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Springer Handbook of Marine Biotechnology pp 543–590Cite as

Cell Wall Polysaccharides of Marine Algae

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Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

Marine algae are interesting as a plentiful source of many bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, which represent various structurally different polymers of high diversity in monosaccharide composition, absolute and anomeric configuration, glycosidic linkages, molecular mass, and the presence and distribution of various functional groups. These polysaccharides are used by algae as cell wall structural components or food reserve. Algal polysaccharides are highly indicative for main algal taxa. Sulfated galactans of periodical unit/linkage sequence (agars, carrageenans) are typical for red algae, alginates, and fucoidans for brown algae; sulfated glucuronoxylorhamnans (ulvans) and other sulphated glycans for green algae. Algal cell wall polysaccharides are extracted from the raw material and further purified by preparative chromatography and/or chemical treatment. Many algal polysaccharides are assigned as phycocolloids due to their good solubility in water and their ability to create colloid systems, including gels and films. They also demonstrate various biological activities (immunomodulation, antitumor, anticoagulant, antiviral, and many other activities), which are prerequisites of pharmaceutical and medicinal applications. Finally, initially inactive or weakly active natural algal polysaccharides can be partially degraded or structurally modified to be fitted to various medicinal applications.

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Abbreviations

A549:

human lung adenocarcinoma

ABTS:

2,2 ′ -azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)

APTT:

activated partial thrombinplastin time

CD:

cluster of differentiation

COX-2:

cyclooxygenase-2

CR:

complement receptor

ConA:

concanvalin A

DA:

domoic acid

DENV:

dengue virus

DPPH:

2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

EGF:

epidermal growth factor

FCA:

ferrous ion chelating ability

FOS:

fucooligosaccharide

FRAP:

ferric ion reducing antioxidant power

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

GG:

homopolymeric blocks in alginates

GM:

alternating blocks in alginates

G:

guluronic acid

Glu-Plg:

glutamic plasminogen

HCMV:

human cytomegalovirus

HCV:

hepatitis C virus

HIV:

human immunodeficiency virus

HM:

high methoxy

HSV:

herpes simplex virus

HTLV:

T-cell leukaemia virus

HeLa:

human cervix carcinoma cells

HepG2:

hepatoma cell line

IL:

interleukin

INF-γ:

interferon-γ

INF:

interferon

IUPAC:

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

IgE:

immunoglobulin E

KB:

human epidermoid carcinoma

KM:

kinetic modeling

LMA:

low methoxy amidated

LM:

low methoxy

LPS:

lipopolysaccharide

M/G:

molar ratio between mannuronic and glucuronic acids in alginates

MAE:

microwave-assisted extractions

MAPK:

mitogen-activated protein kinase

MCP-1:

monocyte chemoattractant protein-1

MCP:

monocyte chemotactic protein

MG:

alternating blocks in alginates

MIP:

macrophage inflammatory protein

MM:

homopolymeric blocks in alginates

MW:

microwave

M:

mannuronic acid

NF-κB:

nuclear factor-κB

NK:

natural killer

NMR:

nuclear magnetic resonance

NO:

nitric oxide

NS:

neutral sugar

ORAC:

oxygen radical absorbance capacity

PGE2:

prostaglandin E 2

PT:

prothrombin time

RANTES:

regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted

RHR:

resting heart rate

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

RSM:

response surface methodology

SPS:

sulfated polysaccharide

SR:

scavenger receptors

TARC:

thymus and activation regulated chemokine

TLR:

toll-like receptor

TNF:

tumor necrosis factor

TT:

thrombin time

Th2:

T helper 2 cells

UA:

uronic acid

VEGF:

vascular endothelial growth factor

aPTT:

activated partial thromboplastin time

iNOS:

inducible nitric oxide synthase

mRNA:

messenger RNA

t-PA:

tissue plasminogen activator

u-PA:

urokinase plasminogen activator

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Carbohydrates and Cereals, Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic

    Andriy Synytsya & Jana Čopíková

  2. Research Center for Biopharmaceutical Lead Molecule (GRRC), The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, 420-743, Bucheon, Korea

    Woo J. Kim

  3. Department of Biotechnology and The Research Centre for Biopharmaceutical Lead Molecule (GRRC), The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Bucheon, Korea

    Yong Il Park

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  1. Andriy Synytsya
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  2. Jana Čopíková
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  3. Woo J. Kim
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  4. Yong Il Park
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Correspondence to Andriy Synytsya .

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  1. Department of Marine-Bio. Convergence Science Specialized Graduate School Science & Technology Convergence Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Yongdang Campus, 365, Sinseon-ro, Nam-gu, 608-739, Busan, Korea

    Se-Kwon Kim Prof.

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Synytsya, A., Čopíková, J., Kim, W.J., Park, Y.I. (2015). Cell Wall Polysaccharides of Marine Algae. In: Kim, SK. (eds) Springer Handbook of Marine Biotechnology. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-53971-8_22

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