Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Functional and Pathologic Interrelationships of the Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus in Animals

  • Chapter
Endocrine System

Part of the book series: Monographs on Pathology of Laboratory Animals ((LABORATORY))

Abstract

In the discussions to follow, statements are made which refer in general terms to the hypothalamus and the pituitary in most vertebrate species, including man. Examples are presented of pathologic alterations which have been studied in one or more species. In many instances, the biologic effects of a lesion in an endocrine organ of the living rat, mouse, or hamster are unknown. Knowledge of other species may be of value in this instance to predict the kind of biologic behavior which should be looked for in a laboratory rodent with a specific endocrine lesion. Specific differences in biologic behavior, frequency of occurrence, and other features will be discussed in the sections that are directed toward individual lesions in laboratory rodents.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alexander JE (1962) Anomaly of craniopharyngeal duct and hypophysis. Can Vet J 3:83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andresen E, Willeberg P (1976) Pituitary dwarfism in German shepherd dogs: additional evidence of simple, autosomal recessive inheritance. Nord Vet Med 28:481–486

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andresen E, Willeberg P, Rasmussen PG (1974) Pituitary dwarfism in German Shepherd dogs. Nord Vet Med 26: 692–701

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bäckström G (1963) Nägot on hirsutism i samband med hypofystumörer hos häst. Nord Vet Med 15:778–786

    Google Scholar 

  • Black PM, Hsu DW, Klibanski A, Kliman B, Jameson L, Ridgway EC, Hedley-White ET, Zervas NT (1987) Hormone production in clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. J Neurosurg 66:244–250

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Capen CC (1978) Tumors of the endocrine glands. In: Tumors in domestic animals, 2nd edn. Moulton JE (ed) University of California Press, Berkeley Los Angeles

    Google Scholar 

  • Capen CC, Koestner A (1967) A Functional chromophobe adenomas of the canine adenohypophysis. An ultrastructural evaluation of a neoplasm of pituitary corticotrophs. Vet Pathol 4:326–347

    Google Scholar 

  • Capen CC, Martin SL (1975) Animal model: hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s-like syndrome and disease in dogs). Am J Pathol 81:459–462

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Capen CC, Martin SL, Koestner A (1967) Neoplasms in the adenohypophysis of dogs. A clinical and pathologic study. Vet Pathol 4:301–325

    Google Scholar 

  • Chalifoux LV, MacKey JJ, King NW (1983) A sparsely granulated, nonsecreting adenoma of the pars intermedia associated with galactorrhea in a male Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatto). Vet Pathol 20:541–547

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarkson TB, Netsky MG, de la Torre E (1959) Chromophobe adenoma in a dog: angiographic and anatomic study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 18:559–562

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coffin DL, Munson TO (1953) Endocrine diseases of the dog associated with hair loss. J Am Vet Med Assoc 123:402–408

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohrs P, Nieberle K (1967) Textbook of special pathological anatomy of domestic animals. Pergamon, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Condliffe PG, Mochizuki M, Fontaine YA, Bates RW (1969) Purification and properties of thyrotropin from functional pituitary tumors in mice. Endocrinology 85:453–464

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeNicola AF, von Lawzewitsch I, Kaplan SE, Libertun C (1978) Biochemical and ultrastructural studies on estrogeninduced pituitary tumors in F344 rats. J Natl Cancer Inst 61:753–763

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dousa TP (1974) Cellular action of antidiuretic hormone in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Mayo Clin Proc 49:188–199

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eigenmann JF, Lubberink AAME, Koemann JP (1983) Panhypopituitarism caused by a suprasellar tumor in a dog. J Amer Anim Hosp Assoc 19:377–382

    Google Scholar 

  • El Etreby MF, Dubois MP (1980) The utility of antisera to different synthetic adrenocorticotrophins (ACTH) and melanotrophins (MSH) for immunocytochemical staining of the dog pituitary gland. Histochemistry 66:245–260

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El Etreby MF, Fath El Bab MR (1977) The utility of antisera to canine growth hormone and canine prolactin for immunocytochemical staining of the dog pituitary gland. Histochemisty 53:1–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El Etreby MF, Fath El Bab MR (1978b) Effect of cyproterone acetate, d-norgestrel and progesterone on cells of the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis in the Beagle bitch. Cell Tissue Res 191:205–218

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El Etreby MF, Fath El Bab MR (1978a) Effect of 17β-estradiol on cells stained for FSHβ and/or LHPβ in the dog pituitary gland. Cell Tissue Res 193:211–218

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El Etreby MF, Fath El Bab MR (1978c) Localization of thyrotropin (TSH) in the dog pituitary gland. A study using immunoenzyme histochemistry and chemical staining, Cell Tissue Res 186:399–412

    Google Scholar 

  • El Etreby MF, Miiller-Peddinghaus R, Bhargava AS, Trautwein G (1980) Functional morphology of spontaneous hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions in the canine pituitary gland. Vet Pathol 17:109–122

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson K, Dyrendahl S, Grimfelt DA (1956) Case of hirsutism in connection with hypophyseal tumor in a horse. Nord Vet Med 8:807

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrow BRH (1969) Chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary in a dog. Vet Rec 84:609–610

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman EC (1981) Effect of functional adrenocortical tumors on plasma cortisol and corticotropin concentrations in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 178:823–826

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman EC (1983) Distinguishing dogs with functioning adrenocortical turiiors from dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:195–200

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman EC, Bohannon NV, Tyrrell JB (1977) Plasma adrenocorticotropin levels in normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 38:1643–1645

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer JA, Tobler PH, Kaufmann M, Born W, Henke H, Cooper PS, Sagar SM, Martin JB (1981) Calcitonin: regional distribution of the hormone and its binding sites in the human brain and pituitary. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78: 7801–7805

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Furth J, Ueda G, Clifton KH (1973) The pathophysiology of pituitaries and their tumors. Methods Cancer Res 10: 1011–1015

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert GJ, Willey EN (1969) Pituitary chromophobe adenoma in the bulldog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 154:1071–1074

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green RA, Farrow CS (1974) Diabetes insipidus in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 164:524–526

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gribble DH (1972) The endocrine system. In: Catcott EJ, Smithcors JR(eds) Equine medicine and surgery, 2nd ed. American Veterinary Publications, Wheaton, Illinois, pp 433–457

    Google Scholar 

  • Halmi NS, Peterson ME, Colurso GJ, Liotta AS, Krieger DT (1981) Pituitary intermediate lobe in dog: two cell types and high bioactive adrenocorticotropin content. Science 211: 72–74

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hare T (1935) Chromophobe cell adenoma of the pituitary gland associated with dystrophia adiposogenitalis in a maiden bitch. Proc R Soc Med 25:1492–1495

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinrichs M, Baumgartner W, Capen CC (1990) Immunocytochemical demonstration of proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides in pituitary adenomas of the pars intermedia in horses. Vet Pathol 27:419–425

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howe A (1973) The mammalian pars intermedia: a review of its structure and function. J Endocrinol 59:385-409

    Google Scholar 

  • Jameson JL, Klibanski A, Black PM, Zervas NT, Lindell CM, Hsu DW, Ridgway EC, Habener JF (1987) Glycoprotein hormone genes are expressed in clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. J Clin Invest 80:1472–1478

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jameson JL, Weiss J, Polak JM, Childs GV, Bloom SR, Steel JH, Capen CC, Prentice DE, Fetter AW, Langloss JM (1992) Glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit-producing pituitary adenomas in rats treated for one year with calcitonin. Am J Pathol 140:75–84

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalimo H, Rinne UK (1972) Ultrastructural studies on the hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons of the rat. II. The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 134:205–225

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koestner A, Capen CC (1976) Ultrastructural evaluation of the canine hypothalamic-neurohypophysial system in diabetes insipidus associated with pituitary neoplasma. Vet Pathol 4:513–536

    Google Scholar 

  • Lage AL (1973) Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 163:251–253

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loeb WF, Capen CC, Johnson LE (1966) Adenomas of the pars intermedia associated with hyperglycemia and glycosuria in two horses. Cornell Vet 56:623–639

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lubberink AAME, Rijnberk A, der Kinderen PJ, Thijssen JHH (1971) Hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex: a review. Aust Vet J 47:504–509

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lund-Larsen TR, Grøndalen J (1976) Ateliotic dwarfism in the German shepherd dog: low somatomedin activity associated with apparently normal pituitary function (2 cases) and with panadenopituitary dysfunction (1 case). Acta Vet Scand 17:293–306

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mayo KE, Hammer RE, Swanson LW, Brinster RL, Rosenfeld MG, Evans RM (1988) Dramatic pituitary hyperplasia in transgenic mice expressing a human growth hormone-releasing factor gene. Mol Endocrinol 2:606–612

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McComb DJ, Kovacs K, Beri J, Zak F (1984) Pituitary adenomas in old Sprague-Dawley rats: a histologic, ultrastructural, and immunocytochemical study. J Natl Cancer Inst 73:1143–1166

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGrath P (1974) The pharyngeal hypophysis in some laboratory animals. J Anat 117:95–115

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meijer JC (1980) An investigation of the pathogenesis of pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism in the dog. Thesis, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller GH (1979) Pituitary dwarfism: cutaneous manifestations of an endocrine disorder. Vet Clin North Am 9:41

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muller GH, Jones SR (1973) Pituitary dwarfism and alopecia in a German shepherd with cystic Rathke’s cleft. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 9:567–572

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholas F (1978) Pituitary dwarfism in German shepherd dogs: a genetic analysis of some Australian data. J Small Anim Pract 19:167–174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orth DN, Holscher MA, Wilson MG, Nicholson WE, Plue RD, Mount CD (1982) Equine Cushing’s disease: plasma immunoreactive proopiolipomelanocortin peptide and cortisol levels basally and in response to diagnostic tests. Endocrinology 110:1430–1441

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Papkoff H (1976) Canine pituitary prolactin: isolation and partial characterization. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 153:498–500

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson ME (1984a) Feline hyperthyroidism. Vet Clin North Am 14:809–826

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson ME (1984b) Hyperadrenocorticism. Vet Clin North Am 14:731–749

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson ME, Drucker WD (1981) Advances in the diagnosis and management of canine Cushing’s syndrome. In: Proceedings of the 31st Gaines Veterinary Symposium, pp 17–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson ME, Kreiger DT, Drucker WD, Halmi NS (1982) Immunocytochemical study of the hypophysis in 25 dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Acta Endocrinol 101:15–24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rao RR, Bhat NG (1971) Incidence of cysts in pars distalis of mongrel dogs. Indian Vet J 48:128–133

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ricci V, Russolo M (1973) Immunocytological observations on the localization of ACTH in the hypophysis of the dog. Acta Anat (Basel) 84:10–18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rijnberk A, der Kinderen PJ, Thijssen JHH (1967) “Cushing’s syndrome” (spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism) in the dog. J Endocrinol 37:1–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rijnberk A, der Kinderen PJ, Thijssen JHH (1969) Canine Cushing’s syndrome. Zentralbl Veterinaermed (A) 16: 13–28

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richards MA (1970) Polydipsia in the dog - Symposium 1,2, and 3. The differential diagnosis of polyuric syndromes in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 10:651–667

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers WA, Valdez H, Anderson BC, Cornelia C (1977) Partial deficiency of antidiuretic hormone in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 170:545–547

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roth J (1976) Introduction to session. In: Beers RF Jr, Bassett EG (eds) Cell membrane receptors for viruses, antigens and antibodies, polypeptide hormones, and small molecules. Raven Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Roth J (1979) Receptors for peptide hormones. In: De Groot LJ (ed) Endocrinology vol III. Grune and Stratton, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandusky GE, Van Pelt CS, Todd GC, Wightman K (1988) An immunocytochemical study of pituitary adenomas and focal hyperplasia in old Sprague-Dawley and Fischer 344 rats. Toxicol Pathol 16:376–380

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders LZ, Rickard CG (1952) Craniopharyngioma in a dog with apparent adiposogenital syndrome and diabetes insipidus. Cornell Vet 42:490–495

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schally AV (1978) Aspects of hypothalamic regulation of the pituitary gland. Its implications for the control of reproductive processes. Science 202:18–28

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schiefer B, Hanichen T (1967) Zur Kenntnis und möglichen Bedeutung von Hypophysencysten beim Hund. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 7:232–241

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel ET, Kelly DF, Berg P (1970) Cushing’s syndrome in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 157:2081–2089

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slatter DH, Schirmer RG, Krehbiel JD (1976) Surgical correction of cystic Rathke’s cleft in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 12:641

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokol HW, Valtin H (1965) Morphology of the neurosecretory system in rats homozygous and heterozygous for hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain). Endocrinology 77:692–700

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner CD, Bagnara JT (1971) General endocrinology, 5th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Wyk JJ, Underwood LE, Hintz RL, Clemmons DR, Voina SJ, Weaver RP (1974) The somatomedins: a family of insulin-like hormones under growth hormone control. Recent Prog Horm Res 30:259–318

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins WB, Moore RY, Burton D, Bone HG, Catherwood BD, Deftos LJ (1980) Distribution of immunoreactivecalcitonin in the rat pituitary gland. Endocrinology 106: 1966–1970

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White EG (1938) A suprasellar tumor in a dog. J Pathol Bacteriol 47:323–326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilhelmi AE (1968) Canine growth hormone. Yale J Biol Med 41:199–207

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willeberg P, Kastrup KW, Andresen E (1975) Pituitary dwarfism in German shepherd dogs: studies on somatomedin activity. Nord Vet Med 27:448–454

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson MG, Nicholson WE, Holscher MA, Sherrell BJ, Mount CD, Orth DN (1982) Proopiolipomelanocortin peptides in normal pituitary, pituitary tumor, and plasma of normal and Cushing’s horses. Endocrinology 110:941–954

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamagami T, Handa H, Takeuchi J, Munemitsu H, Aoki M, Kato Y (1983) Rat pituitary adenoma and hyperplasia induced by caffeine administration. Surg Neurol 20:323–331

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210-1093, USA

    Charles C. Capen D.V.M., Ph.D. (Professor of Veterinary Pathobiology and Chairman, Professor of Endocrinology)

Authors
  1. Charles C. Capen D.V.M., Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. ILSI Research Foundation, Harvard Medical School, 1126 Sixteenth Street, N.W., Washington, DC, 20036, USA

    Thomas Carlyle Jones D.V.M., D.Sc. (Professor of Comparative Pathology, Emeritus) (Professor of Comparative Pathology, Emeritus)

  2. Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210-1093, USA

    Charles C. Capen D.V.M., Ph.D. (Professor of Veterinary Pathobiology and Chairman, Professor of Endocrinology) (Professor of Veterinary Pathobiology and Chairman, Professor of Endocrinology)

  3. Institut für Experimentelle Pathologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Konstanty-Gutschow-Strasse 8, 30625, Hannover, Germany

    Ulrich Mohr M.D. (Professor of Experimental Pathology) (Professor of Experimental Pathology)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Capen, C.C. (1996). Functional and Pathologic Interrelationships of the Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus in Animals. In: Jones, T.C., Capen, C.C., Mohr, U. (eds) Endocrine System. Monographs on Pathology of Laboratory Animals. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60996-1_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60996-1_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-64649-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-60996-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation