
Cobb, P. W.: The dependence of flicker on the dark–light ratio of the stimulus cycle. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 24, 107–113 (1934b).
Cohen, J., Gordon, D. A.: The Prevost-Fechner-Benham subjective colors. Psychol. Bull. 46, 97–138 (1949).
Cornehls, U.: Reaktionen einzelner Neurone im optischen Cortex der Katze nach elektrischen Doppelreizen des Nervus opticus. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 268, 52 (1958).
Cornehls, U., Grüsser, O.-J.: Ein elektronisch gesteuertes Doppellichtreizgerät. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 270, 78–79 (1959).
Creed, R.S., Rtjch, T.C.: Regional variations in sensitivity to flicker. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 74, 407–423 (1932).
Creutzfeldt, O.D.: Functional synaptic organization in the lateral geniculate body and its implication for information transmission. From: Structure and functions of inhibitory neuronal mechanisms. Proc. of the 4th Internat. Meeting of Neurobiologists, Stockholm, Sept- 1966. Oxford-New York: Pergamon Press 1968.
Creutzfeldt, O.D., Akimoto, H.: Konvergenz und gegenseitige Beeinflussung von Impulsen aus der Retina und den unspezifischen Thalamuskernen an einzelenen Neuronen des optischen Cortex. Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkr. 196, 520–538 (1958).
Creutzfeldt, O.D., Akimoto, H., Grüsser, O.-J.: Beeinflussung der Flimmerreaktion einzelner corticaler Neurone durch elektrische Reize unspezifischer Thalamuskerne. Excerpta med. (Amst.) Int. Congr. Ser. 11, 148 (1957).
Creutzfeldt, O.D., Akimoto, H., Grüsser, O.-J., Grüsser, O.-J.: Beeinflussung der Flimmerreaktion einzelner corticaler Neurone durch elektrische Reize unspezifischer Thalamuskerne. In: Bogaert, L.V., Radermecker, J. (Eds.): Proc. 1st Int. Congr. Neurol. Sei. Vol. 3, Electroencephalography, Clinical Neurophysiology and Epilepsy, pp. 349–355. London-New York-sParis: Pergamon 1959.
Creutzfeldt, O.D., Akimoto, H., Grüsser, O.-J., Grüsser, O.-J., Sakmann, B., Scheich, H.: Zusammenhang zwischen Struktur und Funktion der Retina. Aus: Kybernetik 1968, Hrsg. Marko, H., Färber, G. München: Oldenbourg.
Crozier, W. J., Wolf, E.: Theory and measurement of visual mechanisms. IV. Critical intensities for visual flicker, monocular and binocular. J. gen. Physiol. 24, 505–534 (1941 a).
Crozier, W. J., Wolf, E.: Theory and measurement of visual mechanisms. V. Flash duration and critical intensity for response to flicker. J. gen. Physiol. 24, 635–654 (1941b).
Crozier, W. J., Wolf, E. Zerrahn-Wolf, G.: Intensity and critical frequency for visual flicker. J. gen. Physiol. 21, 203–221 (1937).
De Valois, H.: Discussion to Bartley, S.H. Arch. Ophthal. 60, 775–791 (1958).
De Valois, R.L., Abramow, I., Mead, W.R.: Single cell analysis of wavelength discrimination at the lateral geniculate nucleus of the macaque. J. Neurophysiol. 30, 415–433 (1967).
De Voejr.D.: A nonlinear model of sensory adaptation in the eye of the wolf spider. In: Bernhard, C.G. (Ed.): The Functional Organization of the Compound Eye, pp. 309–328. Oxford: Pergamon 1966.
De Voejr. D.: Nonlinear transient responses from light–adapted wolf spider eyes to changes in background illumination. J. gen. Physiol. 50, 1961–1992 (1967a).
De Voejr. D.: A nonlinear model for transient responses from light–adapted wolf spider eyes. J. gen. Physiol. 50, 1993–2030 (1967b).
Dodge, F.A., Jr, Shapley, R.M., Knight, B.W.: Linear systems analysis of the Limulus retina. Behav. Sci. 15, 24–36 (1970).
Dodt, E.: Ergebnisse der Flimmerelektroretinographie. Med. Habilitationsschrift, Freiburg i. Br. Dez. 1953.
Dodt, E.: Ergebnisse Flimmer–Elektroretinographie. Experientia (Basel) 10, 330–339 (1954).
Dodt, E.: Erregung und Hemmung retinaler Neurone bei intermittierender Belichtung. Docum. Ophthal. 18, 259–274 (1964).
Dodt, E., Enroth, C.: Retinal flicker response in cat. Acta physiol. scand. 30, 375–390 (1953).
Dodt, E., Enroth, C., Lith, G.M.H. Van, Schmidt, B.: Electroretinographic evaluation of the photopic mal¬function in a totally color blind. Vision Res. 7, 231–241 (1967).
Dodt, E., Enroth, C., Lith, G.M.H.Van, Schmidt, B., Walther, J. B.: Der photopische Dominator im Flimmer–ERG der Katze. Pflügers Arch, ges. Physiol. 266, 175–186 (1958).
Dodt, E., Enroth, C., Lith, G.M.H. Van, Schmidt, B., Walther, J. B., Wirth, A.: Differentiation between rods and cones by flicker electroretinography in pigeon and guinea pig. Acta physiol. scand. 30, 80–89 (1953).
Doorn, A. J. Van, Koenderink, J. J., Bouman, M. A.: The influence of the retinal inhomogeneity on the perception of spatial patterns. Kybernetik 10, 223–230 (1972).
Dowling, J.E.: Organization of vertebrate retinas. Invest. Ophthal. 9, 655–680 (1970).
Dowling, J.E., Boycott, B.B.: Neural connections of the retina: fine structure of the inner plexiform layer. Cold Spr. Harb. Symp. quant. Biol. 30, 393–402 (1965).
Dowling, J.E., Boycott, B.B.: Organization of the primate retina: Electron microscopy. Proc. roy. Soc. Lond. B 166, 80–111 (1966).
Dowling, J.E., Boycott, B.B., Werblin, F.S.: Synaptic organization of the vertebrate retina. Vision Res. Suppl. 3, 1–15 (1971).
Ebbecke, U.: Über das Augenblicksehen. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 185, 181–195 (1920a).
Ebbecke, U.: Über das Sehen im Flimmerlicht. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 185, 196–223 (1920b).
Eckhorn, R., Pöpel, B.: A contribution to neuronal network analysis in cat LGB: Simultaneous recordings of maintained activity. Int. J. Neurosci. (in press, 1972).
Eckmiller, R.: Electronic analog models of the retina and the visual system. In: Grüsser, O.-J., Klinke, R. (Eds.): Zeichenerkennung durch biologische und technische Systeme, S. 143–151. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1971.
Eckmiller, R.: Properties of an electronic simulation network of the vertebrate retina and the first layer in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Proc. of the First European Biophysics Congr. 1971, Baden, Austria, Broda, E., Locker, A., Springer-Lederer, H. (Eds.): Separatum, Verlag der Wiener Medizinischen Akademie 267–271 (1971).
Eckmiller, R., Grüsser, O.-J.: Electronic simulation of the neuronal network of the vertebrate retina. Kybernetik, in prep. 1972/1973.
Enroth, Ch.: Spike frequency and flicker fusion frequency in retinal ganglion cells. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 117, 18–21 (1952).
Enroth, Ch.: The mechanism of flicker and fusion studied on single retinal elements in the dark-adapted eye of the cat. Acta physiol. scand. 27, Suppl. 100, 1–67 (1952).
Enroth-Cugell, Ch., Pinto, L.: Algebraic summation of centre and surround inputs to retinal ganglion cells of the cat. Nature (Lond.) 226, 458–459 (1970).
Enroth-Cugell, Ch., Pinto, L.: Properties of the surround response mechanism of cat retinal ganglion cells and centre-surround interaction. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 220, 403–439 (1972).
Enroth-Cugell, Ch., Pinto, L.: Pure central responses from off-centre cells and pure surround responses from on–centre cells. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 220, 441–464 (1972).
Enroth-Cugell, Ch., Pinto, L., Robson, J.G.: The contrast sensitivity of retinal ganglion cells of the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 187, 517–552 (1966).
Enzer, N., Simonson, E., Ballard, C.: The effect of small doses of alcohol on the central nervous system. Amer. J. Clin. Pathol. 14, 333–341 (1944).
Erlick, D., Landis, C.: The effect of intensity, light-dark ratio, and age on the Flicker-Fusion threshold. Amer. J. Psychol. 65, 375–388 (1952).
Ernst, W.: The dependence of critical flicker frequency and the rod threshold on the state of adaptation of the eye. Vision Res. 8, 889–900 (1968).
Exner, S.: Über die zu einer Gesichtswahrnehmung nötige Zeit. Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wissensch. 58, II, 601–631 (1868).
Exner, S.: Bemerkungen über intermittierende Netzhautreizung. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 3, 214–240 (1870).
Eysel, U.: Computer simulation of the impulse pattern of muscle spindle afferents under static and dynamic conditions. Kybernetik 8, 171–179 (1971).
Eysel, U., Flynn, J.T., Gaedt, Chr.: Spatial summation of excitation and inhibition in receptive fields of neurons in the lateral geniculate body of the cat and the influence of visual deprivation. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 327, 82–94 (1971).
Eysel, U., Flynn, J.T., Gaedt, Chr., Grüsser, O.-J.: The impulse pattern of muscle spindle afferents. A statistical analysis of the response to static and sinusoidal stimulation. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 315, 1–26 (1970).
Eysel, U., Flynn, J.T., Gaedt, Chr., Grüsser, O.-J., Grüsser, O.-J.: Neurophysiological basis of pattern recognition in the cat’s visual system. In: Grüsser, O.-J., Klinke, R. (Eds.): Zeichenerkennung durch biologische und technische Systeme, S. 59–80. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1971.
Eysel, U., Flynn, J.T., Gaedt, Chr., Grüsser, O.-J., Pecci-Saavedra, J.: The signal transmission by degenerating synapses of the cat’s lateral geniculate nucleus. Brain Res. (in preparation 1972 ).
Fechner, G.T.: Über eine Scheibe zur Erzeugung von subjectiven Farben. Poggendorf Ann. Physik. Chem. 45, 227–232 (1838).
Feilchenfeld, H.: Über die Sehschärfe im Flimmerlicht. Z. Psychol. 35, 1–7 (1904).
Feinberg, I.: Critical flicker frequency in amblyopia ex anopsia. Amer. J. Ophthal. 42, 473–481 (1956).
Ferry, E.S.: Persistence of vision. Amer. J. Sci. 44, 192–207 (1892).
Fick, A.: Die Lehre vom Lichtsinn. In: Hermanns Handbuch der Physiologie der Sinnes-organe, Vol. III/l, pp. 139–234. Leipzig: F. C. W. Vogel 1879.
Fiorentini, A., Maffei, L.: Transfer characteristics of excitation and inhibition in the human visual system. J. Neurophysiol. 23, 285–292 (1970).
Fischer, B.: Optische und neuronale Grundlagen der visuellen Bildübertragung: Einheitliche mathematische Behandlung des retinalen Bildes und der Erregbarkeit von retinalen Ganglienzellen mit Hilfe der linearen Systemtheorie. Vision Res. 12, 1125–1144 (1972).
Fischer, B., Freund, H.-J.: Eine mathematische Formulierung für Reiz-Reaktionsbeziehungen retinaler Ganglienzellen. Kybernetik 7, 160–166 (1970).
Fischer, B., Freund, H.-J., May, H.-U.: Invarianzen in der Katzenretina: Gesetzmäßige Beziehungen zwischen Empfindlichkeit, Größe und Lage reeeptiver Felder von Ganglienzellen. Exp. Brain Res. 11, 448–464 (1970).
Foerster, M.H., Grind, W.A. Van De: Intracellularly recorded discrete waves and ganglion cell responses in the intact eye of the cat. Vision Res. in prep. (1973).
Foerster, M.H., Grind, W.A. Van De., Grüsser, O.-J.: The response of horizontal cells of the cat’s retina to flicker stimulation. Vision Res., in preparation (1972/1973).
Foerster, M.H., Grind, W.A. Van De., Grüsser, O.-J.: Der Einfluß der Narkosetiefe auf die Entladungsmuster retinaler Neurone der Katze. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 294, 53 (1967).
Foerster, M.H., Grind, W.A. Van De., Grüsser, O.-J.: Responses of retinal ganglion cells of the cat at different depths of barbiturate anesthesia. unpubl. work (1969)
Foerster, M.H., Grüsser, O.J., Lunkenheimer, H.-U.: Responses of cat’s retinal ganglion cells to sinusoidally modulated light. The effect of the depth of modulation. In preparation (1973).
Foley, P. J.: Interrelationships of background area, target area and target luminance in their effect on the critical flicker frequency of the human fovea. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 51, 737–740 (1961).
Foley, P. J.: Critical flicker frequency and phased surrounds. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 53, 497–498 (1963).
Foley, P. J., Kazdan, J.: Area-intensity relations within the fovea for flickering white and part-spectrum targets. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 54, 547–550 (1964).
Forsyth, D.M.: Use of a Fourier model in describing the fusion of complex visual stimuli. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 50, 337–341 (1960).
Forsyth, D.M., Brown, C.R.: Nonlinear property of the visual system at fusion. Science 134, 612–614 (1961).
Forsyth, D.M., Brown, C.R., Brown, C.R.: Visual system at fusion. Science 135, 794–795 (1962).
Forsyth, D.M., Brown, C.R., Brown, C.R., Chap Anís, A.: Counting repeated light flashes as a function of their number, their rate of presentation and retinal location stimulated. J. exp. Psychol. 56, 385–391 (1958).
Freund, H.-J., Grünewald, G.: Räumliche Summation und Hemmungsvorgänge im recepti- ven Feldzentrum von Retinaneuronen der Katze. Exp. Brain Res. 8, 37–52 (1969).
Freund, H.-J., Grünewald, G., Baumgartner, G.: Räumliche Summation im receptiven Feldzentrum von Neuronen des Geniculatum laterale der Katze. Exp. Brain Res. 8, 53–65 (1969).
Freund, H.-J., Grünewald, G., Baumgartner, G., Lauff, D., Grunewald, G.: Binoculare Interaktion im Corpus geniculatum laterale der Katze. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 297, 85 (1967).
Frühauf, A.: Critical flicker fusion during the action of different drugs. I. Caffeine and meprobamate (including a full description of the method). Psychopharmacology 21, 382–389 (1971).
Fry, G. A.: Color sensations produced by intermittent white light and the three component theory of color vision. Amer. J. Psychol. 47, 464–469 (1935).
Fry, G. A., Bartley, S. H.: The effect of steady stimulation of one part of the retina upon the critical flicker frequency in another. J. exp. Psychol. 19, 351–356 (1936).
Fukada, Y.: Receptive field organization of cat optic nerve fibers with special reference to conduction velocity. Vision Res. 11, 209–226 (1971).
Fukada, Y., Motokawa, K., Norton, A.C., Tasaki, K.: Functional significance of conduction velocity in the transfer of flicker information in the optic nerve of the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 29, 698–714 (1966).
Fukada, Y., Motokawa, K., Norton, A.C., Tasaki, K., Saito, H.-A.: The relationship between response characteristics to flicker stimulation and receptive field organization in the cat’s optic nerve fibers. Vision Res. 11, 227–240 (1971).
Fuortes, M.G.F., Hodgkin, A. L.: Changes in time scale and sensitivity in the ommatidia of Limulus. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 172, 239–263 (1964).
Furman, G. G.: Comparison of models for subtractive and shunting lateral inhibition in receptor neuron fields. Kybernetik 2, 257–274 (1965).
Gaedt, Ch.: Die Abhängigkeit der Kontrastaktivierung retinale Neurone von der Frequenz des Reizlichtes. Med. Dissertation, Physiologisches Institut, Berlin 1968.
Gaedt, Ch., Grüsser, O.-J.: The dependence of simultaneous contrast activation of retinal neurons on the temporal frequency of the stimuli (unpubl. work 1966 ).
Gaedt, Ch., Grüsser, O.-J., Lunkenheimer, H.-U.: Die Abhängigkeit der Kontrastaktivierung retinaler Neurone von der Belichtungsfrequenz. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 291, 87 (1966).
Galifret, Y., Pieron, H.: Etude des frequences critiques de fusion pour les stimulations chromatiques intermitentes á brillance constante. Année Psychol. 45 /46, 1–15 (1948).
Gastaut, H., Corriol, J.H.: Sur la forme des ondes induites sur le cortex cérébral par les stimulations lumineuses rhythmées. C. R. Soc. Biol. 142, 351–353 (1948).
Gebhard, J.W., Duffy, M.M., Mowbray, G.H., Byham, C.L.: Visual sensitivity to the rate of electrically produced intermittence. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 46, 851–860 (1956).
Gebhard, J.W., Duffy, M.M., Mowbray, G.H., Byham, C.L., Mowbray, G. H.: On discriminating in the rate of visual flicker and auditory flutter. Amer. J. Psychol. 72, 521–529 (1959).
Gebhard, J.W., Duffy, M.M., Mowbray, G.H., Byham, C.L., Mowbray, G. H., Byham, C.L.: Difference-limens for photic intermittence. Quart. J. exp. Psychol. 7, 49–55 (1955).
Geratewohl, S. J., Taylor, W.F.: The effect of intermittent light on the readability of printed matter under conditions of decreasing contrast. J. exp. Psychol. 46, 278–282 (1953).
Gibbins, K., Howarth, C. I.: Prediction of the effect of the light–time fraction on the critical flicker frequency: an insight from Fourier analysis. Nature (Lond.) 190, 330–331 (1961).
Gibbins, K., Howarth, C. I.: The effect of intermittent illumination on the visual acuity threshold. Quart. J. Exp. Psychol. 14, 167–175 (1962).
Glad, A., Magntjssen, S.: Darkness enhancement in intermittent light: An experimental demonstration. Vision Res. 12, 111–115 (1972).
Glees, P.: The termination of optic fibres in the lateral geniculate body of the cat. J. Anat. (Lond.) 75, 434–440 (1941).
Glotzner, F., Grtisser, O.-J.: Membranpotential und Entladungsfolgen corticaler Zellen, EEG und corticales DC-Potential bei generalisierten Krampfanfallen. Arch. Psychiatr. Nervenkr. 210, 313–339 (1968).
Glotzner, F., Grtisser, O.-J., Tweel, L.H. Van Der: A source for modulated light. Phys. Med. Biol. 3, 164–173 (1958).
Gon, J.J., Denier Van Der, Strackee, J.: Gezichtsscherpte-Een fysisch-fysiologische studie. Thesis Univ. Amsterdam. The Netherlands (1959).
Gouras, P.: Duplex function in the grey squirrel’s electroretinogram. Nature (Lond.) 203, 767–768 (1964).
Gon, J.J., Denier Van Der, Strackee, J.: Identification of cone mechanisms in monkey ganglion cells. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 199, 533–547 (1968).
Gon, J.J., Denier Van Der, Strackee, J.: The function of the midget cell system in primate color vision. Vision Res. Suppl. 3, 397–410 (1971).
Gon, J.J., Denier Van Der, Strackee, J., Gunkel, R.D.: The resonant frequencies of rod and cone electroretinograms. Invest. Ophthal. 1, 122–126 (1962).
Gon, J.J., Denier Van Der, Strackee, J., Gunkel, R.D., Gunkel, R.D.: The frequency response of normal, rod achromat and nyctalope ERGs to sinusoidally monochromatic light stimulation. Docum. Ophthal. 18, 137–150 (1964).
Govi, G.: L’ottica di Claudeo Tolomeo. G. B. Paravia 171 p. (1885).
Graham, C.H., Granit, R.: Comparative studies on the peripheral and central retina. VI. Inhibition, summation and synchronization of impulses in the retina. Amer. J. Physiol. 98, 664–673 (1931).
Graham, C.H., Granit, R., Kemp, E.H.: Brightness discrimination as a function of the duration of the increment intensity. J. gen. Physiol. 21, 635–650 (1938).
Graham, N.: Spatial frequency channels in the human visual system: Effects of luminance and pattern drift rate. Vision Res. 12, 53–68 (1972).
Granit, R.: Interaction between distant areas in the human eye. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 69, XVII (1930a).
Granit, R.: Comparative studies on the peripheral and central retina. I. Amer. J. Physiol. 94, 41–50 (1930b).
Granit, R.: Sensory mechanisms of the retina. London: Oxford University Press 1947.
Granit, R.: The organization of the vertebrate retinal elements. Ergebn. Physiol. 46, 31–70 (1950).
Granit, R.: Receptors and sensory perception, pp. 280–291. New Haven: Yale University Press 1955.
Granit, R.: The visual pathway. Part III of H. Davson. The eye, Vol. 2, 536–763. New York-London: Academic Press 1962.
Granit, R., Ammon, W. Von: Comparative studies on the peripheral and central retina. III. Amer. J. Physiol. 95, 229–241 (1930).
Granit, R., Ammon, W. Von, Hammond, E.L.: Comparative studies on the peripheral and central retina V. Amer. J. Physiol. 98, 654–663 (1931).
Granit, R., Ammon, W. Von, Hammond, E.L., Harper, P.: Comparative studies on the peripheral and central retina II. Amer. J. Physiol. 95, 211–228 (1930).
Green, D.G.: Sinusoidal flicker characteristics of the color sensitive mechanisms of the eye. Vision Res. 9, 591–601 (1969).
Grind, W. A. Van De, Grusser, O.-J.: On neuronal pulse encoders (in preparation 1973 ).
Grind, W. A. Van De, Grusser, O.-J., Koenderink, J. J., Bouman, M.A.: Models of the processing of quantum signals by the human peripheral retina. Kybernetik 6, 213–227 (1970).
Grind, W. A. Van De, Koenderink, J. J., Heyde, G.L. Van Der, Landman, H.A.A., Botr-Man, M. A.: Adapting coincidence scalers and neural modelling studies of vision. Kyberne¬tik 8, 85–105 (1971a).
Grind, W. A. Van De, Grusser, Landman, H.A.A., Bouman, M.A.: The concepts of scaling and refractoriness in psychophysical theories of vision. Kybernetik 8, 105–122 (1971b).
Grüsser, O.-J.: Reaktionen einzelner corticaler und retinaler Neurone der Katze auf Flimmer¬licht und ihre Beziehungen zur subjektiven Sinnesphysiologie. Med. Diss. Freiburg i. Br. 1956.
Grüsser, O.-J.: Lichtreaktionen einzelner Neurone des optischen Systems und ihre Beziehungen zur sub–jektiven Sinnesphysiologie. Klin. Wschr. 35, 199 (1957).
Grüsser, O.-J.: Receptorpotentiale einzelner retinaler Zapfen der Katze. Naturwissenschaften 44, 522 (1957).
Grüsser, O.-J.: Rezeptorabhängige Potentiale der Katzenretina und ihre Reaktionen auf Flimmerlicht. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 271, 511–525 (1960).
Grüsser, O.-J.: Rezeptorabhängige R-Potentiale der Katzenretina. IN: Jung, R., Kornhuber, H. (Hrsg.): Neurophysiologie und Psychophysik des visuellen Systems, S. 56–61. Berlin-Göttingen- Heidelberg: Springer 1961.
Grüsser, O.-J.: Anatomische und physiologische Grundlagen des Binocularsehens. Habilitationsschrift, Berlin (1963).
Grüsser, O.-J.: Beispiele für eine systemtheoretische Analyse der Netzhautfunktion. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 289, R 85 (1966).
Grüsser, O.-J.: The frequency response of the retinal ganglion cell responses to sinusoidal light stimulation of the receptive field. Paper given at the Symposion on “Theory of temporal factors in vision and visual perception”, June, 1966, Rochester, N. Y.
Grüsser, O.-J.: Die Intensitätsfunktion retinaler Neurone der Katze. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 307, R 143 (1969).
Grüsser, O.-J.: The intensity function of single neurons of the cat’s retina measured with sinusoidally modulated testfields of different area and frequency. Unpubl. work (1969).
Grüsser, O.-J.: A quantitative analysis of spatial summation of excitation and inhibition within the recep¬tive field of retinal ganglion cells of cata. Vision Res. Suppl. 3, 103–127 (1971).
Grüsser, O.-J.: Informationstheorie und die Signalverarbeitung in den Sinnesorganen und im Nerven¬system. Naturwissenschaften 59, 436–447 (1972).
Grüsser, O.-J., Creutzfeldt, O.: Untersuchungen mit Flimmerlicht an einzelnen Neuronen des optischen Cortex. X. Internat. Congress of Physiological Sciences Bruessel, abstr. 388 (1956).
Grüsser, O.-J., Creutzfeldt, O.: Eine neurophysiologische Grundlage des Brü cke-Bar t ley-Effektes: Maxima der Impuls-frequenz retinaler und corticaler Neurone bei Flimmerlicht mittlerer Frequenzen. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 263, 668–681 (1957).
Grüsser, O.-J., Grüsser-Cornehls, U.: Microelectrode recordings from single units of the cat’s central visual system. In part unpublished work (1958–1960).
Grüsser, O.-J., Grüsser-Cornehls, U.: Mikroelektrodenuntersuchungen zur Konvergenz vestibulärer und retinaler Afferenzen an einzelnen Neuronen des optischen Cortex der Katze. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 270, 227–238 (1960).
Grüsser, O.-J., Grüsser-Cornehls, U.: Neuronal discharge and evoked potential in the primary visual cortex of cats. V. Inter¬nat. Congr. EEG and Clin. Neurophysiol. 1961, Excerpta Med. Internat. Congr. Ser. 37, abstr. 6 (1961).
Grüsser, O.-J., Grüsser-Cornehls, U.: Neurophysiologische Grundlagen des Binocularsehens. Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkr. 207, 296–317 (1965).
Grüsser, O.-J., Grüsser-Cornehls, U.: Neurophysiologie des Bewegungssehens. Bewegungsempfindliche und richtungs¬spezifische Neurone im visuellen System. Ergebn. Physiol. 61, 178–265 (1969).
Grüsser, O.-J., Grüsser-Cornehls, U.: Neuronal mechanisms of visual movement perception and some psychophysical and behavioral correlations. This handbook, Vol. VII/3A, p. 334–428 (1973).
Grüsser, O.-J., Grüsser-Cornehls, U.: HAMASAKI, D.I.: Responses of neurons in the cat’s visual system to moving light-dark patterns. Proc. Int. Union. Physiol. Sciences, Vol. IX. 25. Int. Congress, Munich 1971, Nr. 652.
Grüsser, O.-J., Grützner, A.: Reaktionen einzelner Neurone des optischen Cortex der Katze nach elektri–schen Reizserien des Nervus opticus. Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkr. 197, 405–432 (1958).
Grüsser, O.-J., Hellner, K. A., Grüsser-Cornehls, U.: Die Informationsübertragung im afferenten visuellen System. Kybernetik 1, 175–192 (1962).
Grüsser, O.-J., Licker, M., Lunkenheimer, H.-U.: The effect of steady illumination of the RF-periphery on the flicker response from the RF–center of cat’s retinal ganglion cells. Vision Res. (in preparation (1972).
Grüsser, O.-J., Lüttgert, M.: Spatial summation of inhibition in the RF-periphery of ganglion cells of the cat retina. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol, (in preparation ) 1972.
Grüsser, O.-J., Rackensperger, W.: Dynamic interaction of signals from the RF–center and the RF-periphery of single retinal ganglion cells of cats. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol, (in preparation 1972 ).
Grüsser, O.-J., Lunkenheimer, U.: Intracellular responses of cat’s S-potentials to diffuse sinusoidally modulated flicker stimuli, unpubl. (1966).
Grüsser, O.-J., Lunkenheimer, U.: Responses of single retinal on–center and off–center ganglion cells of the cat to sinusoidal light stimuli of different frequency modulation, area and background area. Unpubl. work, Berlin 1965–1969.
Grüsser, O.-J., Lunkenheimer, U.: Lüttgert, M., Rackensperger, W., Wuttke, W.: Spatial summation in the receptive fields of cat’s retinal ganglion cells. II. Summation within the RF-periphery. Proc. of the First European Biophysics Congress 1971, Baden, Austria, ed. E. Broda, A. Locker, H. Springer-Lederer, Separatum, pp. 263–266. Verlag der Wiener Med. Akad. 1971.
Grüsser, O.-J., Rabelo, C.: Reaktionen einzelner retinaler Neurone nach Lichtblitzen. I. Einzelblitze und Lichtblitze wechselnder Frequenz. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 265, 501–529 (1958).
Grüsser, O.-J., Rabelo, C.: Die Wirkung von Flimmerreizen mit Lichtblitzen an einzelnen corticalen Neuronen. Electroenc. clin. Neurophysiol. 3, 371–375 (1959).
Grüsser, O.-J., Reidemeister, C.: Flimmerlichtuntersuchungen an der Katzenretina. II. Off–Neurone und Besprechung der Ergebnisse. Z. Biol. 111, 254–270 (1959).
Grüsser, O.-J., Saur, G.: Monoculare und binoculare Lichtreizung einzelner Neurone im Geniculatum laterale der Katze. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 271, 595–612 (1960).
Grüsser, O.-J., Schaible, D., Vierkant-Glathe, J.: A quantitative analysis of the spatial summation of excitation within the receptive field centers of retinal neurons. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 319, 101–121 (1970).
Grüsser, O.-J., Vesper, J.: Responses of retinal ganglion cells at and above the critical flicker frequency. Unpubl. work 1970. Vision Res. (in preparation 1973 ).
Grüsser-Cornehls, U., Grüsser, O.-J.: Mikroelektrodenuntersuchungen am Geniculatum laterale der Katze: Nervenzell- und Axonentladungen nach elektrischer Opticusreizung. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 271, 50–63 (1960).
Grüsser-Cornehls, U., Grüsser, O.- J.: Reaktionsmuster der Neurone im zentralen visuellen System von Fischen, Kaninchen und Katzen auf monoculare und binoculare Lichtreize. In: Jung, R., Kornhuber, H. (Hrsg.): Neurophysiologie und Psychophysik des visuellen Systems, S. 275–286. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: 1971.
Grützner, A., Grüsser, O.-J., Baumgartner, G.: Reaktionen einzelner Neurone im optischen Cortex der Katze nach elektrischer Reizung des Nervus opticus. Arch. Psychiat. 197, 377–404 (1958).
Guillery, R. W.: A study of golgi preparations from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the adult cat. J. comp. Neurol. 128, 21–50 (1966).
Guillery, R. W.: The laminar distribution of retinal fibers in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat: a new interpretation. J. comp. Neurol. 138, 339–368 (1970).
Halstead, W.C.: A note on the Bartley–effect in the estimation of equivalent brightness. J. exp. Psychol. 28, 524–528 (1941).
Hanitzsch, R., Lützow, A. Von: Das Flimmer–ERG der isolierten Warmblüternetzhaut. Albrecht v. Graefes Arch. klin. exp. Ophthal. 173, 217–224 (1967).
Harmon, L. D.: Studies with artificial neurons, 1: Properties and functions of an artificial neuron. Kybernetik 1, 89–101 (1961).
Harmon, L. D., Levinson, J., Bergeijk, W.A.Van: Analog models of neural mechanism. IRE Trans. 8, 107–112 (1962).
Harter, M.R., White, C.T.: Perceived number and evoked cortical potentials. Science 156, 406–408 (1967).
Hartline, H.K.: Impulses in single optic nerve fibres of the vertebrate retina. Amer. J. Physiol. 118, 59 (1935).
Hartline, H.K.: The response of single optic nerve fibres of the vertebrate eye to illumination of the retina. Amer. J. Physiol. 121, 400–415 (1938).
Hartline, H.K.: The receptive fields of the optic nerve fibres. Amer. J. Physiol. 130, 690–699 (1940a).
Hartline, H.K.: The effects of spatial summation in the retina on the excitation of the fibres of the optic nerve. Amer. J. Physiol. 180, 700–711 (1940b).
Hartline, H.K., Ratliff, F.: Inhibitory interaction in the retina of Limulus. Handbook of Sensory Physio¬logy, Vol. VII/Part IB. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1972.
Harvey, L. O.: Flicker sensitivity and apparent brightness as a function of surround luminance. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 60, 860–864 (1970a).
Harvey, L. O.: Critical flicker frequency as a function of viewing distance, stimulus size and luminance. Vision Res. 10, 55–63 (1970b).
Hayhow, W. R.: The cytoarchitecture of the lateral geniculate body in the cat in relation to the distribution of crossed and uncrossed optic fibers. J. comp. Neurol. 110, 1–64 (1958).
Hecht, S.: Rods, cones and the chemical basis of vision. Physiol. Rev. 17, 239–290 (1937).
Hecht, S., Shlaer, S.: Intermittent stimulation by light. V. The relation between intensity and critical frequency for different parts of the spectrum. J. gen. Physiol. 19, 965–979 (1936).
Hecht, S., Shlaer, S., Verrijp, C.D.: Intermittent stimulation by light II. The measurement of critical fusion frequency for the human eye. J. gen. Physiol. 17, 237–249 (1933).
Hecht, S., Shlaer, S., Verrijp, C.D., Smith, E. L.: Intermittent stimulation by light VI. Area and the relation between critical frequency and intensity. J. gen. Physiol. 19, 979–991 (1936).
Hecht, S., Shlaer, S., Verrijp, C.D., Smith, E. L., Verrijp, C.D.: Intermittent stimulation by light III. The relation between intensity and OFF for different retinal locations. J. gen. Physiol. 17, 251–265 (1933a).
Hecht, S., Shlaer, S., Verrijp, C.D., Smith, E. L., Verrijp, C.D., Verrijp, C.D.: Intermittent stimulation by light. IV. A theoretical interpretation of the quantitative data of flicker. J. gen. Physiol. 17, 266–282 (1933b).
Heck, J.: The flicker electroretinogram of the human eye. Acta physiol. scand. 89, 158–166 (1957).
Helmholtz, H.Von: Handbuch der physiologischen Optik. 2nd Ed., 1008 p. Leipzig: L. Voss 1896.
Henkes, H. E., Tweel, L. H. Van Der: Flicker. Proceedings of the symposion on the physiology of flicker, September 1963. Docum. Ophthal. (Den Haag) 18, 1–540 (1964).
Hilz, R.: Der Einfluß von Leuchtdichte, Beobachtungsabstand, Darbietungszeit und anderen Parametern auf die Erkennbarkeit von Rechteckgittern. Dissertation, Technische Hochschule München (1965).
Horst, G.J.C. Van Der: Chromatic flicker. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 59, 1213–1217 (1969a).
Horst, G.J.C. Van Der: Fourier analysis and color discrimination. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 59, 1670–1676 (1969b).
Horst, G.J.C. Van Der, Bouman, M.A.: Spatio temporal chromaticity discrimination. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 59, 1482–1488 (1969).
Horst, G.J.C. Van Der, Bouman, M.A., Muts, W.: Hue shift and brightness enhancement of flickering light. Vision Res. 9, 953–963 (1969).
Hrachovina, V., Schmidt, B.: Electroretinogram fusion frequency and retinal illumination of some vertebrate eyes. 6. ISCERG Symposium, pp. 279–282. Leipzig: VEB G. Thieme 1968.
Hubel, D.H., Wiesel, T.N.: Receptive fields of single neurones in the cat’s striate cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 148, 574–591 (1959).
Hubel, D.H., Wiesel, T.N.: Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat’s visual cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 160, 106–154 (1962).
Hubel, D.H., Wiesel, T.N.: Receptive fields and functional architecture in two non–striate visual areas (18 and 19) of the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 28, 229–289 (1965).
Hughes, G.W., Maffei, L.: Retinal ganglion cell response to sinusoidal light stimulation. J. Neurophysiol. 29, 333–352 (1966).
Hylkema, B.S.: Fusion frequency with intermittent light under various circumstances. Acta Ophthal. (Kbh.) 20, 159–180 (1942a).
Hylkema, B.S.: Examination of the visual field by determining the fusion frequency. Acta opthal. (Kbh.) 20, 181–193 (1942b).
Hylkema, B.S.: De versmeltingsfrequentie bij intermitteerend licht (Thesis) Univ. of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Amsterdam, van Gorcum and Comp. 1942 c.
Iked A, M., Boynton, R.M.: Negative flashes, positive flashes and flicker examined by incre¬ment threshold technique. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 55, 560–566 (1965).
Iked A, M., Boynton, R.M., Fujii, T.: Diphasic nature of the visual response as inferred from the summation index of n flashes. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 56, 1129–1132 (1966).
Ireland, F.H.: A comparison of critical flicker frequencies under conditions of monocular and binocular stimulation. J. exp. Psychol. 40, 282–286 (1950).
Ives, H. E.: Critical frequency relations in scotopic vision. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 6, 254–268 (1922a).
Ives, H. E.: A theory of intermittent vision. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 6, 343–361 (1922b).
Jahn, T.L.: Brightness enhancement in flickering light. Psychol. Rev. 51, 76–84 (1944).
Johannesma, P L M.: Diffusion models for the stochastic activity of neurons. In: CAianiello, E.R. (Ed.): Neural Networks, pp. 116–144. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1968.
Jones, R.W., Li, C. C., Meyer, A. U., Pinter, R. B.: Pulse modulation in physiological systems, phenomenological aspects. IRE Trans. BME-8, 59–67 (1961).
Jung, R.: Coordination of specific and nonspecific afferent impulses at single neurons of the visual cortex. In: Jasper, H.H., Proctor, L.D., Knighton, R.S., Noshay, W.S., Costello R.T. (Eds.): Reticular Formation of the Brain, pp. 423–434. Boston-Toronto: Little, Brown & Co. 1958.
Jung, R.: Mikrophysiologie des optischen Cortex: Koordination der Neuronenentladungen nach optischen, vestibulären und unspezifischen Afferenzen und ihre Bedeutung für die Sinnes-physiologie. Med. Jap. 5, 693–698 (1959).
Jung, R.: Korrelationen von Neuronentätigkeit und Sehen. IN: Jung, R., Kornhuber, H.H. (Hrsg.): Neurophysiologie und Psychophysik des visuellen Systems, S. 410–435. Berlin-Göttingen- Heidelberg: Springer 1961.
Jung, R., Baumgarten, R. Von, Baumgartner, G.: Mikroableitungen von einzelnen Nervenzellen im optischen Cortex der Katze: Die lichtaktivierten B-Neurone. Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkr. 189, 521–539 (1952).
Jung, R., Baumgartner, G.: Hemmungsmechanismen und bremsende Stabilisierung an einzelnen Neuronen des optischen Cortex. Ein Beitrag zur Koordination corticaler Erregungsvor¬gänge. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 261, 434–456 (1955).
Jung, R., Creutzfeldt, O., Grüsser, O.-J.: Die Mikrophysiologie kortikaler Neurone und ihre Be–deutung für die Sinnes- und Hirnfunktionen. Dtsch. med. Wschr. 82, 1050–1059 (1957).
Jung, R., Creutzfeldt, O., Grüsser, O.-J.: The microphysiology of cortical neurones. Its significance for sensory and cerebral functions. German Med. Monthly 3, 269–276 (1958).
Kaneko, A.: Physiological and morphological identification of horizontal, bipolar and amacrine cells in goldfish retina. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 207, 623–633 (1970).
Kaneko, A.: Physiological studies of single cells and their morphological identification. Vision Res. Suppl. 3, 17–26 (1971).
Kaneko, A., Hashimoto, H.: Recording site of the single cone response determined by an electrode marking technique. Vision Res. 7, 847–851 (1967).
Kaneko, A., Hashimoto, H.: Electrophysiological study of single neurons in the inner nuclear layer of the carp retina. Vision Res. 9, 37–55 (1969).
Kappauf, W. E.: Flicker discrimination in the cat. Psychol. Bull. 33, 597–598 (1936).
Karrer, R.: Visual beat phenomena as an index to the temporal characteristics of perception. J. exp. Psychol. 75, 372–378 (1967).
Karrer, R.: Visual beats: Phenomenology and preliminary data as a function of age. Psychon. Sci. 11, 269–270 (1968).
Karrer, R.: Visual beats: differential brightness of the stimuli and estimation of brightness. Vision Res. 9, 429–433 (1969).
Karrer, R., Clausen, J.: Visual beats: preliminary observations of perceived rate as a function of retinal locus stimulated. Percept. Psychophys. 5, 163–165 (1969).
Kato, H., Yamamoto, M., Nakahama, H.: Intracellular recordings from the lateral geniculate neurons of cats. Jap. J. Physiol. 21, 307–323 (1971).
Keesey, U.T.: Variables determining flicker sensitivity in small fields. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 60, 390–398 (1970).
Keesey, U.T.: Comparison of human visual cortical potentials evoked by stabilized and unstabilized targets. Vision Res. 11, 657–670 (1971).
Kelly, D.H.: Effects of sharp edges in a flickering field. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 49, 730–732 (1959).
Kelly, D.H.: J0-stimulus patterns for visual research. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 50, 1115 (1960).
Kelly, D.H.: Visual signal generator. Rev. Sci. Instr. 32, 50–55 (1961a).
Kelly, D.H.: Visual responses to time-dependent stimuli. I. Amplitude sensitivity measurements. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 51, 422–429 (1961b).
Kelly, D.H.: Visual responses to time-dependent stimuli. II. Single channel model of the photopic visual system. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 51, 747–754 (1961c).
Kelly, D.H.: Flicker fusion and harmonic analysis. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 51, 917–919 (1961d).
Kelly, D.H.: Information capacity of a single retinal channel. IRE Trans, on I.T. 221–226 (1962a).
Kelly, D.H.: Visual responses to time-dependent stimuli. III. Individual variations. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 52, 89–95 (1962b).
Kelly, D.H.: Visual responses to time dependent stimuli. IV. Effects of chromatic adaptation. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 52, 940–947 (1962c).
Kelly, D.H.: Sine waves and flicker fusion. Docum. Ophthal. (Den Haag) 18, 16–35 (1964).
Kelly, D.H.: Frequency doubling in visual responses. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 56, 1628–1633 (1966).
Kelly, D.H.: Studies of visual perception. Contract DAAK02-67-C-0146 (1967).
Kelly, D.H.: Flickering patterns and lateral inhibition. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 59, 1361–1370 (1969a).
Kelly, D.H.: Diffusion model of linear flicker responses. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 59, 1665–1670 (1969b).
Kelly, D.H.: Effects of sharp edges on the visibility of sinusoidal gratings. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 60, 98–103 (1970).
Kelly, D.H.: Theory of flicker and transient responses. I. Uniform fields. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 61, 537–546 (1971a).
Kelly, D.H.: Theory of flicker and transient responses. II. Counterphase gratings. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 61, 632–640 (1971b).
Kelly, D.H.: Adaptation effects on spatio-temporal sine-wave thresholds. Vision Res. 12, 89–101 (1972 a).
Kelly, D.H.: Flicker. Handbook of Sensory Physiol. Vol. VII /4, pp. 273–302. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1972b.
Knight, B.W.: Frequency response for sampling integrator and for voltage to frequency con¬verter. In: Systems analysis approach to neurophysiological problems. Conf. Proc. Lab. Neurophysiol. Univ. Minnesota, 61–72 (1969).
Knight, B.W., Toyoda, J.-L, Dodge, Jr., F. A.: A quantitative description of the dynamics of excitation and inhibition in the eye of Limulus. J. gen. Physiol. 56, 421–437 (1970).
Knoll, M., Welpe, E.: Vergleich von Anregungsbedingungen, Formklassen und Bewegungs¬arten optischer und elektrischer Phosphene. Elektromedizin 13, 128–134 (1968).
Koenderick, J. J.: The concept of the transfer function of an integral pulse frequency modula¬tor. In preparation, 1972.
Knoll, M., Welpe, E., Grind, W. A. Van De, Bouman, M.A.: Models of retinal signal processing at high luminan¬ces. Kybernetik 6, 227–237 (1970).
Grind, W. A. Van De, Bouman, M.A.: Foveal information processing at photopic luminances. Kybernetik8, 128–144 (1971).
Grind, W. A. Van De, Bouman, M.A.: Opponent color coding: a mechanistic model and a new metric for color space. Kybernetik 10, 78–98 (1972).
Kohn, H., Salisbury, I.: Electroencephalographic indications of brightness enhancement. Vision Res. 7, 461–468 (1967).
Korn, A., Scheich, H.: Übertragungseigenschaften der Katzenretina. Kybernetik 8, 179–188 (1971).
Kries, J. Von: Über die Wahrnehmung des Flimmerns durch normale und durch total farb¬blinde Personen. Z. Sinnesphysiol. 32, 113–117 (1903).
Kries, J. Von: Die Gesichtsempfindungen. In: NAGEL, W. (Hrsg.): Handbuch der Physiologie des Men¬schen, Vol. III, S. 105–282. Braunschweig: F. Vieweg u. Sohn 1905.
Kuffler, S. W.: Neurons in the retina: organization, inhibition and excitation problems. Cold Spr. Harb. Symp. quant. Biol. 17, 281–292 (1952).
Discharge Patterns And Functional Organization Of Mammalian Retina. J. Neurophysiol. 16, 37–68 (1953).
Kugelmass, S., Landis, C.: Relation of area and luminance to the threshold for critical flicker fusion. Amer. J. Physiol. 68, 1–19 (1955).
Kuhnt, U., Creutzfeldt, O.D.: Decreased post–synaptic inhibition in the visual cortex during flicker stimulation. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 30, 79–82 (1971).
Kuiper, J.A., Leutscher-Hazelhoff, J.T.: Linear and nonlinear responses from the compound eye Calliphora erythrocephala. Cold Spr. Harb. Symp. quant. Biol. 30, 418–428 (1965).
Kulikowski, J.J.: Some stimulus parameters affecting spatial and temporal resolution of human vision. Vision Res. 11, 83–93 (1971a).
Kulikowski, J.J.: Effect Of Eye Movements On The Contrast Sensitivity Of Spatio-Temporal Patterns. Vision Res. 11, 261–273 (1971B).
Kulikowski, J.J.: Campbell, F.W., Robson, J.G.: Spatial and temporal frequency characteristics of human photopic vision. Proc. of the 2nd Int. Biophys. Congress Vienna 1966.
Landis, C.: An annotated bibliography of flicker fusion phenomena covering the period 1740–1952. Armed Forces National Research Council, Vision Committee Secretariat, 3433, Mason Hall, University of Michigan, 130 p. Ann. Arbor Michigan (1953).
Landis, C.: Determinants Of The Critical Flicker-Fusion Threshold. Physiol. Rev. 34, 259–286 (1954).
Landis, C., Dillon, D., Leopold, J., Rutschmann, J.: Changes in the level of blood sugar and sensory and motor performance brought about by insulin coma therapy. J. Psychol. 45, 275–285 (1958).
Landis, C., Hamwi, V.: The effect of certain physiological determinants on the flicker fusion threshold. J. appl. Physiol. 6, 566–572 (1954).
Landis, C.: Hamwi, V.: Critical flicker frequency, age and intelligence. Amer. J. Psychol. 09, 459–461 (1956).
Landis, C., Zubin, J.: The effect of thonzylamine hydrochloride and phénobarbital on certain psychological functions. J. Lab. clin. Med. 38, 873–880 (1951).
Lange, H. De: Experiments on flicker and some calculations on an electrical analogue of the foveal systems. Physica 18, 935–950 (1952).
Lange, H. De: Een Onderzoek Van Het Flikkerverschijnsel En Een Mogelijke Verklaring Van Een Naar Voren Gekomen Resonantie-Effekt T. Ned. Radio Gen. 18, 1–31 (1953).
Lange, H. De: Relationship Between Cff And A Set Of Low–Frequency Characteristics Of The Eye. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 44, 380–389 (1954).
Lange, H. De: Attenuation Characteristics And Phase–Shift Characteristics Of The Human Fovea-Cortex Systems In Relation To Flicker-Fusion Phenomena. Doctoral Dissertation, Techn. Univ. Delft. The Netherlands (1957).
Lange, H. De: Research Into The Dynamic Nature Of The Human Fovea-Cortex Systems With Intermittent And Modulated Light. I. Attenuation Characteristics With White And Colored Light. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 48, 777–784 (1958A).
Lange, H. De: Research Into The Dynamic Nature Of The Human Fovea-Cortex Systems With Intermittent And Modulated Light. Ii. Phase Shift In Brightness And Delay In Color Perception. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 48, 784–789 (1958B).
Lange, H. De: Eye’s Response At Flicker Fusion To Square–Wave Modulation Of A Test Field Surrounded By A Large Steady Field Of Equal Mean Luminance. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 51, 415–421 (1961).
Lasareff, P.: Theorie der Lichtreizung der Netzhaut beim Dunkelsehen. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 154, 459–469 (1913).
Lasareff, P.: Zur Theorie Der Adaptation Der Netzhaut Beim Dâmmerungssehen. Pflügers Arch. Ges. Physiol. 155, 310–317 (1914).
Lasareff, P.: Untersuchungen Iiber Die Ionentheorie Der Reizung. Iv. Die Theorie Der Erscheinungen Des Flimmerns Beim Dunkelsehen. Pflügers Arch. Ges. Physiol. 196, 177–184 (1922).
Lejeune, A.: L’optique de Claude Ptolémée dans la version latinée d’après l’arabe de l’émir Eugène de Sicile. Publ. Univ. de Louvain, Louvain 1956, 358 p.
Lennox-Buchthal, M. A.: Single unit studies and the mechanism of flicker fusion. Docum. ophthal. (Den Haag) 18, 245–258 (1964).
Levick, W.R., Oyster, C.W., Davis, D.L.: Evidence that Mcllwain’s periphery effect is not a stray light artifact. J. Neurophysiol. 28, 555–559 (1965).
Levinson, J.: Fusion of complex flicker II. Science 131, 1438–1440 (1960).
Levinson, J.: Nonlinear And Spatial Effects In The Perception Of Flicker. Docum. Ophthal. (Den Haag) 18, 36–55 (1964).
Levinson, J.: One-Stage Model For Visual Temporal Integration. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 56, 95–97 (1966).
Levinson, J.: Flicker Fusion Phenomena. Science 160, 21–28 (1968).
Levinson, J., Harmon, L. D.: Studies with artificial neurons. III. Mechanism of Flicker-Fusion. Kybernetik 1, 107–117 (1961).
Lichtenstein, M., White, C.T., Siegfried, J. B.: Apparent rate of flicker at various retinal loci and number of perceived flashes per unit time: a paradox. Percept. Motor Skills 17, 523–536 (1963).
Lipetz, L.E.: The relation of physiological and psychological aspects of sensory intensity. This handbook Vol. 1, 191–225 (1971).
Lloyd, V. V.: A comparison of critical fusion frequencies for different areas in the fovea and periphery. Amer. J. Psychol. 65, 346–357 (1951).
Lloyd, V. V., Landis, C.: Role of the light-dark ratio as a determinant of the Flicker-Fusion threshold. J. opt. Soc. 50, 332–336 (1960).
Lohmann, H.: Über die Sichtbarkeitsgrenze und die optische Unterscheidbarkeit sinusförmiger Wechselströme. Z. Sinnesphysiol. 69, 27–40 (1940).
Lopez Da Silva, F. H.: Dynamic characteristics of visual evoked potentials. Inst. Med. Physics. Utrecht, The Netherlands, Report (1970).
Lunkenheimer, H.-U.: Untersuchungen über den Einfluß der Umfeldbelichtung auf die Ant¬wort retinaler Neurone der Katze auf sinusförmige Belichtung der RF-Peripherie (unpubl. manuscript, Berlin 1968 ).
Lunkenheimer, H.-U.: Grüsser, O.-J.: Nicht-lineare Übertragungseigenschaften retinaler Neurone der Katze. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 291, 88 (1966).
Lunkenheimer, H.-U., Rackensperger, W., Schwanz, E., Grüsser, O.-J.: Reaktionen retinaler Neurone der Katze auf Sinuslicht: der Einfluß von Modulationsgrad, Beleuchtungsstärke und Reizfeld¬größe. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 289, 1282 (1966).
Luria, S.M., Sperling, H.G.: Phase relations in flicker fusion. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 52, 1051–1057 (1962).
Lythgoe, R. J., Tansley, K.: The relation of the critical frequency of flicker to the adaptation of the eye. Proc. roy. Soc. London 105 B, 60–92 (1929).
Macnichol, E. J., Svaetichin, G.: Electric responses from the isolated retinas of fishes. Amer. J. Ophthal. 46, 26–46 (1958).
Maffei, L.: Inhibitory and facilitatory spatial interactions in retinal receptive fields. Vision Res. 8, 1187–1194 (1968).
Maffei, L.: Spatial And Temporal Averages In Retinal Channels. J. Neurophysiol. 31, 283–287 (1968).
Maffei, L.: Cervetto, L.: Dynamical interactions in retinal receptive fields. Vision Res. 8, 1299–1303 (1968).
Maffei, L., Cervetto, L., Fiorentini, A.: Transfer characteristics of excitation and inhibition in cat retinal ganglion cells. J. Neurophysiol. 33, 276–284 (1970).
Maffei, L., Cervetto, L., Rizzolatti, G.: Transfer properties of the lateral geniculate body. J. Neurophysiol. 30, 333–340 (1967).
Maffei, L.: Fiorentini, A.: Retinogeniculate convergence and analysis of contrast. J. Neurophysiol. 35, 65–72 (1972).
Maffei, L. Moruzzi, G., Rizzolatti, G.: Geniculate unit responses to sine-wave photic stimulation during wakefulness and sleep. Science 149, 563–564 (1965 a).
Maffei, L., Moruzzi, G., Rizzolatti, G.: Influence of sleep and wakefulness on the response of lateral geniculate units to sine wave photic stimulation. Arch. ital. Biol. 103, 596–608 (1965 b).
Maffei, L.: Poppele, R.E.: Transient and steady state electroretinal responses. Vision Res. 8, 229–246 (1968).
Maffei, L., Rizzolatti, G.: Transfer properties of the lateral geniculate body. J. Neurophysiol. 30, 333–340 (1967).
Marbe, K.: Tatsachen und Theorie des Talbot’schen Gesetzes. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 97, 335–393 (1903).
Marchiafava, P. L.: Binocular reciprocal interaction upon optic fiber endings in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. Brain Res. 2, 188–192 (1966).
Marimont, R. B.: Numerical studies of the Fuortes–Hodgkin Limulus model. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 179, 489–497 (1965).
Marks, L.E.: Apparent depth of modulation as a function of frequency and amplitude of temporal modulations of luminance. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 60, 970–977 (1970).
Matin, L.: Fourier treatment of some experiments in visual flicker. Science 136, 983–9
Matin, L.: Critical duration, the differential luminance threshold, critical flicker frequency and visual adaptation: A theoretical treatment. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 58, 404–415 (1968).
Mcdonald, H.S.: J. opt. Soc. Amer. 50, 1128 (1960).
Mcilwain, J.T.: Receptive fields of optic tract axons and lateral geniculate cells: peripheral extent and barbiturate sensitivity. J. Neurophysiol. 27, 1154–1173 (1964).
Mcilwain, J.T.: Some Evidence Concerning The Physiological Basis Of The Periphery Effect In The Cat’s Retina. Exp. Brain Res. 1, 265–271 (1966).
Mcilwain, J.T.: Creutzfeldt, O.D.: Microelectrode study of synaptic excitation and inhibition in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 30, 1–21 (1967).
Meneghini, K.A., Hamasaki, D.: The electroretinogram of the Iguana and Tokay Gecko. Vision Res. 7, 243–251 (1967).
Meyer, J. J.: Examination of subjects with cranio cerebral trauma using a visual perception test: the de Lange curve. Schweiz. Arch. Neurol. Neurochir. Psychiat. 108, 213–221 (1971).
Meyer-Schwickerath, G., Magun, R.: Über selektive elektrische Erregbarkeit verschiedener Netzhautanteile. Arch. Ophthal. 151, 693–700 (1951).
Miller, R.F., Dowling, J.E.: Intracellular responses of the Müller (Glial) cells of mudpuppy retina: their relation to b-wave of the electroretinogram. J. Neurophysiol. 33, 323–341 (1970).
Minkowski, M.: Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Beziehungen der Großhirnrinde und der Netzhaut zu den primären optischen Zentren, besonders zum Corpus geniculatum externum. Arb. Hirnanat. Inst. Zürich 7, 255–362 (1913).
Minkowski, M.: Über Den Verlauf, Die Endigung Und Die Zentrale Repräsentation Von Gekreuzten Und Ungekreuzten Sehnervenfasern Bei Einigen Säugetieren Und Beim Menschen. Schweiz. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 6, 201–252 (1920).
Monje, M.: Über die regionale Verteilung der Empfindlichkeit in der Netzhaut bei Unter¬suchung mit intermittierenden Reizen. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 255, 499–507 (1952).
Motokawa, K.: Visual function and the electrical excitability of the retina. Tohoku J. exp. Med. 51, 145–153 (1949).
Motokawa, K.: Physiology Of Color And Pattern Vision, 283 P. Tokyo: Igagu Shoin, Ltd. 1970.
Motokawa, K., Ebe, M.: Selective stimulation of color receptors with alternating currents. Science 116, 92–94 (1952).
Motokawa, K.: Retinal Colour Processes Caused By Intermittent White Light. Nature (Lond.) 170, 79–80 (1952).
Motokawa, K., Iwama, K.: Resonance in electrical stimulation of the eye. Tohoku J. exp. Med. 53, 201–206 (1950).
Motokawa, K., Oikawa, T., Tasaki, K.: Receptor potential of vertebrate retina. J. Neurophysiol. 20, 186–199 (1957).
Motokawa, K., Suzuki, E., Ooba, Y.: Retinal responses to intermittent light of subfusional frequencies. Tohoku J. exp. Med. 64, 161–168 (1956).
Mowbray, G.H., Gebhard, J. W.: Differential sensitivity of the eye to intermittent white light. Science 121, 173–175 (1955).
Mowbray, G.H., Gebhard, J. W.: Differential sensitivity of peripheral retina to intermittent white light. Science 132, 672–674 (1960).
Mucher, H., Wendt, H. W.: Gruppen versuch zur Bestimmung der kritischen Verschmelzungs-frequenz beim binokularen Sehen: Änderungen unter Koffein und nach normaler Tages¬arbeit. Arch. exp. Path. Pharm. 214, 29–37 (1951).
Mundie, J.R.: Neural calculus. In: Proctor, L.D. (Ed.): Biocybernetics of the nervous system, pp. 325–356. London: J. & A. Churchill Ltd. 1969.
Nachmias, J.: Brightness and visual acuity with intermittent illumination. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 48, 726–730 (1958).
Nachmias, J.: Brightness And Acuity With Intermittent Illumination. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 51, 805 (1961).
Naka, K.I., Rushton, W. A. H.: S-potentials from luminosity units in the retina of fish (cyprinidae). J. Physiol. (Lond.) 185, 587–599 (1966).
Naquet, R., Killam, K.F., Rhodes, J. M.: Flicker stimulation with chimpanzees. Life Sei. 6, 1575–1578 (1967).
Nelson, Th.M., Bartley, S.H., Harper, E.S.: OFF for short trains of photic stimulation having various temporal distributions and separations. J. Psychol. 58, 333–341 (1964).
Nes, F.L.Van: Enhanced visibility by regular motion of retinal images. Amer. J. Psychol. 81, 367–374 (1968a).
Nes, F.L.Van: Experimental Studies In Spatio-Temporal Contrast Transfer By The Human Eye. Doct. Thesis Univ. Utrecht, The Netherlands, 123 P. (1968B).
Nes, F.L.Van., Koekderink, J. J., Nas, H., Bouman, M.A.: Spatio-Temporal modulation transfer in the human eye. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 57, 1082–1088 (1967).
Nilssonjt. H., Nelson, T.M.: Hue shifts produced by intermittent stimulation. Vision Res. 11, 697–712 (1971).
Ogawa, T., Bishop, P.O., Levick, W.R.: Temporal characteristics of responses to photic stimulation by single ganglion cells in the unopened eye of the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 29, 1–30 (1966).
O’leary, I.: A structural analysis of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. J. comp. Neurol. 73, 405–430 (1940).
Pantle, A.: Flicker adaptation. I. Effect on visual sensitivity to temporal fluctuations of light intensity. Vision Res. 11, 943–952 (1971).
Pantle, A.: Flicker Adaptation. Ii. Effect On The Apparent Brightness Of Intermittent Lights. Vision Res. 12, 705–715 (1972).
Pautler, E.L.: Responses of the isolated mammalian retina to intermittent and steady photic stimulation. Vision Res. 4, 493–498 (1964).
Pecci-Saavedra, J., Vaccarezza, O.L., Reader, T. A., Pasqualini, E.: Ultrastructural and electrophysiological aspects of denervated synapses in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Vision Res. Suppl. 3, 229–238 (1971).
Pflüger, E. F. W.: Untersuchungen aus dem physiologischen Laboratorium zu Bonn, S. 170–171. Berlin: Hirschwald 1865.
Pieron, H.: L’influence de l’intensité lumineuse sur la persistance retinienne apparente. Arch, néerl. Physiol. 7, 199–212 (1922).
Pieron, H.: Influence Du Rapport Des Phases Sur La Durée D’interruption D’une Stimulation Lumineuse Périodique À La Limite Du Papillotement. C.R.Soc. Biol. 99, 398–400 (1928).
Pieron, H.: L’influence De La Surface Rétinienne En Jeu Dans Une Excitation Lumineuse Intermittente Sur La Valeur Des Fréquences Critiques De Papillotement. C.R. Soc. Biol. 118, 25–28 (1935).
Pieron, H.: La Vision En Lumière Intermittente. Monogr. Franç. Psychol. 8, 91 P. (1961).
Pieron, H.: Neurophysiological Mechanisms Of Critical Flicker Frequency And Harmonic Phenomena. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 52, 475 (1962).
Pinter, R.B.: Sinusoidal and delta function responses of visual cells of the Limulus eye. J. gen. Physiol. 49, 565–593 (1966).
Plateau, J.: Über einige Eigenschaften der vom Licht auf das Gesichtsorgan hervorgebrach¬ten Eindrücke. Poggendorf Ann. Physik. Chem. 20, 304–332 (1830).
Plateau, J.: Essai D’une Théorie Générale Comprenant L’ensemble Des Apparences Visuelles Etc. Mém. De L’acad. Des Sei. Et Bell.-Let., Bruxelles 8, 1–68 (1834).
Plateau, J.: Betrachtungen Über Ein Von Hrn. Talbot Vorgeschlagenes Photometrisches Princip. Pog–Gendorf Ann. Physik. Chemie 35, 457–468 (1835).
Pokorny, J., Smith, V.C.: Luminosity and CFF in deuteranopes and protanopes. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 62, 111–117 (1972).
Polyak, S. L.: The retina. Chicago: Chicago Univ. Press 1941.
Porter, T.: Contribution to the study of flicker. I. Proc. roy. Soc. London 70 A, 313–329 (1902).
Porter, T.: Contribution To The Study Of Flicker. Ii. Proc. Roy. Soc. London 86 A, 495–513 (1912).
Prevost, B.: Memories de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire naturelle de Geneva 3, 121 (1826).
Purkinje, J.E.: Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Sehens in subjektiver Hinsicht. Prag 1819.
Purkinje, J.E.: Beobachtungen Und Versuche Zur Physiologie Der Sinne. Vol. 1, Prag 1823.
Rabelo, C., Grüsser, O.-J.: Die Abhängigkeit der subjektiven Helligkeit intermittierender Lichtreize von der Flimmerfrequenz (Brücke–Effekt, ‘brightness-enhancement’): Unter–suchungen bei verschiedener Leuchtdichte und Feldgröße. Psychol. Forsch. 26, 299–312 (1961).
Rackensperger, W.: Two types of LGN-cells in the cat. Their response to stimulation of the receptive field by sinusoidal stimuli of different frequency and area. Unpubl. manuscript (1970).
Rackensperger, W., Grüsser, O.-J.: Sinuslichtreizung der rezeptiven Felder einzelner Retinaneurone. Experientia (Basel) 22, 192 (1966).
Rackensperger, W., Reiter, H., Wuttke, W., Snigula, F.: Die Reaktion einzelner Retinaneurone auf sinus-förmige Leuchtdichteänderung. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 288, R 50 (1965).
Randolph, D. I.: Brightness enhancement as a function of frequency, intensity and light-dark ratio. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 54, 577 (1964).
Ratliff, F., Knight, B.W., Graham, N.: On tuning and amplification by lateral inhibition. Physiology 62, 733–740 (1969).
Ratliff, F., Knight, B.W., Toyoda, J., Hartline, H.K.: Enhancement of flicker by lateral inhibition. Science 158, 292–293 (1967).
Regan, D.: Some characteristics of average steady–state and transient responses evoked by modulated light. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 20, 238–248 (1966).
Regan, D., Tyler, C.W.: Wavelength modulated light generator. Vision Res. 11, 43–56 (1971).
Regan, S.: Some dynamic features of colour vision. Vision Res. 11, 1307–1324 (1971).
Reichardt, W.: Die Lichtreaktion von Phycomyces. Kybernetik 1, 6–21 (1961).
Reidemeister, C., Grüsser, O.-J.: Flimmerlichtuntersuchungen an der Katzenretina. I. On-Neurone und on-off-Neurone. Z. Biol. 11, 241–253 (1959).
Remole, A.: Luminance thresholds for subjective patterns in a flickering field: effect of wavelength. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 61, 9, 1164–1168 (1971).
Reuter, J. H.: A comparison of flash evoked ERG’s and ERG’s evoked with sinusoidally modulated light stimuli in a number of rodents. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 381, 95–102 (1972).
Rey, P., Rey, J.-P.: Effect of an intermittent light stimulation on the critical fusion frequency. Ergonomics 8, 173–180 (1965).
Ripps, H., Kaplan, I. T., Siegel, I. M.: Effect of contrast on CFF and apparent brightness. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 51, 870–873 (1961).
Robinson, D.N.: Critical Flicker-Fusion of solid and annular stimuli. Science 167, 207–208 (1970).
Robson, J.G.: Spatial and temporal contrast–sensitivity functions of the visual system. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 56, 1141–1142 (1966).
Rodieck, R.W.: Quantitative analysis of cat retinal ganglion cell response to visual stimuli. Vision Res. 5, 583–601 (1965).
Rodieck, R.W., Stone, J.: Analysis of receptive fields of cat retinal ganglion cells. J. Neurophysiol. 28, 833–849 (1965).
Roehrig, W.C.: The influence of area on the critical Flicker-Fusion threshold. J. Psychol. 47, 317–330 (1959a).
Roehrig, W.C.: The Influence Of The Portion Of The Retina Stimulated On The Flicker-Fusion Threshold. J. Psychol. 48, 57–63 (1959B).
Ross, R. T.: A comparison of the regional gradients of fusion frequency and visual acuity. Psychol. Monogr. 47, 306–310 (1936).
Roufs, J. A. J.: Dynamic properties of vision. I. Experimental relationship between flicker and flash threshold. Vision Res. 12, 261–278 (1972).
Roufs, J. A. J.: Dynamic Properties Of Vision. Ii. Theoretical Relationship Between Flicker And Flash Thresh¬Olds. Vision Res. 12, 279–292 (1972).
Rubinstein, B., Therman, P. O.: The influence of hyperventilation on the fusion frequency of intermittent visual stimuli. Scand. Arch. Physiol. 72, 26–34 (1935).
Rushton, W. A. H.: The structure responsible for action potential spikes in the cat’s Retina- Nature (Lond.) 164, 743–744 (1949).
Rushton, W. A. H.: The Ferrier Lecture 1962. Visual Adaptation. Proc. Roy. Soc. (Lond.) B 162, 20–46 (1965).
Saito, H.-A., Shimhara, T., Fukada, Y.: Four types of responses to light and dark spot stimuli in the cat optic nerve. Tohoku J. exp. Med. 102, 127–133 (1970).
Saito, H.-A., Shimhara, T., Fukada, Y.: Phasic and tonic responses in the cat optic nerve fibers-stimulus-response relations. Tohoku J. exp. Med. 104, 313–323 (1971).
Sakmann, B., Creutzfeldt, O.-D.: Scotopic and mesopic light adaptation in the cat’s retina. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 313, 168–185 (1969).
Sanderson, K.J., Bishop, P.O., Darian-Smith, I.: The properties of the binocular receptive fields of lateral geniculate neurons. Exp. Brain Res. 13, 178–207 (1971).
Sanderson, K.J., Bishop, P.O., Darian-Smith, I.: Darian-Smith, I., Bishop, P.O.: Binocular corresponding receptive fields of single units in the cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Vision Res. 9, 1297–1303 (1969).
Schade, Sr., O. H.: Optical and photoelectric analog of the eye. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 46, 721–739 (1956).
Schaternikoff, M.: Über den Einfluß der Adaptation auf die Erscheinung des Flimmerns. Z. Sinnesphysiol. 29, 241–263 (1902).
Scheich, H., Korn, A.: Timing properties and temporal summation in the retina. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 327, 16–36 (1971).
Schellart, N. A.M., Spekreijse, H.: Dynamic characteristics of retinal ganglion cell responses in goldfish. J. gen. Physiol. 59, 1–21 (1972).
Schmidt, R., Creutzfeldt, O. D.: Veränderungen von Spontanaktivität und Reizantwort retinaler und geniculärer Neurone der Katze bei fraktionierter Injektion von Pentobarbital- Na (Nembutal). Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 300, 129–147 (1968).
Schmidtke, H.: Über Messung der psychischen Ermüdung mit Hilfe des Flimmertests. Psychol. Forsch. 23, 409–463 (1951).
Schneider, C. W.: Behavioral determinations of critical flicker frequency in the rabbit. Vision Res. 8, 1227–1234 (1968a).
Schneider, C. W.: Electrophysiological Analysis Of The Mechanisms Underlying Critical Flicker Frequency. Vision Res. 8, 1235–1244 (1968B).
Schober, H., Hilz, R.: Contrast sensitivity of the human eye for square wave gratings. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 55, 1086 (1965).
Schwartz, A. S., Lindsley, D.B.: Critical flicker frequency and photic following in the cat. Bull. Inst. Estudios Med. Biol. 22, 249–262 (1964).
Schwarz, F.: Über die Wirkung des Wechselstromes auf das Sehorgan. Z. Sinnesphysiol. 67, 227–244 (1936–1938).
Schwarz, F.: Über Die Reizung Des Sehorgans Durch Niederfrequente Elektrische Schwingungen. Z. Sinnesphysiol. 69, 92–118 (1940).
Schwarz, F.: Quantitative Untersuchungen Über Die Optische Wirkung Sinusförmiger Wechselströme. Z. Sinnesphysiol. 69, 1–16 (1940).
Schwarz, F.: Über Die Reizung Des Sehorgans Durch Doppelphasige Und Gleichgerichtete Elektrische Schwingungen. Z. Sinnesphysiol. 69, 158–172 (1941).
Schwarz, F.: Über Die Elektrische Reizbarkeit Des Auges Bei Hell– Und Dunkeladaptation. Pflügers Arch, Ges. Physiol. 248, 76–86 (1944).
Schwarz, F., Wintzeb, H.: Über die Unterscheidung und Beurteilung von Frequenzen rhythmischer Lichtblitze. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 260, 74–80 (1954).
Schwarz, F., Wintzeb, H., Langer, H.: Weitere Untersuchungen über die Unterscheidung und Beurteilung von Frequenzen rhythmischer Lichtblitze. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 261, 295–301 (1955).
Seitz, C.P.: Effects of anoxia on visual function; a study of critical frequency. Arch. Psychol. 257, 1–38 (1940).
Sen, T.K.: Visual responses to two alternating trains of high–frequency intermittent stimuli. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 54, 386–393 (1964).
Senders, V. L.: On reading printed matter with interrupted light. J. exp. Psychol. 47, 135–136 (1954).
Sherrington, C. S.: On binocular flicker and the correlation of activity of corresponding retinal points. Brit. J. Psychol. 1, 26–60 (1904).
Sherrington, C. S.: The Integrative Action Of The Nervous System. New Haven: Yale University Press (1906).
Shickman, G.M.: Visual masking by low-frequency sinusoidally modulated light. J. opt. Soc- Amer. 60, 107–117 (1970).
Shumake, S.A., Smith, J. C., Taylor, H.L.: Critical fusion frequency in Rhesus monkeys. Psychol. Ree. 18, 537–542 (1968).
Simonson, E.: Flicker between different brightness levels as determinant of the flicker fusion. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 50, 328–331 (1960).
Simonson, E., Brozek, J.: Flicker fusion frequency, background and applications. Physiol. Rev. 32, 349–378 (1952).
Simonson, E., Brozek, J., Enzer, N.: Effect of pervitine (desoxyephedrine) on fatigue of the central nervous system. J. Industr. Hyg. 24, 205–209 (1942).
Simonson, E., Brozek, J., Enzer, N., Blankstein, S. S.: The influence of age on the fusion frequency of flicker. J. exp. Psychol. 29, 252–255 (1941).
Simonson, E., Brozek, J., Singer, W.: Inhibitory binocular interaction in the lateral geniculate body of the cat. Brain Res. 18, 165–170 (1970).
Simonson, E., Creutzfeldt, O.D.: Reciprocal lateral inhibition of on– and off–center neurones in the lateral geniculate body of the cat. Exp. Brain Res. 10, 311–330 (1970).
Simonson, E., Pöppel, E., Creutzfeldt, O.D.: Inhibitory interaction in the cat’s lateral geniculate nucleus. Exp. Brain Res. 14, 210–226 (1972).
Simonson, E., Wässle, H.: The lateral geniculate body, a multichannel filter for spatial and temporal stimulus parameters. Proc. I. Europ. Congr. Biophys. Vienne 353–357 (1971).
Smith, R.A., Jr.: Adaptation of visual contrast sensitivity to specific temporal frequencies. Vision Res. 10, 275–279 (1970).
Smith, R.A., Jr.: Studies Of Temporal Frequency Adaptation In Visual Contrast Sensitivity. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 216, 531–552 (1971).
Smythies, J.R.: The stroboscopic patterns. I. The dark phase. Brit. J. Psychol. 50, 106–116 (1959a).
Smythies, J.R.: The Stroboscopic Patterns. Ii. The Phenomenology Of The Bright Phase And After-Images. Brit. J. Psychol. 50, 305–324 (1959B).
Spekreijse, H.: Analysis of EEG responses in man evoked by sine wave modulated light. Doctoral dissertation, Univ. of Amsterdam. The Netherlands (1966).
Spekreijse, H.: Rectification In The Goldfish Retina: analysis by sinusoidal and auxiliary stimulation. Vision Res. 9, 1461–1472 (1969).
Spekreijse, H., Norren, D. Van, Berg, T. J.T.P. Van den: Flicker responses in monkey lateral geniculate nucleus and human perception of flicker. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. 68, 2802–2805 (1971).
Spekreijse, H., Norren, D.Van, Berg, T. J.T.P.Vanden, Norton, A. L.: The dynamic characteristics of color coded S-potentials. J. Gen. Physiol. 56, 1–15 (1970).
Sperling, G.: Linear theory and the psychophysics of flicker. Docum. Ophthal. (Den Haag) 18, 3–15 (1964).
Sperling, G.: Temporal And Spatial Visual Masking. I. Masking By Impulse Flashes. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 55, 541–559 (1965).
Sperling, G.: Model Of Visual Adaptation And Contrast Detection. Percept, And Psychophys. 8, 143–157 (1970).
Sperling, G., Sondhi, M.M.: Model for visual luminance discrimination and flicker detection. J. opt. Soc. 58, 1133–1145 (1968).
Spigel, I.M.: Size-constancy and critical flicker-sfrequency. Amer. J. Psychol. 77, 469–471 (1964).
Spinelli, D. N.: Visual receptive fields in the cat’s retina: complications. Science 152, 1768–1769 (1966).
Spinelli, D. N.: Receptive Field Organization Of Ganglion Cells In The Cat’s Retina. Exp. Neurol. 19, 291–315 (1967).
Sprague, J.M., Berlucchi, G., Rizzolatti, G.: this Handbook VIII/3B, 27–101 (1973).
Stange, D. : Über den Einfluß von Äthylalkohol auf die Funktion einzelner Netzhautneurone der Katze. In: Breitenecker, L. (Ed.): Beiträge zur gerichtlichen Medizin, S. 327–331. Wien: F. Deuticke 1970.
Stein, R.B., French, A.S.: Models for the transmission of information by nerve cells. In: Anderson, P., Jansen, J.K.S. (Eds.): Excitatory Synaptic Mechanisms, pp. 247–257 Oslo: Oslo University Press 1970.
Steinberg, R. H.: Rod and cone contributions to S-potentials from the cat retina. Vision Res. 9, 1319–1329 (1969).
Sprague, J.M., Berlucchi, G., Rizzolatti, G.: The Rod After–Effect In S-potentials From The Cat Retina. Vision Res. 9, 1345–1355 (1969).
Sprague, J.M., Berlucchi, G., Rizzolatti, G.: Incremental Responses To Light Recorded From Pigment Epithelial Cells And Horizontal Cells Of The Cat Retina. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 217, 93–110 (1971).
Steinberg, R.H., Schmidt, R.: Identification of horizontal cells as $–potentials generators in the cat retina by intracellular dye injection. Vision Res. 10, 817–820 (1970).
Steinberg, R.H., Schmidt, R.: Schmidt, R.: The evidence that horizontal cells generate S-potentials in the cat retina. Vision Res. 11, 1029–1031 (1971).
Stone, J.: Structure of the cat’s retina after occlusion of the retinal circulation. Vision Res. 9, 351–356 (1969).
Stone, J.: Fabian, M.: Specialized receptive fields of the cat’s retina. Science 152, 1277–1279 (1966).
Stone, J.: Fabian, M.: Summing properties of the cat’s retinal ganglion cell. Vision Res. 8, 1023–1040 (1968).
Stone, J.: Freeman, R.B., Jr.: Conduction velocity groups in the cat’s optic nerve classified accord¬ing to their retinal origin. Exp. Brain Res. IB, 489–497 (1971).
Stone, J.: Hoffmann, K.-P.: Conduction velocity as parameter in the organisation of the afferent relay in the cat’s lateral geniculate nucleus. Brain Res. 32, 454–459 (1971).
Stone, J., Hollander, H.: Optic nerve axon diameters measured in the cat retina: some functional considerations. Exp. Brain Res. 13, 498–503 (1971).
Sturr, J.F., Shansky, M.S.: Cortical and subcortical responses to flicker in cats. Exp. Neurol. 33, 279–290 (1971).
Sumitomo, I., Ide, K., Iwama, K.: Maintained activity and responsiveness to flicker stimulation in rat lateral geniculate neurons. Physiol, and Behavior 3, 955–959 (1968).
Sumitomo, I., Ide, K., Iwama, K., Arikuni, T.: Conduction velocity of optic nerve fibers innervating lateral geniculate and superior colliculus in the rat. Exp. Neurol. 25, 378–392 (1969).
Sumitomo, I., Ide, K., Iwama, K., Arikuni, T.: A relation between visual field representation of rat lateral geni¬culate cells and conduction velocities of optic nerve fibers innervating them. Brain Res. 24, 333–335 (1970).
Svaetichin, G.: Spectral response curves from single cones. Acta physiol. scand. 39, Suppl. 134, 17–46 (1956).
Svaetichin, G.: Receptor Mechanisms For Flicker And Fusion. Acta Physiol. Scand. 39, Suppl. 134, 47–54 (1956).
Svaetichin, G.: Negishi, K., Drujan, B., Muriel, C.: S-potentials and retinal automatic control systems. In: First Europ. Biophys. Congr. Vienna 1971, Proc. Vol. 5, 77–88 (1971).
Szentagothai, J., Hamori, J., Tombol, T.: Degeneration and electronmicroscope analysis of the synaptic glomeruli in the lateral geniculate body. Exp. Brain Res. 2, 283–301 (1966).
Taira, N., Okuda, J.: Sensory transmission in visual pathway in various arousal states of cat. Tohoku J. exp. Med. 78, 76–97 (1962).
Takahashi, R., Mori, H., Yoshino, T.: Changes in electrical excitability of the human eye for sinusoidal alternating currents, caused by illumination with white and monochromatic lights. Nichiganshi (Jap.) 60, 727–734 (1956); cit. after K. MOTOKAWA (1970).
Talbot, H.F.: Experiments on light. Phil. Mag. 5, 321–334 (1834).
Thomas, G. J.: A comparison of uniocular and binocular critical flicker frequencies: Simultan¬eous and alternate flashes. Amer. J. Psychol. 68, 37–53 (1955).
Tomita, T.: Electrical response of single photoreceptor. Proc. IEEE 56, 1015–1023 (1968).
Tomita, T.: Electrical Activity Of Vertebrate Photoreceptors. Quart. Rev. Biophys. 3, 179–222 (1970).
Toyoda, J.: The frequency response of the retinal interneurons: Factors affecting flicker. Unpubl. manuscript (1971).
Toyoda, J., Hashimoto, H., Anno, H., Tomita, T.: The rod response in the frog as studied by intra-cellular recording. Vision Res. 10, 1093–1100 (1970).
Toyoda, J.-I., Nosaki, H., Tomita, T.: Light-induced resistance changes in single photo-receptors of Necturus and Gekko. Vision Res. 9, 453–463 (1969).
Tschermak, A.: Licht- und Farbensinn. In: BETHE’S Handbuch der normalen und pathologischen Physiologie. Vol. XII, S. 295–501. Berlin: Springer 1929.
Turner, P.: The modification of critical flicker fusion frequency by an adapting stimulus of flickering light. Vision Res. 5, 463–470 (1965).
Tweel, L. H. Van Der: Some problems in vision regarded with respect to linearity and frequen¬cy response. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 89, 829–856 (1961).
Tweel, L. H. Van Der: Relations Between Psychophysics And Electrophysiology Of Flicker. Docum. Ophthal. (Den Haag) 18, 287–304 (1964).
Tweel, L. H. Van Der: Spekreijse, H.: Visual evoked responses. In: The clinical value of electroretinography. ISCERG Symp. Gent 1966, pp. 83–94. Basel: Karger 1968.
Tweel, L. H. Van Der, Verduyn Lunel, H.F.E.: Human visual responses to sinusoidally modulated light. EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 18, 578–598 (1965).
Varju, D.: Der Einfluß sinusförmiger Leuchtdichteänderungen auf die mittlere Pupillen weite und auf die subjective Helligkeit. Kybernetik 2, 33–43 (1964).
Varju, D.: Über Nichtlineare Analogschaltungen Zur Simulierung Biologischer Adaptationsvorgänge. Progress In Brain Res. 17, 74–101. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publ. 1965.
Veringa, F.: On some properties of nonthreshold flicker. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 48, 500–502 (1958).
Veringa, F.: Enige Natuurkundige Aspecten Van Het Zien Van Gemoduleerd Licht. Thesis, University Of Amsterdam. The Netherlands (1961).
Veringa, F.: Phase Shifts In The Human Retina. Nature (Lond.) 197, 998–999 (1963).
Veringa, F.: Electro–Optical Stimulation Of The Human Retina As A Research Technique. Docum. Opthahl. (Den Haag) 18, 72–82 (1964).
Veringa, F.: Diffusion Model Of Linear Flicker Responses. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 60, 285–286 (1970).
Veringa, F.: Roelofs, J.: Electro–optical interaction in the retina. Nature (Lond.) 211, 321–322 (1966).
Vernon, M.D.: The binocular perception of flicker. Brit. J. Psychol. 24, 351–374 (1934).
Wald, G.: Visual excitation and blood clotting. Science 150, 1028–1030 (1965).
Walraven P.-L., Leebeek, H. J.: Phase shift of alternating coloured stimuli. Docum. Ophthal. (Den Haag) 18, 56–71 (1964a).
Walraven, P.-L., Leebeek, H. J.: Phase shift sinusoidally alternating coloured stimuli. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 54, 78–82 (1964b).
Walraven, P.-L., Leebeek, H. J., Bouman, M.A.: Some measurements about the fusion frequency of colors. Optica Acta 5, 3–7 (1958).
Walter, W. G.: Colour illusions and aberrations during stimulation by flickering light. Nature (Lond.) 177, 710 (1956).
Wasserman, G. S.: Brightness enhancement and the opponent colour theory. Vision Res. 6, 689–699 (1966a).
Wasserman, G. S.: Brightness Enhancement In Intermittent Light, Variation Of Luminance And light-dark Ratio. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 56, 242–250 (1966B).
Weale, R.A.: Some observations on the Ferry-Porter law. J. Physiol. (Lond.), P 26–27 (1957).
Weale, R.A.: The Effect Of Test Size And Adapting Luminance On Foveal Critical Fusion Frequency. Symp. On Vis. Problems Of Colour (1957).
Welpe, E.: Über die Strukturierung des Gesichtsfeldes bei intermittierender Belichtung des Auges im Frequenzbereich zwischen 33 Hz und der Flimmerverschmelzungsfrequenz. Vision Res. 10, 1457–1469 (1970).
Werblin, F.S.: Response of retinal cells to moving spots: Intracellular recording in Necturus maculosus. J. Neurophysiol. 83, 342–350 (1970).
Werblin, F.S., Dowling, J. E.: Organization of the retina of the mudpuppy Necturus maculosus. II. Intra-cellular recording. J. Neurophysiol. 32, 339–355 (1969).
West, D.C.: Flicker and the stabilized retinal image. Vision Res. 8, 719–745 (1968).
White, C.T., Lichtenstein, M.: Some aspects of temporal discrimination. Perceptual and Motor Skills 17, 471–482 (1963).
Wiesel, T.N.: Recording inhibition and excitation in the cat’s retinal ganglion cells with intracellular electrodes. Nature (Lond.) 183, 264–265 (1959).
Wiesel, T.N.: Receptive Fields Of Ganglion Cells In Cat’s Retina. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 153, 583–594 (1960).
Wolbarsht, M.L., Wagner, H.G., Macnichol, E.F.: The origin of “on and off” responses of retinal ganglion cells. In: Jung, R., Kornhuber, H. (Eds.): The visual system: Neuro¬physiology and Psychophysics, pp. 163–170. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1961.
Wuttke, W., Grüsser, O.-J.: Die funktionelle Organisation der rezeptiven Felder von on Zentrum-Neuronen der Katzenretina. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 289, R 83 (1966).
Wuttke, W., Grüsser, O.–J.: The conduction velocity of lateral inhibition in the cat’s retina. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 304, 253–257 (1968).
Wuttke, W., Grüsser, O.-J., Rackensperger, W.: Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit und räumliches Dekrement der lateralen Hemmung in der Netzhaut. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 283, R 49 (1965).
Zerbst, E., Dittberner, K.-H., William, E.: Über die Nachrichtenaufnahme durch biologische Receptoren. I. Theoretische Untersuchungen zur Ursache der Erregungsbildung. Kybernetik 2, 160–168 (1965).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1973 Springer-Verlag, Berlin · Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Van De Grind, W.A., Grüsser, OJ., Lunkenheimer, HU. (1973). Temporal Transfer Properties of the Afferent Visual System Psychophysical,Neurophysiological and Theoretical Investigations. In: Jung, R. (eds) Central Processing of Visual Information A: Integrative Functions and Comparative Data. Handbook of Sensory Physiology, vol 7 / 3 / 3 A. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65352-0_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65352-0_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-65354-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-65352-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive