Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2001 ((YEARBOOK,volume 2001))

Abstract

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a syndrome resulting from massive hepatocyte death leading to hepatic dysfunction. The main manifestations of ALF are jaundice with rapidly progressive encephalopathy, coagulopathy and eventually multi-organ dysfunction. First introduced by Trey and Davidson [1] in their manuscript on fulminant hepatic failure, the syndrome of ALF was recently redefined by O’Grady et al. [2] in 1993 according to the interval between the onset of jaundice and encephalopathy distinguishing hyperacute liver failure (0–7 days), ALF (8–28 days), and subacute liver failure (29–72 days).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Trey C, Davidson C (1970) The management of fulminant hepatic failure. Prog Liver Dis 3: 282–298

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. O’Grady JG, Schalm SW, Williams R (1993) Acute liver failure: redefining the syndromes. Lancet 342:273–275

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Hoofnagle JH, Carithers RL, Shapiro C, Ascher N (1995) Fulminant hepatic failure: summary of a workshop. Hepatology 21:240–252

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ascher NL, Lake JR, Emond JC, Roberts JP (1993) Liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure. Arch Surg 128:677–682

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Cattral MS, Levy GA (1994) Artificial liver support — pipe dream or reality? N Engl J Med 331: 268–269

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Chenard-Neu MP, Boudjema K, Bernuau J, et al (1996) Auxiliary liver transplantation: regeneration of the native liver and outcome in 30 patients with fulminant hepatic failure — A multicenter European study. Hepatology 23:1119–1127

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Lee C, Tink A (1958) Exchange transfusion in hepatic coma. Report of a case. Med J Austr 1: 40–42

    Google Scholar 

  8. Trey MB, Burns DG, Saunders SJ (1996) Treatment of hepatic coma by exchange blood transfusion. N Engl J Med 274:473–481

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Cooper GN, Karlson KE, Clowes GH, Martin H, Randall HT (1977) Total body washout and exchange. A valuable tool in acute hepatic coma and Reye’s syndrome. Am J Surg 133:522–530

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kiley JE, Welch HF, Pender JC (1956) Removal of blood ammonia by hemodialysis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 91:489–490

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Trewby PN, Warren R, Contini S, et al (1978) Incidence and pathophysiology of pulmonary edema in fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterology 74:859–865

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Kiley JE, Pender JC, Welch HF (1958) Ammonia intoxication treated by hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 259:1156–1161

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bihari D, Hughes RD, Gimson AE, et al (1983) Effect of serial resin hemoperfusion in fulminant hepatic failure. Int J Artif Organs 6:299–302

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Malchesky PS (1994) Nonbiological liver support: Historic review. Artif Organs 18:342–347

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Yatzidis H, Oreopoulos D (1976) Early clinical trials with sorbents. Kidney Int Suppl 7: S215–S217

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. O’Grady JG, Gimson AES, O’Brien CJ, Pucknell A, Huges RD, Williams R (1988) Controlled trials of charcoal hemoperfusion and prognostic factors in fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterology 94:1186–1192

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Sabin S, Merritt JA (1966) Treatment of hepatic coma in cirrhosis by plasmapheresis and plasma infusion. N Engl J Med 274:473–481

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Freeman JG, Matthewsson K (1986) Plasmapheresis in acute liver failure. Int J Artif Organs 9: 433–438

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kondrup J, Almdal T, Vilstrup H, Tygstrup N (1992) High volume plasma exchange in fulminant hepatic failure. Int J Artif Organs 15:669–676

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Yoshiba M, Sekiyama K, Iwamura Y, Sugata F (1993) Development of reliable artificial liver support (ALS)-plasma exchange in combination with hemofiltration using high performance membranes. Dig Dis Sci 38:469–476

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Brunner G, Losgen H (1994) Benefits and dangers of plasma exchange in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. In: Oda T, Shiokawa Y, Inoue N (eds) Therapeutic Plasmapheresis. VI. ISAO Press, Cleveland, pp 187–191

    Google Scholar 

  22. Stange J, Mitzner S, Ramlow W, Ghesche T, Hikstein H, Schmidt R (1993) A new procedure for the removal of protein bound drugs and toxins. AS AIO 39:621–625

    Google Scholar 

  23. Stange J, Mitzner S (1996) A carrier-mediated transport of toxins in a hybrid membrane. Safety barrier between a patients blood and a bioartificial liver. Int J Artif Organs 19:677–691

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Stange J, Mitzner SR, Risler T, et al (1999) Molecular adsorbent recycling system (MARS): clinical results of a new membrane-based blood purification system for bioartificial liver support. Artif organs 23:319–330

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hume D, Gayle W, Williams G (1969) Gross-circulation of patients in hepatic coma with baboon partners having human blood. Surg Gynecol Obst 128:495–517

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Chari RS, Collins BH, Magee JC, et al (1994) Brief report: Treatment of hepatic failure with ex vivo pig-liver perfusion followed by liver transplantation. N Engl J Med 331:234–237

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Harland RC, Platt JL (1996) Prospects for xenotransplantation of the hver. J Hepatol 25:248–258

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Fox IJ, Langhans AN, Fristooe LW, et al (1993) Successful application of extracorporeal liver perfusion for the treatment of fulminant hepatic failure. A technology whose time has come. Am J Gastroenterol 88:1876–1881

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Bilir BM, Guenette D, Ostrowska A, et al (1997) Percutaneous hepatocyte transplantation (PHT) in hver failure. Hepatology 26:252A (Abst)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Soriano HE, Wood RP, Kang DG (1997) Hepatocellular transplantation in children with fulminant liver failure. Hepatology 26:239A (Abst)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Kamohara Y, Rozga J, Demetriou AA (1998) Artificial hver: review and Cedars-Sinai experience. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 5:273–285

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Sussman NL, Chong MG, Koussayer T, et al (1992) Reversal of fulminant hepatic failure using an extracorporeal hver assist device. Hepatology 16:60–65

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Sussman NL, Gislason GT, Conlin CA, Kelly GA (1994) The Hepatix extracorporeal liver assist device: initial clinical experience. Artifi Organs 18:390–396

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Sussman NL, Kelly GA (1993) Extracorporeal liver assist in the treatment of fulminant hepatic failure. Blood Purif 11:170–174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Elhs AJ, Hughes RD, Wendon JA, et al (1996) Pilot-controlled trial of the extracorporeal liver assist device in acute liver failure. Hepatology 24:1446–1451

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Chen SC, Hewitt WR, Watanabe FD, et al (1996) Clinical experience with a porcine hepatocyte-based liver support system. Int J Artif Organs 199:664–669

    Google Scholar 

  37. Watanabe FD, Mullon CJ, Hewitt WR, et al (1997) Clinical experience with a bioartificial liver in the treatment of severe liver failure: a phase I clinical trial. Ann Surg 225:484–491

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Gerlach J, Kloppel K, Schauwecker HH, Tauber R, Muller C, Buherl ES (1989) Use of hepatocytes in adhesion and suspension cultures for liver support bioreactors. Int J Artif Organs 12:788–792

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Rozga J, Podesta L, LePage E, et al (1994) A bioartificial liver to treat severe acute liver failure. Ann Surg 219:538–546

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Nyberg SL, Remmel RP, Mann HJ, Peshwa MV, Hu WS, Cerra FB (1994) Primary hepatocy tes outperform HepG2 cells as the source of biotransformation functions in a bioartificial hver. Ann Surg 220:59–67

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Patience C, Takeuchi Y, Weiss RA (1997) Infection of human cells by an endogenous retrovirus of pigs. Nat Med 3:282–286

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Sorkine, P., Abraham, R.B., Szold, O. (2001). Liver Support Systems. In: Vincent, JL. (eds) Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2001. Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2001, vol 2001. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59467-0_50

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59467-0_50

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-41407-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-59467-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics