Skip to main content

Oriental Concepts of the Measure of Time

  • Chapter
The Study of Time II

Abstract

Time and its measurement have been preoccupations of mankind since the most primitive civilization in all parts of the world, and as his needs and his knowledge increased, so did man’s awareness and concepts of time develop. In the Orient as in the Western World, the first timekeepers were such simple phenomena of nature as the sun, the moon, and the stars. The shadow cast by a tree or vertical object led to the invention of the sundial, and then the measured flow of water was discovered to provide another unit of time measure, as indeed did subsequently the flow of sand.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. Charles A.S. Williams: Outlines of Chinese Symbolism, Peiping: Customs College Press 1931, pp. 273–4.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ibid., p. 347.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Op. cit., p. 121.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Joseph Needham, Wang Ling and Derek J. Price: Heavenly Clockwork, The Great Astronomical Clocks of Medieval China–A Missing Link in Horological History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1960, pp. 16–59.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ibid., pp. 133–42.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Derek J. De Solla Price: “An Ancient Greek Computer,” Scientific American, Volume 200, June 1959, pp. 60–7.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Silvio A. Bedini and Francis R. Maddison: Mechanical Universe, [Transactions of the American Philosophical Society], New Series–Volume 56, Part 5, 1966, pp. 8–10.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Chester W. Howard: “A De Evalo Returned,” Bulletin of the National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors, Volume VII, No. 5, October 1956, pp. 296–300.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Hyoe Takabayashi: Tokei Hattatsu -shi, Tokyo: Toyo Shuppansha 1924; Sir Ernest Satow: “The Church of Yamaguchi From 1550 to 1586,” Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, Volume II, p. 135.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Takabayashi, op. cit., pp. 51–2. See also Drummond Robertson: The Evolution of Clockwork, London: Cassells Co. 1932, pp. 196–7.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Paulina Junquera: Relojeria Palatina, Madrid: Roberto Carbonell Blasco 1956, pp. 14–15; 17–18; see also Note 8.

    Google Scholar 

  12. George H. Dunne: Generation of Giants, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press 1962, pp. 215–18.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Pere Charlevoix: Histoire du Japon, quoted in Mathieu Planchon: L ‘Horloge, Son Histoire Re- trospective, Pittoresque et Artistique, Paris: Henri Laurens 1898, p. 209.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Robertson, op. cit., pp. 285–7.

    Google Scholar 

  15. For a detailed description of the various forms of Japanese clocks, see Robertson, op. cit., pp. 217–84.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Ryuji Yamaguchi: The Clocks of Japan, Tokyo: Nippon Hyoron -Sha Publishing Co. 1950, p. 6.

    Google Scholar 

  17. N.H.N. Mody: Japanese Clocks, Tokyo: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner Co., Ltd. 1932, pp. 42–6, pl. 128–35.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Op. cit., pp. 128–35.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Pasquale D’Elia: Fonte ricciane, Documenti originati concernenti Matteo Ricci e la storia della prima relazioni tra Europa e la Cina 1579–1615, Roma: 1942–1949, Volume I, pp. 201–12.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Nigel Cameron: Barbarians and Mandarins, Thirteen Centuries of Western Travellers in China, New York: Walker Weatherhill 1970, pp. 149–94; Georges Bonnant: “L’Introduction de l’horlogerie occidentale en Chine,” La Suisse Horlogere, 27 Aout 1959, pp. 767–8.

    Google Scholar 

  21. D’Elia, op. cit., Volume I, pp. 147, 166, 216.

    Google Scholar 

  22. D’Elia, op. cit., Volume II, pp. 29, 91, 99, 124, 126.

    Google Scholar 

  23. D’Elia, loc. cit., Volume II, p. 149.

    Google Scholar 

  24. D. Enshoff: “Riccis Uhren,” Die Katolischen Missionen, Band 65, 1937, pp. 190–4; R. Sarreira: “Horas boas e horas mas para a civilizacao Chinesa,” Broteria, Volume 36, 1943, pp. 518–28.

    Google Scholar 

  25. D’Elia, op. cit., Volume II, p. 149.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Guiseppe Gabrieli: Giovanni Schreck linceo, gesuita, e missionario in Cina e le sue lettere dall’ Asia, Roma 1937, passim; Fritz Jaeger: Das Buch von den wonderlichen Maschinen in Asia Major, Leipsig 1944, Band I, pp. 78–96; Henri Bernard: “Les adaptations chinoises d’ouvrages europeens 1514–1688,” Monumenta serica, Peking 1945, pp. 1–57; 309–88.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Dunne, op. cit., pp. 325–38; Louis Pfister: Notices biographiques et bibliographiques sur les Jesuites des anciens missions de Chine, 1553–1773, Shanghai 1932–1934, p. 253.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Pfister, op. cit., p. 384.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Pfister, op. cit., pp. 592, 655.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Pfister, loc. cit., p. 718; Alfred Chapuis: “Montres et Pendules `chinoises’ et chinoises,” Journal Suisse d’Horologerie et de Bijouterie, Nr. 12, Decembre 1932, pp. 248–9; Jean Rispaud: “Le Jesuite Valentin Chalier de Briancon…,” Le Petit Dauphinois, 20 Aout 1939, pp. 1–2.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Pfister, op. cit., pp. 913–4; Henri Cordier: “Les correspondants de Berlin,” T’oung Pao, Leyden 1913, Volume XIV, p. 239.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Pfister, op. cit., pp. 793, 620.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Henri Cordier: “La suppression de la Compagnie de Jesus,” T’oung Pao, Leyden 1916, Volume XVII, p. 272. Lettres edificantes et curieuses, Paris 1781, Volume XXII, pp. 176, 361; Volume XXIV, pp. 284, 387.

    Google Scholar 

  34. D’Elia, op. cit., Volume I, pp. 201, 211.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Personal correspondence with Fr. George Mensaert, O.F.M., Director of Editions Sinica Franciscana, October 25, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  36. D’Elia, op. cit., Volume I, p. 168.

    Google Scholar 

  37. E.H. Pritchard: “Letters from Missionaries at Peking Relating to the MacCartney Embassy,” T’oung Pao, Volume XXXI, 1935, p. 39; John Barrow: Some Account of The Public Life and a Selection from the Unpublished Writings of the Earl of MacCartney, London 1807, p. 219.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Andre Everard Van Braam Hougckest: Voyage de l’Ambassade de la Compagnie des Indes orientales hollanaises vers l’Empereur de la Chine dans les annees 1794 et 1795, Philadelphia 1797–1798, Volume II, p. 377.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Alvaro Semedo: Relatione della Grande Monarchia della Cina, Roma 1643, p. 38.

    Google Scholar 

  40. G. Brusoni: Varie osservazioni sopra le Relazioni Universali de G. Botero, Venezia 1659, p. 13.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Stephen W. Bushell: Chinese Art, London 1906, Volume 1, p. 108; Alfred Chapuis: La Montre Chinois, Neuchatel: Attinger Freres 1919, pp. 42–4; Matthieu Planchon, op. cit., pp. 261–2.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Instructions sublimes et familieres,” in Memoires concernant l’histoire, les sciences, les arts, les usages, ecc… des Chinois par les missionaires de Pekin, Paris 1776 and 1814, Volume IX, p. 179.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Chapuis, op. cit., p. 45; Pfister, op. cit., pp. 619–20.

    Google Scholar 

  44. See Note 41.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Pfister, op. cit., pp. 718–720; D’Elia, op. cit., Volume I, p. 29.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Lettres edificantes, op. cit., Volume XXIV, p. 110; Ta -ts’ing Hui -tien Cheu -li, Paris 1886, Volume 512, p. 19.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Van Braam Hougckest, op. cit., Volume II. p. 212.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Siu Tch’ao’Tsuin: Tseu -ming -tchong Piao -t’ou Fa, Shanghai 1809. (Copy in the Bibliotheque Nationale, Department des Manuscrits, Chinois 4941).

    Google Scholar 

  49. J.B. Grosier: De la Chine ou description generale de cet empire redigee d’apres les memoires de la mission de Pekin, Paris 1818–1820, 3rd edition, Tome VII, p. 165.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Michael Greenberg: British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800–1842, Cambridge University Press 1952, p. 87.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Chapuis, Montre Chinois, pp. 28–32; 61–64; Faith Dennis: “Some Jewelled `Toys’ of Georgian London,” Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, February 1947, Volume V, No. 6 pp. 164–8; John Hayward: “English Clocks for China,” Antiques, July 1959, pp. 46–9; H. Alan Lloyd: “English Clocks for the Chinese Market,” Antique Collector, February 1951, pp. 25–9; Simon Harcourt-Smith: A Catalogue of Various Clocks, Watches, Automata, and Other Miscellaneous Objects of European Worksmanship Dating from the XVIIIth and the Early XIXth Centuries, In the Palace Museum and the Wu Ying Tien, Peiping, Peking: The Palace Museum 1933, pp. 1–2 and passim.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Greenberg, op. cit., p. 87; Chapuis, Montre Chinois, pp. 76–9.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Chapuis, Montre Chinois, pp. 87–130.

    Google Scholar 

  54. D.J. MacGowan: “Modes of Timekeeping Known Among the Chinese,” Patent Office Report, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1851, pp. 335–42.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Leopold de Saussure: “L’Horometre et le Systems Cosmologique des Chinois,” in Chapuis, Montre Chinois, pp. 1–18; Needham, Ling and Price, op. cit., pp. 199–205.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Silvio A. Bedini: “Chinese Mechanical Clocks,” Bulletin of the National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors, Volume 7, 1956, pp. 211–21; MacGowan, op. cit., p. 336.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

J. T. Fraser N. Lawrence

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1975 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bedini, S.E. (1975). Oriental Concepts of the Measure of Time. In: Fraser, J.T., Lawrence, N. (eds) The Study of Time II. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50121-0_32

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50121-0_32

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-50123-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-50121-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics