Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Genetic Diseases in the Tropics

  • Chapter
Tropical Pathology

Part of the book series: Spezielle pathologische Anatomie ((SPEZIELLE,volume 8))

  • 222 Accesses

Abstract

The strict definition of the tropics (i. e. the surface of the earth between Cancer and Capricorn) has not been adhered to in this review. It has been enlarged to include countries or parts of countries in the subtropics where disease patterns, even those of an infective nature, are similar to those in the tropics proper. The countries of the Third World are nearly all to be found in the tropics but when the health problems of the Third World are being discussed I have taken the liberty of including some non-tropical countries, in an attempt to present a more comprehensive discussion of issues like genetics services and the interrelationships of First and Third World health. The large-scale migrations of peoples from the Third to the First World which has been a feature of post-World War II history has encouraged me to make excursions into the topic of the genetic health of so-called minority populations now living in the developed world, in the belief that such studies will shed light on genetic diseases in the tropics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams T, Covino BG (1958) Racial variations to a standardized cold stress. J Appl Physiol 12:9–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adeyokunnu AA (1982) Spectrum of bone dysplasias in African children: Ibadaen Nigerian experience. In: Papadatos CJ, Bartsocas CS (eds) Skeletal dysplasias. Liss, New York, pp 427–439.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adkins S, G’an KN, Mody M, LaDu BN (1993) Molecular basis for the polymorphic forms of human serum paraoxonase/arylesterase: glutamine or arginine at position 191, for the respective A or B allozymes. Am J Hum Genet 52:598–608.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander GA, Henschke UK (1981) Advanced skin cancer in Tanzanian albinos: preliminary observations. J Natl Med Assoc 73:1047–1054.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alfi OS, Chang R, Azen SP (1980) Evidence for genetic control of nondisjunction in man. Am J Hum Genet 32:477–483.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ammerman AJ, Cavalli-Sforza LL (1971) Measuring the rate of spread of early farming in Europe. Man 6:674–X688.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (1992) Genetic basis of NIDDM. (Editorial) Lancet 340:455–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Appaji Rao N, Devi RR, Savithri HS, Rao SV, Bittles AH (1988) Neonatal screening for amino acidaemias in Karnatako, South India. Clin Genet 34:60–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aquaron R, Ronge F, Aubert C (1981) Pheomelanin in albino negroes. Urinary excretion of 5-S-cysteinyldopa in Cameroonian subjects. Pigment Cell Res 97–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong AR, Peart HE (1960) A comparison between the behaviour of Eskimos and non-Eskimos to the administraton of isoniazid. Am Rev Respir Dis 81:588–594.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arpagaus M, Kott M, Vatsis KP, Bartels CF, LaDu BN, Lockridge O (1990) Structure of the gene for human butyrylcholinesterase. Evidence for a single copy. Biochemistry 29:124–131.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashizawa T, Epstein HG (1991) Ethnic distribution of myotonic dystrophy gene. Lancet 338:642–643.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bach PH, Higgins-Opitz SB, Bima B, Leary WP (1976) Isoniazid acetylator status of black South African tuberculosis patients. S Afr Med J 50:1132–1134.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker PT (1966) Ecological and physiological adaptation in indigenous South Americans, with special reference to the physical environment. In: Baker PT, Weiner JS (eds) The biology of human adaptability. Clarendon, Oxford, pp 275–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnicott NA (1952) Albinism in South West Nigeria. Ann Eugenics 17:38–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barton DE, Kwon BS, Francke U (1988) Human tyrosinase gene mapped to chromosome 11 (q14→Q21), defines second region of homology with mouse chromosome 7. Genomics 3:17–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beaubrun MH (1963) Huntington’s chorea in Trinidad. West Indian Med J 12:39–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beevers DG, Prince JS (1991) Some recent advances in non-communicable diseases in the tropics. I. Hypertension: an emerging problem in tropical countries. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85:324–326.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beighton P (1988) Inherited disorders of the skeleton, 2nd edn. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bengtson G, Stenn B, Dahlquist A, Jagerstad M (1984) Does lactose intake induce cataract in man? Lancet 1:1293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein R, Wadee A, Rosendorff J, Wessels A, Jenkins T (1986) Inverted Y chromosome polymorphism in the Gujerati Muslim Indian population of South Africa. Hum Genet 74:223–229.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bittles AH (1990) Consanguineous marriage: current global incidence and its relevance to demographic research. Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, p 186 (Research report no 90).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bittles AH, Mason WM, Greene J, Rao NA (1991) Reproductive behaviour and health in consanguineous marriages. Science 252:789–794.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blomquist UK (1982). Umea University Medical Dissertations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bothwell TH, Isaacson C (1962) Siderosis in the Bantu. A comparison of incidence in males and females. Br Med J 1:522–524.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bower C, Forbes R, Seward M, Stanley F (1989) Congenital malformation in Aborigines and non-Aborigines in Western Australia 1980–1987. Med J Aust 151:245–248.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer GJ (1971) Annotation: human ecology, an expanding role for the human geneticist. Am J Hum Genet 23:92–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan N, Strickwold B, Shuenyane E (1976) Isomiazid inactivation in Black patients with tuberculosis. S Afr Med J 50:463–465.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bulterys M, Dushimimana A, Gasana C, Chao A (1992) Dietary iron overload (Letter). N Engl J Med 326:1705.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bundey S (1992) A prospective study on the health of Birmingham babies in different ethnic groups: interim findings. In: Bittles AH, Roberts DF (eds) Minority population: genetics, demography and health. MacMillan, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bundey S, Alam H, Kaur A, Mir S, Lancashire R (1991) Why do UK-born Pakistani babies have high perinatal and neonatal mortality rates? Paediatr Perinatal Epidemiol 5:101–114.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burgio GR, Ugazio AG, Nespoli L, Maccario R (1983) Down syndrome: a model of immunodeficiency. In: Wedgwood RJ, Rosen FS, Paul NW (eds) Primary immunodeficiency diseases. Liss, New York, pp 325–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke SW, Macey TI, Roberts JM, Johnson C (1985) III. Congenital dislocation of the hip in the American black. Clin Orthop 192:120–123.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buyse ML (1990) Birth defects encyclopaedia. Blackwell, Cambridge/MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cambien F, Poirier O, Lecerf L (1992) Deletion polymorphism in the gene for angiotensin converting enzyme is a potent risk factor for myocardial infarction. Nature 359: 641–644.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cartwright RA, Glasman RW, Rogers HJ, Ahmad RA, Barham-Hall D, Higgins E, Kahn MA (1982) Role of N-acetyltransferase phenotypes in bladder carcinogenesis: a pharmacogenetic epidemiological approach to bladder cancer. Lancet 2:842–846.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cervenka J, Witkop CJ, Okoro AN, King RA (1979) Chromosome breaks and sister chromatid exchanges in albinos in Nigeria. Clin Genet 15:17–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiu KC, Province MA, Permutt MA (1992) Glucokinase gene is genetic marker for NIDDM in American blacks. Diabetes 41:843–849.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cleaver JE, Kraemer KH (1989) Xeroderma pigmentosum. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D (eds) The metabolic basis of inherited disease. McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen L, Shapiro MP, Keen P, Henning AJH (1952) Malignant disease in the Transvaal. I. Cancer of the skin. S Afr Med J 26:932–939.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke KR, Skegg DCG, Fraser J (1984) Socio-economic status, indoor and outdoor work and malignant melanoma. Int J Cancer 34:57–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Creel D, Witkop CJ, King RA (1974) Asymmetric visually evoked potentials in human albinos: evidence for visual system anomalies. Invest Ophthalmol 13:430–440.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cruickshank JK (1989a) Continuing rarity of ischaemic heart disease in Afro-Caribbeans in the West Indies and the UK, and in West Africa. In: Cruickshank JK, Beevers DG (eds) Ethnid factors in health and disease. Wright, London, pp 264–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruickshank JK (1989b) Diabetes: contrasts between peoples of black (West African), Indian and white European origin. In: Cruickshank JK, Beevers DG (eds) Ethnic factors in health and disease. Wright, London, pp 289–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darr A, Modell B (1988) The frequency of consanguineous marriage among British Pakistanis. J Med Genet 25:186–190.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dean G (1971) The porphyrias. A story of inheritance and environment. Pitman, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devi ARR, Appaji Rao N, Bittles AH (1987) Inbreeding and the incidence of childhood genetic disorders in Karnataka, South India. J Med Genet 24:362–365.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diamond JM (1992) Diabetes running wild. Nature 357:362–363.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dowse GK, Gareeboo H, Zimmet PL, George K, Alberti MM, Tuomilehto J, Fareed D, Brissonnette LG, Finch CF (1990) High prevalence of NIDDM and impaired glucose tolerance in Indian, Creole and Chinese Mauritians. Diabetes 39:390–396.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dowse GK, Zimmet PZ, Finch CF, Collins V (1991) Decline in incidence of epidemic glucose tolerance in Nauruans: implications for the “thrifty genotype”. Am J Epidemiol 133:1093–1104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eales LJ, Nye KE, Parkin JM et al. (1987) Association of different allelic forms of group specific component with susceptibility to and clinical manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Lancet 1:999–1002.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eales LJ, Nye KE, Pinching AJ (1988) Group-specific component and AIDS: erroneous data. Lancet 1:936.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eckerson HW, Romson J, Whyte CM, LaDu BN (1983a) The human serum paraoxonase polymorphism: identification of phenotypes by their response to salts. Am J Hum Genet 35:214–227.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eckerson HW, Whyte CM, LaDu BN (1983b) The human serum paraoxonase/arylesterase polymorphism. Am J Hum Genet 35:1126–1138.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Editorial (1987) Sunburn and melanoma. Lancet 1:1184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eidus L, Glatthaar E, Hodgkin MM, Nel EE, Kleeberg HH (1979) Comparison of isoniazid phenotyping of black and white patients with emphasis on South African Blacks. Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm 17:311–316.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein LB, Philip R (1987) Abnormalities in the immune response to influenza antigen in Down syndrome (trisomy 21) In: McCoy E, Epstein C (eds) Oncology and immunology of Down syndrome. Liss, New York, pp 163–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans DAP (1962) Pharmacogenetics. Med Hyg 20:205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eze TL, Obidoa O (1978) Acetylation of sulfamethazine in a Nigerian population. Biochem Genet 16:1073–1077.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fawcett IW, Gammon PT (1975) Determination of the acetylator phenotype in a Northern Nigerian population. Tubercle 56:199–201.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes-Fosta FJ, Marshall J, Ritchie C, van Tonder SV, Dunn DS, Jenkins T, Metz J (1984) Transition from a hunter gatherer to a settled lifestyle in the !Kung San: effect on iron, folate, and vitamin B12 nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 40:1295–1303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fine PEM (1981) Immunogenetics of susceptibility to leprosy, tuberculosis and leishmaniasis: an epidemiological perspective Int J Lepr 49:437–454.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fine PEM (1982) Leprosy: the epidemiology of a slow bacterium. Epidemiol Rev 4:161–188.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flatz G (1987) Genetics of lactose digestion in humans. Genet 16:1–77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flatz G (1989) The genetic polymorphism of intestinal lactase activity in adult humans. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D (eds) The metabolic basis of inherited disease, 6th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 2999–3006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flatz G, Rotthauwe, HW (1973) Lactose nutrition and natural selection. Lancet 2:76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman BM, Baynes RD, Bothwell TH (1990) Dietary iron overload in southern African rural blacks. S Afr Med J 78:301–305.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frisch RE (1978a) Population, food intake and fertility. Science 199:22–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frisch RE (1978b) Menarche and fatness: re-examination of the critical body composition hypothesis. Science 200:1509–1513.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garred P, Madsen, HO, Kurtzhals JAL, Lamm LU, Thiel S, Hey AS, Svejeaard A (1992) Diallelic polymorphism may explain variations of the blood concentration of mannan-binding proteins in Eskimos but not in blacks. Eur J Immunogenet 19: 403–412.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garred P, Madsen, HO, Kurtzhals JA, Lamm LU, Thiel S, Hey AS, Svejeaard A (1993) Different alleles affect the plasma concentration of mannan-binding protein in various ethnic groups. Mol Immunol 30 Suppl: 11, 46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goedde HW, Agarwal DP, Harada S, Meier-Tackmann D, Ruofu D, Bienzle U, Kroeger A, Hussein L (1983) Population genetic studies on aldehyde dehydrogenase isozyme deficiency and alcohol sensitivity. Am J Hum Genet 35:769–772.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goedde HW, Rothhammer F, Benkmann HG, Bogdanski I (1984) Ecogenetic studies in Atacameno Indians. Hum Genet 67:343–346.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman A, Ramsay M, Jenkins T (1994) Absence of myotonic dystrophy in southern African Negroids is associated with a ignificantly lower number of CTG trinucleotide repeats. J Med Genet 31:37–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordeuk VR (1992) Hereditary and nutritional iron overload. Ballieres Clin Haemotol 5:169–186.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordeuk VR, Boyd RD, Brittenham GM (1986) Dietary iron overload persists in rural sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet 1:1310–1313.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordeuk VR, Mukiibi J, Hasstedt SJ (1992) Iron overload in Africa. Interaction between a gene and dietary iron content. N Engl J Med 326:95–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorlin RJ, Cohen MM, Levin LS (1990) Syndromes of the head and neck, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford (Oxford monographs on medical genetics, no 19).

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham JM (1988) Smith’s recognisable patterns of human deformation, 2nd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg LJ, Martell RW, Theilman J, Hayden MR, Joubert J (1991) Genetic linkage between Huntington disease and the D4510 locus in South African families: further evidence against non-allelic heterogeneity. Hum Genet 87:701–708.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grell GAC (1989), Management of hypertension in the Caribbean: the Jamaican perspective. In: Cruickshank JK, Beevers DG (eds) Ethnic factors in health and disease. Wright, London, pp 305–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall WD (1985) Pharmacologic therapy of hypertension in blacks. In: Hall WD, Saunders E, Shulman NB (eds) Hypertension in blacks. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, pp 182–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammel HT (1964) Terrestrial animals in cold: recent studies of primitive man. In: Dill DB, Adolph EF, Wilber CG, (eds) Adaption to the environment. American Physiological Society, Washington, pp 413–434 (Handbook of physiology, Sect 4).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanna JM, Baker PT (1974) Comparative heat tolerance of Shipibo Indians and Peruvian Mestizos. Hum Biol 46:69–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harper PS (1990) Genetics services in the community. J Med Genet 27:473–474.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey RG (1971) The ‘red-skins’ of Lufa sub-district. Further observations on the distinctive skin pigmentation of some New Guinea indigenes. Hum Biol Oceania 1:103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hashem N, Khalifa S, Nour A (1969) The frequency of isoniazid acetylase enzyme deficiency among Egyptians. Am J Phys Anthropol 31:97–101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hassett C, Richter RJ, Humbert R, Chapline C, Crabb JW, Omiecinski CJ, Furlong CE (1991) Characterization of cDNA clones encoding rabbit and human serum paraoxonase: the mature protein retains its signal significance. Biochemistry 30:10141–10150.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heinonen OP, Slone D, Shapiro S (1977) Birth defects and drugs in pregnancy. Publishing Sciences Group, Littleton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higginson J, Oettle AG (1960) Cancer incidence in the Bantu and Cape Coloured races of South Africa: report of a cancer survey in the Transvaal. INGI 24:589–671.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubert P, Lindpainter K, Beckmann JS, Serikawa T, Soubrier F (1991) Chromosome mapping of two genetic loci associated with blood pressure regulation in hereditary hypertensive rats. Nature 353:521–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill AVS (1992) Malaria resistance genes: a natural selection. Trans, R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86:225–226, 232.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill AVS, Allsopp CEM, Kwiatkowski D, Anstey NM, Twumasi P, Rowe PA, Bennett S, Brewster D, McMichael AJ, Greenwood BM (1991) Common West African HLA antigens are associated with protection from severe malaria. Nature 352:595–660.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hitzeroth HW, Hofmeyer JDJ (1964) A survey of albinism among the Bantu of South Africa. Mankind Q 5:81–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes IH, Schnael RD, Rodger SM, Ruck BJ, Gust ID, Bishop RF, Barnes GL (1976) Is lactase the receptor and uncoating enzyme for infantile enteritis (rota) viruses? Lancet 2:1387–1388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Honigfeld LS, Kaplan DW (1987) Native American postneonatal mortality. Pediatrics 80:575–578.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hook EG (1982) Epidemiology of Down syndrome. In: Pueschel SM, Rynders JE (eds) Advances in biomedicine and behavioural sciences. Ware, Cambridge/MA, pp 11–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hook EB (1992) Consanguinity and Down syndrome in the Shetland Islands (Letter) Hum Genet 89:462–466.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hornabrook RW, McDonald WI, Carroll RL (1980) Congenital nystagmus among the redskins of the highlands of Papua New Guinea. Br J Opthalmol 64:375.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Humbert R, Adler DA, Disteche CM, Hassett C, Omiecinski CJ, Furlong CE (1993) The molecular basis of the human serum paraoxonase activity polymorphism. Nature [Gene] 3:73–76.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter AGW, Thomspon D, Speevak M (1987) Midtrimester genetic amniocentesis in eastern Ontario: a review from 1970 to 1985. J Med Genet 24:335–343.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huntington’s Disease Collaborative Research Group (1993) A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington’s disease chromosome. Cell 72:971–983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isaacson C, Selzer G, Kaye V, Greenberg M, Woodruff JD, Davies J, Ninin D, Vetten D, Andrews M (1978) Cancer in the urban blacks in South Africa. S Afr Cancer Bull 22:49–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Itayemi SO, Abioye AA, Ogan O, Daramola DO, Oluwasanmi JO (1979) Aggressive basal cell carcinoma in Nigerians. Br J Dermatol 101:465–468.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jamison DT, Mosley WH (1991) Disease control priorities in developing countries: health polcy responses to epidemiological change. Am J Public Health 81:15–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jazwiska EC, Bhatia K, Jenkins C, Serjeantson SW (1990) HLA class II RFLP-typing in tinea imbricata patients from Papua New Guinea. Tissue Antigens 35:99–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins T (1972) Genetic polymorphisms of man in southern Africa. MD thesis, University of London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins T (1982) human evolution in southern Africa. In: The unfolding genome. Liss, New York, pp 227–253 (Human genetics, part A).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins T (1986) Genetic variation and disease in Southern African peoples. In: Singer R, Lundy JK (eds) Variation, culture, and evolution in African populations. Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, pp 143–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins T (1990) Medical genetics in South Africa. J Med Genet 27:760–779.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins T, Lehmann H, Nurse GT (1974) Public health and genetic constitution of the San (“Bushmen”): carbohydrate metabolism and acetylator status of the !Kung of Tsumkwe in the north-western Kalahari. Br Med J 2:23–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jersky J, Kinsley RH (1967) Lactase deficiency in the South African Bantu. S Afr Med J 41:1194–1196.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeunemaitre X, Soubrier F, Kotelevtsev YV, Lifton RP, Williams CS (1992) Molecular basis of human hypertension: role of angiotensinogen. Cell 71:169–180.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Juberg RC, Davis LM (1970) Etiology and nondisjunction: lack of evidence for genetic control. Cytogenetics 9:284–293.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Juberg RC, Mowrey PN (1983) Origin of nondisjunction in trisomy 21 syndrome. Am J Med Genet 16:111–116.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khatri ML, Shafi M, Mishina A (1992) Xeroderma pigmentosum. A clinical study of 24 Libyan cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 26:75–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King RA, Olds DP (1985) Hairbulb tyrosinase activity in oculocutaneous albinism: suggestions for pathway control and block location. Am J Med Genet 20:49–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King RA, Creel D, Cervenka J, Okoro AN, Witkop CJ (1980) Albinism in Nigeria with delineation of new recessive oculocutaneous type. Clin Genet 17:259–270.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King-Underwood L, Gudnason V, Humphries S, Seed M, Patel D, Knight B, Soutar A (1991) Identification of the 664 proline to leucine mutation in the low density lipoprotein receptor in four unrelated patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Clin Genet 40:17–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolodny EH (1979) Tay-Sachs disease. In: Goodman RM, Motulsky AG (eds) Genetic diseases in Ashkenazi Jews. Raven, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kromberg JGR, Jenkins T (1982) Prevalence of albinism in the South African Negro. S Afr Med J 61:383–386.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kromberg JGR, Zwane ME (1993) Down syndrome in the black population of the southern Transvaal. S A J Child Adolescent Psychiatry 5:30–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kromberg JGR, Castle D, Zwane ME, Jenkins T (1989) Albinism and skin cancer in southern Africa. Clin Genet 36:43–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kromberg JGR, Castle DJ, Zwane EM, Bothwell J, Kidson S, Bartel P, Phillips JI, Jenkins T (1990) Red or rufous albinism in southern Africa. Opthalmic Paediatr Genet 11:229–235.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kubitschek HE, Baker KS, Peak MJ (1986) Enhancement of mutagenesis and human skin cancer rates resulting from increased influences of solar ultra violet radiation. Photochem Photobiol 43:443–447.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LaDu BN (1972) Isoniazid and pseudocholinesterase polymorphisms. Fed Proc 31: 1276–1285.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lancaster PAL (1989) Birth defects in Aborigines (Editorial). Med J Aust 151:241–242.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leck I (1984) The geographical distribution of neural tube defects and oral clefts. Br Med Bull 40:390–395.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee RB (1979) The !Kung San. Men, women and work in a foraging society. Cambridge University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipscombe RJ, Sumiya M, Hill AVS, Lau YL, Levinsky RJ, Summerfield JA, Turner MW (1992) High frequencies in African and non-African populations of independent mutations in the mannose-binding protein gene. Hum Mol Genet 1:709–715.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Livingstone D (1857) Missionary travels. Murray, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luande J, Henschke CI, Mohammed N (1985) The Tanzanian human albino skin. Cancer 55:1823–1828.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luft FC, Grim CE, Fineberg N, Weinberger MM (1979) Effects of volume expansion and contraction in normotensive whites, blacks and subjects of different ages. Circulation 59:643–650.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luzzatto L (1990) Genetic factors modifying tropical disorders. In: Warren KS, Mahmoud AD (eds) Tropical and geographical medicine, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacPhail AP, Simon MO, Torrance JD et al. (1979) Changing patterns of dietary iron overload in black South Africans. Am J Clin Nutr 32:1272–1278.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKeigue PM, Miller GJ, Marmot MG (1989) Coronary heart disease in South Asians overseas: a review. J Clin Epidemiol 42:597–609.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLaren EH, Burden AC, Moorhead PJ (1977) Acetylator phenotype in diabetic neuropathy. Br Med J 2:291–293.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller GJ (1991) Some recent advances in non-communicable diseases in the tropics. III. coronary heart disease and associated characteristics in a tropical developing community. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85:332–335.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Modell B (1990) Cystic fibrosis screening and community genetics. J Med Genet 27:475–479.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Modell B, Kuliev AM (1992) Social and genetic implications of customary consanguineous marriage among British Pakistanis. Galton Institute, London (Occasional papers, 2nd series, no 4).

    Google Scholar 

  • Motulsky AG, Morrow A (1968) Atypical cholinesterase gene E1a: rarity in negroes and most orientals. Science 159:202–203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mourant AE, Kopec A, Domaniewska-Sobczak K (1978) Blood groups and disease. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulvihill JJ (1981) Cancer control through genetics. In: Arrighi FE, Rao PN, Stubblefield E (eds) Genes, chromosomes and neoplasias. Raven, New York, pp 501–520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Narayanan HS (1981) A study of the prevalence of mental retardation in southern India. Int J Mental Health 10:28–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neel JV (1962) A ‘thrifty’ genotype rendered detrimental by progress? Am J Hum Genet 14:353–361.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neel JV (1974) A note on congenital defects in two unacculturated Indian tribes. In: Janerich DT, Skalko RG, Porter IH (eds) Congenital defects. New direction in research. Academic, New York, pp 3–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nei M, Saitou N (1986) Genetic relationships of human populations and ethnic differences in relation to drugs and food. In: Kalow W, Goedde HW, Agarwal DP (eds) Ethnic differences in reactions to drugs and other xenobiotics. Liss, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novo E, Garcia MI, Lavergne J (1993) Nonspecific immunity in Down syndrome: a study of chemotaxis, phagocytosis, oxidative metabolism, and cell surface marker expression of polymorphonuclear cells. Am J Med Genet 46:384–481.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nurse GT, Jenkins T (1977) Health and the hunter gatherer. Karger, Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nurse GT, Weiner JS, Jenkins T (1985) The peoples of southern Africa and their affinities. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Dea K (1991) Westernization, insulin resistance and diabetes in Australian Aborigines. Med JAust 155:258–264.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oettle AG (1963) Skin cancer in Africa. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 10:197–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okoro AN (1975) Albinism in Nigeria. A clinial and social study. Br J Dermatol 92:485–492.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Op’t Hof J (1989) Proceedings of Mental Handicap in South Africa Appraisal Study Workshop, May, Johannesburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orren A, Potter PC, Cooper RC, du Toit E (1987) Deficiency of the sixth component of complement and susceptibility to Neisseria meningitides infections: studes in 10 families and 5 isolated cases. Immunology 62:249–253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osuntokun BO (1911) Neurologial diseases. In: Strickland GT (ed) Hunter’s tropical medicine, 7th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 82–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearson K, Nettleship E, Usher CH (1911) A monograph on albinism in man. Drapers, London (Research memoirs biometric series 8).

    Google Scholar 

  • Penchaszadeh VB (1979) Frequency and characteristics of birth defects admissions to a pediatric hospital in Venezuela. Am J Med Genet 3:359–369.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penrose LS (1970) Genetik und Gesellschaft. In: Wendt GG (ed) Qenetik und Gesellschaft. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters JH, Miller KS, Brown P (1965) The determination of isoniazed and its metabolism in human urine. Anal Biochem 12:379–394.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettifor JM, Benson R (1975) Congenital malformations associated with the administration of oral anticoagulants during pregnancy. J Pediatr 86:459–462.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pijper A (1918) Tinea imbricata in South Africa. J Trop Med Hyg 21:45–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polednak AP (1986) Birth defects in blacks and whites in relation to prenatal development: a review and hypothesis. Hum Biol 58:317–335.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polednak AP (1989) Racial and ethnic differences in disease. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poulter N (1989) Blood pressure in urban and rural East Africa: the Kenyan Luo migrant study. In: Cruickshank JK, Beevers DG(eds) Ethnic factors in health and disease. Wright, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramsay M, Colman M-A, Stevens G, Zwane ME, Kromberg JGR, Farrall M, Jenkins T (1992) The tyrosinase-positive oculocutaneous albinism locus maps to chromosome 15q11.2-q12. Am J Hum Genet 51:879–884.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riemerschmid G (1940) South African solar radiation survey. Onderstepoort J Vet Sci 15:343–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rinaldi E, Albini L, Costagniola C, Derosa G, Auricchio G, Devizia B, Auricchio S (1984) High frequency of lactose absorbers among adults with idiopathic senile and presenile cataract in a population with a high prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorbtion. Lancet 1:355–357.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rinchik EM, Bultman SJ, Horsthemke B, Lee S-T, Strunk KM, Spritz RA, Avidano KM, Jong MTC, Nicholls RD (1993) A gene for the mouse pink-eyed dilute locus and for human type II oculocutaneous albinism. Nature 361:72–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts DF, Sacran FM, Wilson JOC (1970) Active sweat gland distribution in Chaingang Indians. Am J Phys Anthropol 32:395–400.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts DF, Kromberg JGR, Jenkins T (1986) Differentiation of heterozygotes in recessive albinism. J Med Genet 23:323–327.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts DF, Roberts MJ, Johnston AW (1991) Genetic epidemiology of Down’s syndrome in Shetland. Hum Genet 87:57–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts WC (1989) Atherosclerotic risk factors — are there ten or is there only one? Am J Cardiol 64:552–554.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roddie A, Bundey S (1992) Racial distribution of Duchenne muscular dystrophy in the West Midlands region of Britain. J Med Genet 29:555–557.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose E (1973) Pigment variation in relation to protection and susceptibility to cancer. Pigment Cell Res 1:236–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross SC, Densen P (1984) Complement deficiency states and infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis and consequences of neisserial and other infections in an immune deficiency. Medicine (Baltimore) 63:243–273.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Royal College of Physicians (1989) Prenatal diagnosis and genetic screening. Community and service implications. Royal College of Physicians, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubinsztein DC, Coetzee GA, Marais AD, Leitersdorf E, Seftel HC, van der Westhuyzen DR (1992) Identification and properties of the proline664 →leucine mutant LDL receptor in South Africans of Indian origin. J Lipid Res 33:1647–1655.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubinsztein DC, Jialal I, Leitersdorf E, Coetzee GA, van der Westhuyzen DR (1993) Identification of two new LDL-receptor mutations causing homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia in a South African of Indian origin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1182:75–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell SL, Russell DW (1973) Isoniazid acetylator phenotyping of Amharas in Ethopia. Afr J Med Sci 4:1–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salako LA, Aderounmu AF (1977) Determination of the isoniazid acetylator phenotype in a West African population. Tubercle 58:109–112.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salzano FM (1992) Disease load and sociocultural change in South American Indians. Interciencia 17:76–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salzano FM, Callegari-Jacques SM (1988) South American Indians. A case study in evolution. Clarendon, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer O (1981) Eskimos (Inuit). In: Trowell H, Burkitt D (eds) Western diseases: their emergence and prevention. Harvard University Press, Cambridge/MA, pp 113–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scotto J, Fraumeni JF (1982) Skin (other than melanoma): In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF (eds) Cancer epidemiology and prevention. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 996–1011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scotto J, Fears TR, Fraumeni JF (1982) Solr radiation. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF (eds) Cancer epidemiology and Prevention. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 254–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scrimgeour EM (1981) Huntington’s disease in Tanzania. J Med Genet 18:200–203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scrimgeour E (1982) The Huntington’s chorea register in Tanzania. East Afr Med J 59:280–282.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scrimgeour EM, Pfumojena JW (1992) Huntington disease in black Zimbabwean families living near the Mozambique border. Am J Med Genet 44:762–766.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scrimgeour EM, Simpson SA (1992) Huntington disease in black African populations. Hum Genet 90:186–187.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seedat YK (1993) Why is coronary heart disease uncommon in South African blacks? Specialist Med 15:36–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Segal I, Noormohamed AM (1983) Lactase deficiency in the South African black population. Am J Glin Nutr 38:901–905.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Serjeantson SW, Lawrence G (1977) Autosomal recessive inheritance and susceptibility to tinea imbricata. Lancet 1:13–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Serjeantson SW, Board PG, Bhatia KK (1992) Population genetics in Papua New Guinea: a perspective on human evolution. In: Attenborough RD, Alpers MP (eds) Human biology in Papua New Guinea. The small cosmos. Clarendon, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sever JL, Gilkeson MR, Chen TC, Ley AC, Edmons D (1970) Epidemiology of mongolism in the collaborative project. Ann N Y Acad Sci 171:328–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sievers ML, Fisher JR (1981) Diseases of North American Indians. In: Rothschild H (ed) Biocultural aspects of disease. Academic, New York, pp 191–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sillence DO, Barlow KK, Cole WG, Dietrich S, Garber AP, Rimoin DL (1986) Osteogenesis imperfecta type III. Delineation of the phenotype with reference to genetic heterogeneity. Am J Med Genet 23:821–832.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simoons FJ (1978) The geographic hypothesis and lactose malabsorption. A weighing of the evidence. Am J Dig Dis 23:963–980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sokal DC, Boyd JR, Chen ATL, Goldberg MF, Oakley GP (1980) Prenatal chromosomal diagnosis: racial and geographic variation for older women in Georgia. JAMA 244:1355–1357.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soutar AK, Knight BL, Patel DD (1989) Identification of a point mutation in growth factor repeat C of the low density lipoprotein-receptor gene in a patient with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia that affects ligand binding and intracellular movement of receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:4166–4170.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spurdle A, Jenkins T (1992) The inverted Y chromosome polymorphism in the Gujerati Muslim Indian population of South Africa has a single origin. Hum Hered 42: 330–332.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stannus HS (1913) Anomalies of pigmentation among natives of Nyasaland: a contribution to the study of albinism. Biometrika 9:333–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steel CM, Ludlam CA, Beatson D et al. (1988) HLA haplotype A1B8DR3 as a risk factor for HIV-related disease. Lancet 1:1185–1188.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stein Z, Belmont L, Durkin M (1987) mild mental retardation and severe mental retardation compared: experiences in eight less developed countries. Ups J Med Sci Suppl 44:89–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoll DB, Ruschak P, Kauh Y, Martin J, Luscombe H (1981) Lentigo maligna in woman with oculocutaneous albinism. Arch Dermatol 117:360–361.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strickland GT (ed) (1991) Hunter’s tropical medicine, 7th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 82–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sumiya M, Surer M, Tabona P, Levinsky RJ, Arai T, Turner MW, Summerfield JA (1991) Molecular basis of opsonic defect in immunodeficient children. Lancet 337: 1569–1570.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Super M, Thiel S, Lu J, Levinsky RJ, Turner MW (1989) Association of low levels of mannan-binding protein with a common defect of opsonisation. Lancet 2:1236–1239.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swai AB, Kitange HM, Masuki G, Kilima PK, Albert MM, McLarty DG (1992) Is diabeted mellitus related to undernutrition in rural Tanzania. Brit Med J 305: 1057–1062.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Syeda W (1988) Muslim couples and genetic counselling. In: Bundey S, Roberts DF (eds) Health and consanguinity in immigrant populations in Britain. Biol Soc 5:22–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomson N (1984) Aboriginal health — current status. Aust N Z J Med 14:705–718.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Travis J (1993) The risks of inbreeding. Science 259:1252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Ginneken JK, Muller AS (eds) (1984) Maternal and child health in rural Kenya. An epidemiological study. Croom Helm, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vesell ES (1973) Advances in pharmacogenetics. Prog Med Genet 9:291–367.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel F, Motulsky AG (1986) Human genetics, 2nd ed. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Voorhoeve AM, Muller AS, W’oigo H (1984) The outcome of pregnancy. In: van Ginneken JK, Muller AS (eds) Maternal and child health in rural Kenya. Croom Helm, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wald NJ, Cuckle HS, Densem JW, Nanchahal K, Royston P, Chard T, Haddow JE, Knight GJ, Palomaki GE, Canick JA (1988) Maternal serum screening for Down’s syndrome in early pregnancy. Br Med J 297:883–888.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker S, Howard PJ (1986) Cytogenetic prenatal diagnosis and its relative effectiveness in the Mersey region and north Wales. Prenat Diagn 6:13–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh J (1971) A distinctive pigment of the skin in New Guinea indigenes. Ann Hum Genet 34:379–388.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward JS, Bredell GAG, Wenzel HG (1969) Responses of Bushmen and Europeans on exposure to winter night temperatures in the Kalahari. J Appl Physiol 15:667–670.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weatherall DJ (1990) Common genetic disorders in the Tropics. In: Warren KS, Mahmoud AD (eds) Tropical and geographical medicine, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weatherall DJ, Bell JI, Clegg JB, Flint J, Higgs DR, Hill AVS, Pasvol G, Thein SL (1988) Genetic factors as determinants of infectious disease transmission in human communities. Philog Trans R Soc Lond [Biol] 321:327–348.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss KM, Ferrell RE, Hanis CL 81984) A New World syndrome of metabolic diseases with a genetic and evolutionary basis. Yearbook Phys Anthropol 27:153–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss KM, Georges E, Aguirre A, Francis JG, Ruiz R, Luna TR, Levy BM, Buchanan AV (1987) Cleft lip/palate in Mayans of the State of Campeche, Mexico. Hum Biol 59:775–783.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (1983) Community control of hereditary anaemias: memorandum from a WHO meeting. Bull WHO 61:63–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson TW (1986) History of salt supplies in west Africa and blood pressures today. Lancet 1:784–786.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson TW, Grim CE (1991) Biohistory of slavery and blood pressure differences in blacks today. Hypertension17 suppl 1:122–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Witkop CJ, Quevedo WC, Fitzpatrick TB, King RA (1989) Albinism. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Vall D (eds) The metabolic basis of inherited disease. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 2905–2948.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyndham CH, Morrison JF (1958) Adjustment to cold of Bushmen in the Kalahari desert. J Appl Physiol 13:219–225.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wyndham CH, Morrison JF, Ward JS, Bredell GAG, Von Rahden MJE, Holdsworth LD, Wenzel HG, Munro A (1964) Physiological reactions to cold of Bushmen, Bantu and Caucasian males. J Appl Physiol 19:868–876.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young ID (1992) Incidence and genetics of congenital malformations. In: Brock DJH, Rodeck CH, Ferguson-Smith MA (eds) Prenatal diagnosis and screening. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young ID, Brickett AB, Clarke M (1986) Genetic analysis of malformations causing perinatal mortality. J Med Genet 23:58–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zang KD (ed) (1984) Klinische Genetik des Alkoholismus. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmet PZ (1991a) Int Diabetes Farn Bull 36:30–32 (cited by Diamond 1992).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmet PZ (1991b) Challenges in diabetes epidemiology — from West to the rest. Diabetes Care 15:232–252.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. T. Jenkins
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jenkins, T. (1995). Genetic Diseases in the Tropics. In: Tropical Pathology. Spezielle pathologische Anatomie, vol 8. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57863-2_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57863-2_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-63384-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-57863-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation