Zusammenfassung
Die Leber ist das größte solide Organ und die größte exokrine Drüse des Menschen. Sie nimmt eine zentrale Stellung im Stoffwechsel endogener Substanzen sowie im Abbau und in der Elimination exogen zugeführter Stoffe ein. Das Organ besteht aus Parenchym- und Mesenchymzellen, dem Gallengangsystem, Blut- und Lymphgefäßen, Nerven und der bindegewebigen extrazellulären Matrix. Tabelle 3.1.1 zeigt die zahlenmäßige Verteilung unterschiedlicher Zelltypen in der menschlichen Leber.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Akiyoshi H, Gonda T, Terada T (1998) A comparative histochemical and immunohistochemical study of aminergic, cholinergic and peptidergic innervation in rat, hamster, guinea pig, dog and human livers. Liver 18: 352–359
Arias IM, Jakoby WB, Boyer JL, Fausto N, Schachter D, Shafritz DA (eds) (1994) The liver. Biology and pathobiology. Raven Press, New York
Bioulac-Sage P, Lafon ME, Saric J et al. (1990) Nerves and perisinusoidal cells in human liver. J Hepatol 10: 105–112
Bloch EH (1970) The termination of hepatic arterioles and functional unit of the liver as determined by microscopy of the living organ. Ann NY Acad Sci 170: 78–87
Brissaud E, Sabourin C (1888) Sur la constitution lobulaire du foie et les voies de la circulation sanguine intra-hepatique. C R Soc Biol Annee 8: 757–776
Ding WG, Fujimura M, Mori A et al. (1991) Light and electron microscopy of neuropeptide Y-containing nerves in human liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Gastroenterology 101: 1054–1058
Ekataksin W (2000) The isolated artery: an intrahepatic arterial pathway that can bypass the lobular parenchyma in mammalian livers. Hepatology 31: 269–279
Ekataksin W, Wake K (1997) New concepts in biliary and vascular anatomy of the liver. Progr Liver Dis 15: 1–30
Ekataksin W, Kaneda K (1999) Liver microvascular architecture: an insight into the pathophysiology of portal hypertension. Semin Liver Dis 19: 359–382
Elias H (1949) A re-examination of the structure of the mammalian liver 11: the hepatic lobule and its relation to the vascular and biliary systems. Am J Anat 85: 379–456
Forssmann WG, Ito S (1977) Hepatocyte innervation in primates. J Cell Biol 74: 299–313
Gardemann A, Puschell GP, Jungermann K (1992) Nervous control of liver metabolism and hemodynamics. Eur J Biochem 207: 399–411
Gerber MA, Thung SN (1978) Carcinoembryonic antigen in normal and diseased liver tissue. Am J Pathol 92: 671–680
Jungermann K, Gardemann A, Beuers U et al. (1987) Regulation of liver metabolism by the hepatic nerves. Adv Enzyme Regul 26: 63–88
Kiernan F (1833) The anatomyand physiologyof the liver. Philos Trans R Soc London 123: 711–770
Lautt WW (1980) Hepatic nerves: a review of their functions and effects. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 56: 679–682
Ludwig J, Ritman EL, LaRusso NF et al. (1998) Anatomy of the human biliary system studied by quantitative computer-aided three dimensional imaging techniques. Hepatology 27: 893–899
Mac Sween RNM, Scothorne RJ (1994) Developmental anatomy and normal structure. In: MacSween RNM, Anthony PP, Scheuer PJ, Burt AD, Portmann BC (eds) Pathology of the liver. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 1–49
Mall FP (1906) A study of the structural unit of the liver. Am J Anat 5: 227–308
Matsumoto T, Komori R, Magara T et al. (1979) A study of the normal structure of the human liver, with special reference to its angioarchitecture. Jikeikai Med J 26: 1–40
Rappaport AM, Borowy ZJ, Longheed WM et al. (1954) Subdivision ofhexagonalliver lobules into a structural and functional unit; role in hepatic physiology and pathology. Anat Res 119: 11
Saxena R, Theise ND, Crawford JM (1999) Microanatomy of the human liver — exploring the hidden interfaces. Hepatology 30: 1339–1346
Seseke FG, Gardemann A, Jungermann K (1992) Signal propagation via gap junctions, a key step in the regulation of liver metabolism by the sympathetic hepatic nerves. FEBS Letters 301:265–270
Tarada T, Nakanuma Y, Ohta G (1987) Glandular elements around the intrahepatic bile ducts in man: their morphology and distribution in normal livers. Liver 7: 1–8
Tiniakos DG, Lee JA, Burt AD (1996) Innervation of the liver: morphology and function. Liver 16: 151–160
Trutmann M, Sasse D (1994) The lymphatics of the liver. Anat Embryol 190:201–209
Beck K, Hunter I, Engel J (1990) Structure and function oflaminin: anatomy of a multidomain glycoprotein. FASEB J 4: 148–160
Burgeson RE (1988) New collagens, new concepts. Annu Rev Cell Biol 4: 551–577
Hynes RO (1987) Integrins: a family of cell surface receptors. Cell 48: 549–554
Laurent GJ (1987) Dynamic state of collagen: pathways of collagen degradation in vivo and their possible role in regulation of collagen mass. Am J Physiol 252: C1–C9
Musso O, Rehn M, Saarela J et al. (1998) Collagen XVIII is localized in sinusoids and basement membrane zones and expressed by hepatocytes and activated stellate cells in fibrotic human liver. Hepatology 28: 98–107
Petrides PE (1998) Binde-und Stützgewebe. In: Löffler G, Petrides PE (Hrsg) Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, 6. Aufl. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 733–759
Prockop DJ, Kivirikko KI, Tuderman L et al. (1979) The biosynthesis of collagen and its disorders. N Engl J Med 301: 13–23
Rojkind M, Giambrone MA, Biempica L (1979) Collagen types in normal and cirrhotic liver. Gastroenterology 76: 710–719
Ruoslahti E (1988) Structure and biology of proteoglycans. Annu Rev Cell Biol 4: 229–255
Schuppan D (1990) Structure of the extracellular matrix in normal and fibrotic liver: collagens and glycoproteins. Semin Liver Dis 10: 1–10
Schuppan D, Gressner AM (1999) Function and metabolism of collagens and other extracellular matrix proteins. In: Bircher J, Benhamou J-P, McIntyre N, Rizzetto M, Rodés J (eds) Oxford textbook of clinical hepatology, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, pp 381–407
Hepatozyten
Bainton DF (1981) The discovery of lysosomes. J Cell Biol 91: 66s–76s
Feldmann G (1989) The cytoskeleton of the hepatocyte. Structure and functions. J Hepatol 8: 380–386
Feldmann G (1992) Liver ploidy. J Hepatol 16: 7–10
Lazarides E (1980) Intermediate filaments as mechanical integrators of cellular space. Nature 283: 249–256
Loud AV (1968) A quantitative stereological description of the ultrastructure of normal rat liver parenchymal cells. J Cell Biol 37: 27–46
Meier PY (1988) Transport polarity of hepatocytes. Semin Liver Dis 8: 293–307
Moll R, Franke WW, Schiller DL et al. (1982) The catalogue of human cytokeratins: patterns of expression in normal epithelia, tumors and cultured cells. Cell 31: 11–24
Moll R, Schiller DL, Franke WW (1990) Identification of protein IT of the intestinal cytoskeleton as a novel type I cytokeratin with unusual properties and expression patterns. J Cell Biol 111: 567–580
Radu A, Blobel G, Moore SM (1995) Identification of a protein complex that is required for nuclear protein import and mediates docking of import substrate to distinct nucleoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 1769–1773
Rouiller C, Bernard W (1956) “Microbodies” and the problem of mitochondrial regeneration in liver cells. J Biophys Biochem Cytol [suppl 2]: 355–358
Schroer TA, Sheetz MP (1991) Functions of microtubule-based motors. Ann Rev Physiol 53: 629–652
Stemlieb J, Quintara N (1977) The peroxisomes of human hepatocytes. Lab Invest 36: 140–149
Van Eyken P, Desmet VJ (1993) Cytokeratins and the liver. Liver 13: 113–122
Wang E, Fischmann D, Liem PKH et al. (1985) Intermediate filaments. Ann NY Acad Sci 455: 32–56
Sinusendothelzellen
Balabaud C, Boulard A, Quinton A et al. (1988) Light and transmission electron microscopy of sinusoids in human liver. In: Bioulac-Sage P, Balabaud C (eds) Sinusoids in human liver: health and disease. Kupffer Cell Foundation, pp 87–110
Burt AD, Le Bail B, Balabaud C et al. (1993) Morphologie investigation of sinusoidal cells. Semin Liver Dis 13: 21–38
Smedsrod B, Pertoft H, Gustafson S et al. (1990) Scavenger functions of the liver endothelial cell. Biochem J 266: 313–327
Smedsbrod B, DeBleeser PJ, Braet F et al. (1994) Cell biology of liver endothelial and Kupffer cells. Gut 35: 1509–1516
Wake K (1995) Structure of the sinusoidal wall in the liver. In: Wisse E, Knook DL, Wake K (eds) Cells of the hepatic sinusoid. Kupffer Cell Foundation, pp 241–246
Wisse E, De Zanger RB, Charles K et al. (1985) The liver sieve: considerations concerning the structure and function of endothelial fenestrae, the sinusoidal wall and the space of Disse. Hepatology 5: 683–692
Kupffer-Zellen
Bode JG, Peters-Regehr T, Schliess F et al. (1998) Activation of mitogen-activated kinases and IL-6 release in response to lipopolysaccharides in Kupffer cells is modulated by anisoosmolarity. J Hepatol 28: 795–802
Decker K (1990) Biologically active products of stimulated liver macrophages (Kupffer cells). Eur J Biochem 192: 245–261
Wake K, Decker K, Kim A et al. (1989) Cell biology and kinetics of Kupffer cells in the liver. Int Rev Cytol 118: 173–229
Ito-Zellen
Bataller R, Nicolas JP, Ginès P et al. (1997) Arginine vasopressin induces contraction and stimulates growth of cultured human hepatic stellate cells. Gastroenterology 113: 615–624
Bioulac-Sage P, Lafon ME, Saric J et al. (1990) Nerves and perisinusoidal cells in human liver. J Hepatol 10: 105–112
Friedman SL (1996). Hepatic stellate cells. In: Boyer JL, Ockner RK (eds) Progress in liver diseases, vol XIV, Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 101–130
Gabriel A, Kuddus RH, Rao AS et al. (1999) Down-regulation of endothelin receptors by transforming growth factor ß1 in hepatic stellate cells. J Hepatol 30: 440–450
Hautekeete ML, Geerts A (1997) The hepatic stellate (Ito) cell: its role in human liver disease. Virchows Arch 430: 195–207
Ito T (1951) Cytological studies on stellate cells of Kupffer and fat storing cells in the capillary wall of human liver. Acta Anat Nippon 26: 2
Knittel T, Kobold D, Saile B et al. (1999) Rat liver myofibroblasts and hepatic stellate cells: different cell populations of the fibroblast lineage with fibrogenic potential. Gastroenterology 117: 1205–1221
Mallat A, Lotersztajn S (1996) Multiple hepatic functions of endothelin-1: physiopathological relevance. J Hepatol 25: 405–413
Pinzani M (1995) Hepatic stellate (ITO) cells: expanding roles for a liver-specific pericyte. J Hepatol 22: 700–706
Pinzani M, Milani S, De Franco R et al. (1996) Endothelin-1 is overexpressed in cirrhotic liver and exerts multiple effects on activated human hepatic stellate cells. Gastroenterology 110: 534–548
Pinzani M, Marra F, Carloni V (1998) Signal transduction in hepatic stellate cells. Liver 18: 2–13
Ramadori G (1991) The stellate cell (Ito-cell, fat-storing cell, lipocyte, perisinusoidal cell) of the liver. N ew insights into pathophysiology of an intriguing cell. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol 61: 147–158
Sakaida I, Nagatomi A, Hironaka K et al. (1999) Quantitative analysis of liver fibrosis and stellate cell changes in patients with chronic hepatitis C after interferon therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 94: 489–496
Schmitt-Gräff A, Krüger S, Borchard F et al. (1991) Modulation of alpha smooth muscle actin and desmin expression in perisinusoidal cells of normal and diseased human livers. Am J Pathol 138: 1233–1242
Wake K (1971) “stemzellen” in the liver: perisinusoidal cells with special reference to storage of vitamin A. Am J Anat 132:429–462
Pit-Zellen
Bouwens L, Wisse E (1992) Pit cells in the liver. Liver 12: 3–9
Winnock M, Barcina MG, Lukomska B et al. (1993) Liver-associated lymphocytes: role in tumor defense. Semin Liver Dis 13: 81–92
Wisse E, van’t Noordende IM, van der Meulen I et al. (1976) The pit cell: description of a new type of cell occurring in rat liver sinusoids and peripheral blood. Cell Tiss Res 173: 423–435
Biliäre Epithelzellen
Alpini G, Phillips JO, LaRusso NF (1994) The biology of biliary epithelia. In: Arias IM (ed) The liver. Biology and pathobiology, 3rd ed. Raven Press, New York, pp 623–653
Desmet VJ (1985) Intrahepatic bile ducts under the lens. J Hepatol 1: 545–559
Sirica AE (1992) Biology of biliary epithelial cells. In: Boyer IL, Ockner RK (eds) Progress in liver diseases, vol X. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 63–87
Tavoloni N (1987) The intrahepatic biliary epithelium: an area of growing interest in hepatology. Semin Liver Dis 7: 280–292
Arthur MJP (1994) Matrix degradation in the liver. In: Surrenti C, Casini A, Milani S, Pinzani M (eds) Fat-storing cells and liver fibrosis. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 110–127
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dancygier, H. (2003). Mikroskopische Anatomie. In: Klinische Hepatologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55902-0_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55902-0_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-67559-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-55902-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive