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Traumatic Brain Injury: Nuclear Medicine Neuroimaging

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PET and SPECT in Neurology

Abstract

This chapter provides an up-to-date review of nuclear medicine neuroimaging in traumatic brain injury (TBI). 18F-FDG PET will remain a valuable tool in researching complex mechanisms associated with early metabolic dysfunction in TBI. Although evidence-based imaging studies are needed, 18F-FDG PET in the TBI acute phase appeared to be more useful in those patients in whom structural neuroimages fail to show abnormalities explaining their neurological state. 15O2-PET is also a solid technique for research in acute TBI, but in contrast to 18F-FDG PET it is not widely available due to its high cost. In the chronic TBI phase, most 18F-FDG PET studies converge to identify a diffuse cortical–subcortical hypometabolism involving key regions for cognitive function. Recent studies suggest the usefulness of 18F-FDG PET for the evaluation of therapeutic interventions in chronic TBI patients with cognitive deficits. In recent years, interest in studying cell-specific processes is growing. The use of radioligands as markers of neuroinflammation could become attractive for detecting secondary damage and serve for the evaluation of different therapeutic approaches. SPECT advances also make this technique a valid alternative for the study of TBI.

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Abbreviations

AChE:

Acetylcholinesterase

BP:

Binding potential

BPND :

Non-displaceable binding potential

BZR:

Central-type benzodiazepine receptor

C-(R)-PK11195:

1-[2-chlorophenyl]-N-methyl-N-[1-methylpropyl]-3-isoquinoline carboxamide

CBF:

Cerebral blood flow

C-MP4A:

[Methyl-11C] N-methylpiperidyl-4-acetate

CMRglc:

Cerebral metabolic rate of glucose

CMRO2 :

Cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen

C-NMSP:

11C-N-methylspiperone

CT:

Computed tomography

D2 :

Dopamine receptor type 2

DAI:

Diffuse axonal injury

DTI:

diffusion tensor imaging

FIQ:

Full-scale intelligence quotient

FMZ:

Flumazenil

GCS:

Glasgow Coma Scale

GM:

Gray matter

GOS:

Glasgow Outcome Scale

L/N ratio:

Lesion-to-normal contralateral ratio

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

NSC:

Neural stem cell

OEF:

Oxygen extraction fraction

OGR:

Oxygen-to-glucose metabolic ratio

ROI:

Regions of interest

SPM:

Statistical parametric mapping

TBI:

Traumatic brain injury

TSPO:

Translocator protein

V/C ratio:

Vermis to cerebellum ratio

WM:

White matter

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Center for Neurological Restoration (CIREN), Ave 25 15805 e/ 158 y 160, Playa, 11300, Havana, Cuba

    Carlos A. Sánchez-Catasús & Reinaldo Galvizu Sánchez

  2. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cuban Neuroscience Center, Ave. 25 15202 esq. 158, Playa, 11300, Havana, Cuba

    Carlos A. Sánchez-Catasús

  3. Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9713GZ, The Netherlands

    David Vállez García

  4. Department of Vaccine Regulation, Finlay Institute, Calle 212 3112 e/ 31 y 37, La Lisa, 11600, Havana, Cuba

    Eloísa Le Riverend Morales

  5. Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9713GZ, The Netherlands

    Rudi A. J. O. Dierckx

  6. Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 K12, Ghent, 9000, Belgium

    Rudi A. J. O. Dierckx

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  1. Carlos A. Sánchez-Catasús
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  2. David Vállez García
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  4. Reinaldo Galvizu Sánchez
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  5. Rudi A. J. O. Dierckx
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Correspondence to Carlos A. Sánchez-Catasús .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Rudi A.J.O. Dierckx

  2. Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Applied Sciences Offenburg, Offenburg, Germany

    Andreas Otte

  3. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Erik F.J. de Vries

  4. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Aren van Waarde

  5. Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Klaus L. Leenders

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Sánchez-Catasús, C.A., Vállez García, D., Le Riverend Morales, E., Sánchez, R.G., Dierckx, R.A.J.O. (2014). Traumatic Brain Injury: Nuclear Medicine Neuroimaging. In: Dierckx, R., Otte, A., de Vries, E., van Waarde, A., Leenders, K. (eds) PET and SPECT in Neurology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54307-4_45

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