Abstract
Because of the structurally and functionally heterogeneous nature of the brain, it is necessary to measure changes in physiologic and biochemical parameters in the human brain on a regional basis. Such information is important in furthering our understanding of the normal function of the brain and the derangements that occur in various pathologic conditions. The development of the Kety-Schmidt technique for the quantitative measurement of cerebral blood flow in man, made it possible to determine the average rates of glucose and oxygen utilization and blood flow in the brain as a whole (1). Using these same principles a method to measure hemispheric changes in these parameters has been developed (2). Regional methods for the determination of cerebral blood flow using diffusable tracers have also been developed (3–5). These methods, however, do not provide 3-dimensional resolution by which it is possible to determine the physiologic and metabolic parameters in specific structural and functional subunits of the brain. With the development of the 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose technique it became possible to do this in terms of glucose metabolism in the human brain (6).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kety, SS, Schmidt, CF: The nitrous oxide method for the quantitative determination of cerebral blood flow in man: Theory, procedure and normal values. J Clin Invest 27:476–483, 1948.
Meyer, JS, Shinohara, Y: A method for measuring cerebral hem-ispehric blood flow and metabolism. Stroke 1:419–431, 1970.
Lassen NA, Ingvar DH: Regional cerebral blood flow measurement in man. Arch Neurol 9:615–622, 1963.
Lassen NA, Ingvar DH: The blood flow in the cerebral cortex determined by radioactive krypton-85. Experientia 17:42, 1961.
Obrist WD, Thompson HK, Wang HS, Wilkinson WE: Regional cerebral blood flow estimated by 133Xe inhalation. Stroke 6: 245–256, 1975.
Reivich M, Kuhl D, Wolf A, Greenberg G, Phelps M, Ido T, Casella, V, Fowler, J, Hoffman, E, Alavi, A, Som, P and Sokoloff, L: The (18F) Fluorodeoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization in man. Circ Res 44:127–137, 1979.
Sokoloff L, Reivich M, Kennedy C, DesRosiers MH. Patlak CS, Pettigrew, KD, Kakurada, D, Shinohara, M: The (14C) Deoxy-glucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization: Theory, procedure and normal values in the conscious and anesthetized albino rat. J Neurochem 28:897–916, 1977.
Wick AN, Drury DR, Morita TN: 2-Deoxyglucose-A metabolic block for glucose. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 89:579–582, 1955
Sols A, Crane RK: Substrate specificity of brain hexokinase. J Biol Chem 210:581–595, 1954.
Tower DB: The effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on metabolism of slices of cerebral cortex incubated in vitro. J Neurochem 3: 185–205, 1958.
Bachelard HS: Specificity and kinetic properties of monosaccharide uptake into guinea pig cerebral cortex in vitro. J Neurochem 18:213–222, 1971.
Horton RW, Meldrun BS, Bachelard HS: Enzymic and cerebral metabolic effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose. J Neurochem 21:507–520, 1973.
Bidder TG: Hexose translocation across the blood brain interface: Configurational aspects. J Neurochem 15:867–874, 1968.
Hers HG, DeDuve C: Le système hexose phosphatasique: Repartition de l’activité glucose-6-phosphatasique dans les tissus. Bull Soc Chim Biol 32:20–29, 1950.
Raggi F, Kronfeld DS, Kleiber M: Glucose-6-phosphatase activity in various sheep tissues. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 105:485–486, 1960.
Prasannan KG, Subrahmanyan D: Effect of insulin on the synthesis of glycogen in cerebral cortical slices of alloxan diabetic rats. Endocrinology 82:1–6, 1968.
Phelps ME, Huang SC, Hoffman EJ, Selin C, Sokoloff, L, Kuhl DE: Tomographic measurement of local cerebral glucose metabolic rate in humans with (F18)2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose: Validation of method. Ann Neurol 6:371–388, 1979.
Bessell EM, Foster AB, Westwood JH: The use of deoxyfluoro-D-glucopyranoses and related compounds in a study of yeast hex-okinase specificity. Biochem J 128:199–204, 1972.
Bessel EM, Courtenay VD, Foster AB, Jones M, Westwood JH: Some in vivo and in vitro antitumor effects of deoxygluoro-D-glucopyranoses. Eur J Cancer 9:463–470, 1973.
Gallagher BM, Fowler JS, Gutterson NJ, MacGregor RR, Wan CN and Wolf AP: Metabolic trapping as a principle of radiopharmaceutical design: some factors responsible for the biodistribution of (l8F)2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose. J Nucl Med 19: 1154–1161, 1978.
Coe EL: Inhibition of glycolysis in ascites tumor “cells pre-incubated with 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose. Biochem Biophys Acta 264:319–327, 1972.
Ido T, Wan CN, Casella V, Fowler JS, Wolf AP, Reivich M and Kuhl D: Labeled 2-deoxy-D-glucose analogs. 18F-labeled 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose, 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-mannose and 14C-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose. J Labeled Comp Radiopharma-ceut 14:175–183, 1978.
Herman GT: Image Reconstruction from Projections: The Fundamentals of Computerized Tomography. New York, Academic Press. 1980.
Fletcher R, Powell MJD: A rapid descent method for minimization. Comp J 6:163–168, 1963
Gear CW: The automatic integration of ordinary differential equations. Comm Assoc Comput Mach 14:176–179, 1971.
Kennedy C, Sakurada O, Shinohara M, Jehle J, Sokoloff L: Local cerebral glucose utilization in the normal conscious macaque monkey. Ann Neurol 4:293–301, 1978.
Reivich M, Alavi A, Wolf A, Greenberg JH, Fowler J, Christ-man D, MacGregor R, Jones SC, London J, Shiue C and Yonekura Y: Use of 2-deoxy-D-(l-11C) Glucose for the determination of local cerebral glucose metabolism in humans: variation within and between subjects. J CBF & Metab 2:307–319, 1982.
Greenberg J, Reivich M, Alavi A, Goldberg H: Evaluation of the lumped constant and the kinetic constants for fluorodeoxy-glucose in man. Stroke 10:485, 1979.
Sunda S, Shinohara M, Miyaoka M, Kennedy C and Sokoloff L: Local cerebral glucose utilization in hypoglycemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1:Suppl. 1:S62, 1981.
Schuier F, Orzi F, Suda S, Kennedy C and Sokoloff L: The lumped constant for the (14C) deoxyglucose method in hyperglycemic rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1:Suppl 1:S63, 1981.
Ginsberg MS and Reivich M: Use of the 2-deoxyglucose method of local cerebral glucose utilization with abnormal brain. Evaluation of the lumped constant during ischemia. Stroke 10:4–83, 1981.
Sokoloff L: Localization of Functional Activity in the Central Nervous System by Measurement of Glucose Utilization with Radioactive Deoxyglucose. J of CBF and Metab 1:7–36, 1982.
Reivich M, Alavi A and Greenberg J: Unpublished observations.
Frackowiak RSJ, Lenzi GL, Jones T and Heather JD: Quantitative Measurement of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxygen Metabolism in Man Using 150 and Positron Emission Tomography: Theory, Procedure and Normal Values. J of Computer Asst Tomograph 4:727, 1980.
Jones T, Chesler DA, Ter-Pogossian MM: The continuous inhalation of oxygen-15 for assessing regional oxygen extraction in the brain of man. Br J Radiol 49:339–343, 1976.
Subramanyan R, Alpert NM, Hoop B Jr, Brownell GL, Taveras JM: A model for regional cerebral oxygen distribution during continuous inhalation of 1502, C150 and C15O2. J Nucl Med 19:48–53, 1978.
West JB, Dollery CT: Uptake of oxygen-15 labeled CO2 compared with carbon-11-labeled CO2 in the lung. J Appl Physiol 17: 9–13, 1962.
Jones SC, Reivich M, Greenberg JH: Error propagation in the determination of cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism with the inhalation of Cl502 and 1502. Acta Physiol Scand 60:Suppl 72:228–229, 1979.
Jones SC, Greenberg JH and Reivich M: Error Analysis for the Determination of Cerebral Blood Flow with the Continuous Inhalation of 15O-Labeled Carbon Dioxide and Positron Emission Tomography. J of Computer Asst Tomography 6:116–124, 1982.
Huang SC, Phelps ME, Hoffman EJ, Kuhl DE: A theoretical study of quantitative flow measurements with constant infusion of short lived isotopes. Phys Med Biol 24:1151–1161, 1979.
Eichling JO, Raichle ME, Grubb RL Jr, Ter-Pogossian MM: Evidence of the limitations of water as a freely diffusible tracer in brain of the rhesus monkey. Circ Res 35:358–364, 1974
Raichle ME, Eichling JO, Straatmann MG, Welch MJ, Larson KB, Ter-Pogossian MM: Blood-brain barrier permeability of 11Clabeled water. Am J Phsyiol 230:543–552, 1976.
Lammertsma AA, Heather JD, Jones T, Frackowiak RSJ, Lenzi GL: A Statistical Study of the Steady State Technique for Measuring Regional Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxygen Utilization Using 15O. J Comput Assist Tomogr 6:566–573, 1982.
Greenberg J, Reivich M, Alavi A, Hand P, Rosenquist A, Rintelmann W, Stein A, Tusa R, Dann R, Christman D, Fowler J, MacGregor B and Wolf A: Metabolic mapping of functional activity in human subjects with the (18F)-fluorodeoxyglucose technique. Science 212:678–680, 1981.
Holmes G: Disturbances of vision by cerebral lesions. Br, J Ophthal 2:353–384, 1918.
Spaldins JMK: Wounds of the visual pathway. J Neurol Neuro-surg Psychiat 15:99–109, 1952.
Spaldins JMK: Wounds of the visual pathway. J Neurol Neuro-surg Psychiat 15: 169–183, 1952.
Teuber NG, Battersby WS and Bender MD: Visual field defects after penetrating missile wounds of the brain, pp 89–98. Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, 1975.
Polyak S: The vertebrate visual system. Univeristy of Chicago Press. 1957.
Brindley GS and Lewis WS: The sensations produced by electrical stimulation of the visual cortex. J Physiol Lond. 196: 479–493, 1968.
Dobelle WH, Mladejavk MF and Girvin JP: Artificial vision for the blind. Electrical stimulation offers hope for functional prosthesis. Science 183:440–444, 1974.
Phelps ME, Mazziotta JC, Kuhl DE, Nuwer M, Packusood J, Metter J and Engel J: Tomographic mapping of human cerebral metabolism: Visual stimulation and deprivation. Neurology: 31:517–529, 1981.
Reivich M, Cobbs W, Rosenquist A, Stein A, Schatz N, Savino P, Alavi A and Greenberg J: Abnormalities in local cerebral glucose metabolism in patients with visual field defects. Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1: Suppl 1:S 471–472, 1981.
Benevento LA and Rezak M: The cortical projection of the inferior pulvinar and adjacent lateral pulvinar in the rhesus monkey. An autoradiographic study. Brain Res 108:1–24, 1976.
Clark WE and LeGross M: The structure and connections of the thalamus. Brain 55:406–70, 1932.
Trojanowski J and Jacobson S: Areal and laminar distribution of some pulvinar cortical efferents in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 169:371–392, 1976.
Cullen, JD, Berlin CI, Hughes LF et al: Proceedings of a Symoposium on Central Auditory Processing Disordres: University of Nabraska Medical Center, Omaha, 1975, 108–127.
Aetken LM and Webster WR: Medial geniculate body of the cat: organization and responses to tonal stimuli of neurons in ventral division. J Neurophysiol 35:365–380, 1972.
Mazziotta JC, Phelps ME, Carson RE and Kuhl DE: Tomographic mapping of human cerebral metabolism. Auditory Stimulation. Neurol 32:921–937, 1982.
Seashore CE, Lewis D and Sactveit JG: Seashore measures of musical talents. Psychological Corp New York, series B, 1960.
Penfield WF and Rasmussen AT: The cerebral cortex of man: a clinical study of localization of function. Macmillan, NY. 1950.
Mountcastle VB: Modality and topographic properties of single neurons of cats’ somatic sensory cortex. J Neurophysiol 20: 408–435, 1957.
Powell TPS and Mountcastle VB: Some aspects of the functional organization of the cortex of the postcentral gyrus of the monkey: a correlation of findings obtained in a single unit analysis with cytoarchitecture. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 105: 133–162, 1959.
Whitsel BD, Dreyer DE and Roppolo JR: Determinants of body reprsentataion in postcentral gyrus of macaques. J Neurophysiol 34:1018–1034, 1971.
Penfield WG and Boldray E: Somatic motor and sensory representation in the cerebral cortex of man as studied by electrical stimulation. Brain 60:389–443, 1937.
Woolsey CN, Erickson TC, Gilson WG: Localization in somatic sensory and motor areas of human cerebral cortex as determined by direct recording of evoked potentials and electrical stimulation. J Neurosurg 51:476–506, 1979.
Turner DR: Miller Analogies Test. Arco, New York. 1973.
Benton Al, Varney WR and Hamsher K: Judgement of line orientation, Form V University of Iowa Press, 1975, Iowa City.
Levy-Agresti J, Sperry RW: Differential Perceptual Capacities in major and minor hemispheres. Proc Natl Acad: Science 61:1151, 1968.
Benton AL: “The Minor Hemisphere”. Journal Hist Med All Sci 27:5–14, 1972.
Hecaen H and Albert ML: Human Neuropsychology. Wiley, New York 1978.
Kinabourne M: Eye and Head Turning Indicates Cerebral Lateralization. Science 176:539–541, 1972.
Bakan P, Srorad D: Resting EEG Alpha & Asymmetry of Reflecting lateral eye movements. Nature 223:975–976, 1969.
Gur RE, Gur RC and Harris LJ: Cerebral Activation as measured by subjects’ lateral eye movements, is influenced by Experimenter location. Neuropsychol 13:35–44, 1975.
Gur RC and Reivich M: Cognitive task effects on hemispheric blood flow in humans: evidence for individual differences in hemispheric activation. Brain Lang 9:78–93, 1980.
Gur RC, Gur RE, Obrist WD, Hungerbuhler JP, Younkin D, Rosen AD, Skolnick BE and Reivich M: Sex and Handedness Differences in Cerebral Blood Flow During Rest and Cognitive Activity. Science 217:659–661, 1982.
Heilman KM and Van Dea A: Right hemispheric dominance for mediating cerebral activation. Neuropsychol 17:315–321, 1979.
Mesulam MM: A cortical network for directed attention and unilateral neglect. Ann Neurol 10:309–325, 1981.
Trevarthen C: In: Cerebral Interhemispheric Relations (eds.) Cernacvek J and Podivinsky F. Publishing House Solvak Academy Sciences, 1972.
Ehrlichman H and Weinberger A: Psych Bull 85:1080–1101, 1978.
Gur RE and Gur RC: Letter to the Editor: Reply-regarding Cerebral Activation, as measured by subjects’ lateral eye movements, is influenced by experimenter location. Arch Gen Psych 36:493–494, 1973.
DeRenzi E and Faglioni P: The comparative efficiency of intelligence and vigilance tests detecting hemispheric damage. Cortex 1:410–433, 1965.
Diamond S: Depletion of attentional capacity after total commissurotomy in man. Brain 99:347–356, 1976.
Diamond S: Performance by split-brain humans on lateral -ized vigilance tasks. Cortex 15:43–50, 1979.
Murphy EH and Venables PH: Ear asymmetry in the threshold of fusion of two clicks: A signal detection analysis. Q J of Experimental Psychology 22:288–300, 1970.
Heilman KM, Schwartz HD and Watson RT: Hypoarousal in patients with the neglect syndrome and emotional indifference. Neurology 28:229–232, 1978.
Denny-Brown D and Chambers RA: The parietal lobe and behavior. In: The Brain and Human Behavior. Research Publications of the Association for Research of Nervous and Mental Diseases 36:35–117. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1958.
Heilman KM, Pandya DN and Geshwind N: Trimodal Inattention following Parietal Lobe Ablations. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 95:259, 1970.
Mesulam MM, Van Hoesen GW, Pandya DN, Geschwind N: Limbic and sensory connections of the inferior parietal lobule (area PG) in the rhesus monkey: A study with a new method for horseradish peroxidase histochemistry. Brain Res 136: 393–414, 1977.
Mesulam MM: A cortical network for directed attention and unilateral neglect. Annals of Neurology 10:309–325, 1981.
Mountcastle VB, Lynch JC, Georgopoulos A, Kakata H, Acuna C: Posterior Parietal Association Cortex of the Monkey: Command Functions for Operations Within Extrapersonal Space. J Neuro-phys 38:871–908, 1975.
Mountcastle VB: Brain mechanisms for directed attention. J R Soc Med 71:14–28, 1978.
Brain WR: Visual disorientation with special reference to lesion of the Right Cerebral Hemisphere. Brain 64:244, 1941.
Hecaen H, Penfield W, Bertrand C and Malmo R: The syndrome of apractognosia due to lesions of the minor cerebral hemisphere. AMA Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 75:400–434, 1956.
DeRenzi E, Faglioni P and Scotti G: Hemispheric contribution to exploration of space through the visual and tactil modality. Cortex 6:191–203, 1970.
Gainotti G, Messerli P, Tissot R: Qualitative analysis of unilateral spatial neglect in relation to laterality of cerebral lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 35:545–550, 1972.
Diamond S: Depletion of attentional capacity after local commissurotomy in man. Brain 99:347–356, 1976.
Diamond S: Performance by split brain humans on lateral ized vigilance tasks. Cortex 15:43–50, 1979.
Brodai A: Neurological Anatomy in Relation to Clinical Medicine Oxford University Press, New York, 1981.
Williams PL and Warwick R: Functional Neuroanatomy of Man. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1975.
Hecaen H and Albert ML: Human Neuropyschology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, Chichester Brisbone, Toronto, 1978.
Levy-Agresti J and Sperry RW: Differential Perceptual Capacities in Major & Minor hemispheres. Proc Natl Acad Sci 61: 1151, 1968.
Levy J, Trevarthen CB and Sperry RW: Perception of Bilateral Chemeric figures following hemispheric deconnexion. Brian 95:61–78, 1972.
Bogen JE: The other side of the brain IV; The AIP ratio. Bull Los-Angeles Neurol Soc 34:135, 1969.
Benton AL: The “minor” hemisphere. J Hist Med Allied Sci 27: 5, 1972.
Nauta WJH: Connections of the frontal lobe with the limbic system In: Surgical Approaches in Psychiatry. (Eds) LV Laitenen and KE Livingston. Baltimore, MD, University Park Press, 1972.
Kuhl DE, Phelps ME, Kowell AP, Metter EJ, Selin C and Winter J: Effects of stroke on local cerebral metabolism and perfusion: mapping by emission computed tomography of 18FDG and 13NH3. Ann Neurol 8:47–60, 1980.
Ginsberg MS, Reivich M, Giandomenico A and Greenberg JH: Local glucose utilization in acute focal cerebral ischemia; local dysmetabolism and diaschisis. Neurology 27:104–148, 1977.
Pulsinelli WA and Duffy TE: Local cerebral glucose metabolism during controlled hypoxemia in rats. Science 204:626–629, 1979.
Spatz M, Mrsulja BB, Micic D, Mrsulja BJ and Klatzo J: Ischemic and postischemic effects on 2-deoxy-D-(H) glucose uptake in cerebral capillaries. Brain Res 120:141–145, 1977.
Cohen PJ, Alexander SC and Smith TC: Effects of hypoxia and normocarbia on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in conscious man. J Appl Physiol 23:183–189, 1967.
Norberg K and Siesjo BK: Cerebral metabolism in hypoxic hypoxia. I. Pattern of activation of glycolysis: a re-evaluation. Brain Res 8:31–44, 1975.
Lenzi GL, Frackowiak RSJ and Jones T: Cerebral Oxygen Metabolism and Blood Flow in Human Cerebral Ischemic Infarction Cerebral Ischemic Infarction. Journal of CBF and Metab 2: 321–335, 1982.
Baron JC, Bousser MG, Comar D, Castaigne P: “Crossed Cerebellar Diaschisis” in Human Supratentorial Brian Infarction. Trans Neurol Assoc 105:459–461, 1980.
Kushner M, Reivich M, Alavi A, Dann R, Hurtig H and Greenberg J: Contralateral Cerebellar Hypometabolism following Cerebral Hemispheric Insult: A Positron Emission Tomographic Study. Ann Neurol 12:88, 1982.
Baron JC, Lebrun-Grandie Ph, Collard Ph, Crouzel C, Mestelan G and Bousser MG: Noninvasive Measurement of Blood Flow, Oxygen Consumption and Glucose Utilization in the Same Brain Regions in Man by Positron Emission Tomography: Concise Communication. J. Nucl Med 23:391–399, 1982.
Howse DC, Caronna JJ, Duffy TE, Plum F: Cerebral energy metabolism, pH and blood flow during seizures in the cat. Am J Physiol 227:1444–1451, 1974.
Ingvar DH: Regional cerebral blood flow in focal cortical epilepsy. Stroke 4:359–360, 1973.
Plum F, Posner JB, Troy B: Cerebral metabolic and circulation responses to induce convulsions in animals. Arch Neurol 18: 1–13, 1968.
Plum F, Howse DC, Duffy TE: Metabolic effects of seizures. In Plum F (Ed.) Brain Dysfunction in Metabolic Disorders. New York, Raven, 1974, 53:141–157.
Collins RC, Kennedy C, Sokoloff L, Plum F: Metabolic anatomy of focal motor seizure. Arch Neurol 33:536–542, 1976.
Kennedy C, DesRosiers MH, Jehle J, Reivich M, Sharp F and Sokoloff L: Mapping of functional neural pathways by autoradiographic survey of local metabolic rate with (14C) de-oxyglucose. Science 187:850–853, 1975.
Hougaard K, Oikawa T, Sveinsdottir E, Skinhøj E, Ingvar DH, Lassen NA: Regional cerebral blood flow in focal cortical epilespy. Arch Neurol 33:527–535, 1976.
Ingvar DH: rCBF in focal cortical epilepsy. In Langfitt TW, McHenry LC, Jr, Reivich M, Wollman H (Eds.) Cerebral Circulation and Metabolism. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1975, 361–363.
Lavy S, Melamed E, Portnoy Z, Carmon A: Interictal regional cerebral blood flow in patients with partial seizure. Neurology 26:418–422, 1976.
Sakai F, Meyer JS, Naritomi H, Hsu MG: Regional cerebral blood flow and EEG in patients with epilepsy. Arch Neurol 35:648–657, 1978.
Kuhl DE, Engel J, Phelps ME, Selin C: Epileptic patterns of local metabolism and perfusion in humans determined by emission computed tomography of 18FDG and 13NH3. Ann of Neurol 8:348–360, 1980.
Phelps ME, Hoffman EJ, Raybaud C: Factors which affect cerebral uptake and retention of 13NH3. Stroke 8:694–702, 1977.
Pope A: Perspectives in neuropathology. In Jasper AS, Ward HH, Pope A (Eds.) Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies. Boston, Little Brown, 1969, 773–781.
Woodbury DM, Kemp JW: Initiation, propagation and arrest of seizure. In Mrsulja BB, Rakic ZM, Klatzo I (Eds.) Pathophysiology of cerebral energy metabolism. Plenum, NY, 1967, 313–351.
Prince DA, Wilder BJ: Control mechanisms in cortical epileptogenic foci. Arch Neurol 16:194–202, 1967.
Meyers JS, Gotoh F, Favale E: Cerebral metabolism during epileptic seizures in man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neuro-physiol 21:10–22, 1966.
Penfield W, Von Santha K, Cirriani A: Cerebral blood flow during induced epileptiform seizures in animals and man. J Neurophysiol 2:257–267, 1939.
Posner JB, Plum F, Van Posnak A: Cerebral metabolism during electrically induced seizures in man. Arch Neurol 20:388–395, 1969.
Engel J, Rausch R, Leib J, Kuhi DE, Crandall PE: Re-evalua-tion of criteria for localizing the epileptic focus in patients considered for surgical therpay of epilepsy. Epilepsia 21:184–185, 1980.
Crandall PH: Developments in direct recordings from epileptogenic regions in the surgical treatment of partial epilepsies. In Brazier MAB (Ed.) Epilepsy, Its Phenomena in Man. New York, Academic Press, 1973, 287–310.
Falconer MA, Davidson S: The rationale of surgical treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy with particular reference to childhood and adolescence. In Harris P, Mawdsley C (Eds.) Epilepsy, Proceedings of the Hans Berger Centenary Symposium. Edinburgh, London, New York/Livingstone, 1974.
Walter RD: Tactical considerations leading to surgical treatment of limbic epilepsy. In Brazier MAB (Ed.) Epilepsy, Its Phenomena in Man. New York, Academic Press, 1973, 99–119.
Falconer MA, Driver MV and Serafetinides EA: Temporal lobe epilepsy due to distant lesions; two cases revealed by operation. Brain 85:521–534, 1982.
Ludwig Gl, Ajmone-Marsan C: Clinical ictal patterns in epileptic patients with occipital electroencephalograph foci. Neurology 25:463–471, 1975.
Freyhan FA, Woodford RB, Kety SS: Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in psychosis of senility. J Nerv Ment Dis 113: 449–456, 1951.
Lassen NA, Munck O, Tottery ER: Mental function and cerebral oxygen consumption in organic dementia. Arch Neurol Pyschi-at 77:126–133, 1957.
Lassen NA, Feinberg I, Lane MH: Bilateral studies of cerebral oxygen uptake in young and aged normal subjects and in patients with organic dementia. J Clin Invest 39:491–500, 1960.
Sokoloff L: Cerebral circulartory and metabolic changes associated with aging. Res Pub! Assoc Ment Dis 41:237–254, 1966.
Gottstein U, Held K, Muller W, Berghoff W: Utilization of ketone bodies by the human brain. In Meyer JS, Reivich M, Lechner H (Eds.) Research on the Cerebral Circulation, 5th International Salzburg Conference. Springerfield, IL, 1970, 137–145.
Obrist WD, Chivian E, Cronquvist S, Ingvar DH: Regional cerebral blood flow in senile and presenile dementia. Neurology 20:315–322, 1970.
Ingvar DH, Gustafson L: Regional cerebral blood flow in organic dementia with early onset. Acta Neurol Scand 43:42–73, 1970.
Simard D, Olesen J, Paulson OB, Lassen NA, Skinhøj E: Regional cerebral blood flow and its regulation in dementia. Brain 94:273–288, 1971.
Hagberg B, Ingvar DH: Cognitive reduction in presenile dementia related to regional abnormalities of the cerebral blood flow. Br J Psychiat 128:209–222, 1976.
Hagberg B: Defects of immediate memory related to the cerebral blood flow distribution. Brain Lang 5:366–377, 1978.
Gustafson L, Hagberg B, Ingvar DH: Speech disturbances in presenile dementia related to local cerebral blood flow abnormalities in the dormant hemisphere. Brain Lang 5:102–118, 1978.
Obrist WD, Thompson HK, King CH, Wang HS: Determination of regional cerebral blood flow by inhalation of 133Xe. Circ Res 20:124–135, 1967.
Wang HS, Busse BW: Correlates of regional cerebral blood flow in elderly community residents. In Harper AM, Jennett WB, Miller JD, Rowan JO (Eds.) Blood Flow and Metabolism in the Brain. London: Chruchill/Livingstone, 1975, 817–818.
Baer PE, Faibish GM, Meyer JS, Mathew NT and Rivera VM: Neuropsychological correlates of hemispheric and regional cerebral blood flow in dementia. In Meyer JS, Lechner H and Reivich M (Eds.) Cerebral Vascular Disease. 7th Int. Conf. Salzburg. Theieme, Stuttgart, 1976, 100–106.
Lavy S, Melamed E, Benton S, Cooper G, Rinot Y: Bihemis-pheric decreases of regional blood flow in dementia: correlates with age-matched normal controls. Ann Neurol 4:445–450, 1978.
Alavi A, Ferris S, Wolf A, Reivich M, Farkas T, Dann R, Christman D, Fowler J: Determination of cerebral metabolism in senile dementia using F-18-deoxyglucose and positron emission tomography. J Nucl Med 21:21, 1980.
Alavi A, Ferris S, Wolf A, Christman D, Fowler J, MacGregor R, Farkas T, Greenberg J, Dann R, Reivich M: Determination of cerebral metabolism in dementia using F-18 deoxyglucose and positron emission tomography. Satellite-symposium on physiological and pathophysiological aspects of the aging brain. Experimental Brain Research, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1982.
Kuhl DE, Metter EJ, Riege WH and Phelps ME: Effects of human aging on patterns of local cerebral glucose utilization determined by the (18F) fluorodeoxyqlucose method. J CBF and Metab 2:163–171, 1982.
Frackowiak RSJ, Pozzilli C, Legg NJ, DuBoulay GH, Marshall J, Lenzi GL, Jones T: A prospective study of regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen utilization in dementia using positron emission tomography and oxygen-15. J CBF and Metab l:(Suppl 1):S453, 1981.
Frackowiak RSJ, Pozzilli C, Legg NJ, DuBoulay GH, Marshall J, Lenzi GL and Jones T: Regional Cerebral Oxygen Supply And Utilization In Dementia. Brain 104:753–778, 1981.
Bustany P, Sargent T, Suadubray JM, Henry JF, Cumar D: Regional human brain uptake and protein incorporation of 11C-L-Methionine studied in vivo with PET. J CBF and Metab l:(Suppl 1):S17, 1981.
Farkas T, Reivich M, Alavi A, Greenberg J, Fowler J, MacGregor R, Christman D, Wolf A: The application of 18F-2-deoxy-2-D-glucose and positron emission tomography in the study of psychiatric conditions. In Passoneau JV, Hawkins RA, Lust WD, Welsh FA (Eds.) Cerebral Metabolism and Neurological Function. Williams and Wilkins, Balitmore, 1980, 403–408.
Buchsbaum MS, Kessler R, Bunney WE, Cappelletti J, Coppolo R, Van Kammen DP, Rigal F, Waters R, Sokoloff L, Ingvar D: Simultaneous electroencephalography and cerebral glucography with positron emission tomography (PET) in normals and patients with schizophrenia. J CBF and Metab 1: (Suppl 1):S457, 1981.
Buchsbaum MS, Ingvar DH, Kessler R, Waters RN, Cappelletti J, Van Kammen DP, King CA, Johnson JL, Manning RG, Flynn RW, Mann LS, Bunney WE, Jr, Sokoloff L: Cerebral Glyco-graphy With Positron Tomography Use in Normal Subjects and in Patients With Schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39: 251–259, 1982.
Ingvar D: Abnormal distribution of cerebral activity in chronic schizophrenia: A neurophysiological interpretation. In Baxter CF and Melnechuck T (Eds.) Perspectives in Schizophrenia Research. New York, Raven Press, 1980, 107–125.
Lidsky T, Weinhold P, Levine F: Implications of basal ganglionic dysfunction for schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 14: 3–12, 1979.
Bowman M, Lewis MS: Sites of subcortical damage in disease which resembles schizophrenia, Neuropsychologia 18:597–601, 1980.
Lee T, Seeman P: Elevation of brain neuroleptic/dopamine receptors in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 137:191–197, 1980.
Lee T, Seeman P, Farley IJ, Hornydeiwicz 0: Binding of 3H-apomorphine in schizophrenic brains. Nature 274:897–900, 1978.
Owen F, Crow TJ, Poulter M, Cross AJ, Longden A, Riley GJ: Increased dopamine-receptor sensitivity in schizophrenia. Lancet 1:223–226, 1978.
DiChiro G, DeLapaz R, Smith B, Kornblith P, Sokoloff L, Brooks R, Blasberg R, Cummins C, Kessler R, Wolf AP, Fowler J, London W, Sever J: 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography of human cerebral gliomas. J CBF and Metab l:(Suppl 1):S11, 1981.
DiChiro G, DeLaPaz RL, Brooks RA, Sokoloff L, Kornblith PL, Smith BH, Patronas NJ, Kufta CV, Kessler RM, Johnston GS, Manning RG, Wolf AP: Glucose Utilization of Cerebral Gliomas Measured by (18f) Fluorodeoxyglucose and Positron Emission Tomography. Neurology 32:1323–1329, 1982.
Patronas NJ, DiChiro G, Brooks RA, DeLaPaz RL, Kornblith PL, Smith BH, Rizzoli HV, Kessler RM, Manning RG, Channing M, Wolf AP, O’Connor CM: Work in Progress: (l8F)fluorodeoxy-glucose and positron emission tomography in the evaluation of radiation necrosis of the brain. Radiology 144:885–889, 1982.
Lammertsma AA, Ito M, Wise RSJ, Bernardi S, Frackpwiak RSJ, Heather JD, McKenzie CG, Thomas DGT and Jones T: Measurement of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxygen Utilization in Patients with Cerebral Tumours Using 15O and Positron Emission Tomography: Analytical Techniques and Preliminary Results. Neuroradiology 23:63–74, 1982.
Withers HR, Peter LJ: Biological aspects of radiation therapy. In Fletcher GH (Ed.) Textbook of radiotherapy, 3rd ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1980, 103–179.
Kuhl DE, Markham Ch, Phelps ME, Winter J, Metter J: Local cerebral glucose metabolism in Huntington’s disease determined by emission computed tomography of 18F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose. J Nucl Med 22:15, 1981.
Kuhl DE, Phelps ME, Markham CH, Metter EJ, Riege, WH, Winter J: Cerebral Metabolism and Atrophy in Huntington’s Disease Determined by 18FDG and Computed Tomographic Scan. Ann Neurol 12:425–434, 1982.
Albert ML: Subcortical dementia. In Katzman R, Terry RD, Bick KL (Eds.) Alzheimer’s Disease: Senile Dementia and Related Disorders (Aging Vol 7). New York, Raven, 1978, 173–180.
Spokes EGS: Neurochemical alterations in Huntington’s chorea. A study of post-mortem brain tissue. Brain 103:179–210, 1980.
Bowen DM, Smith CB, White P, Davison AN: Neurotransmitter related enzymes and indices of hypoxia in senile dementia and other abiotrophies. Brain 99:459–496, 1976.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1983 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Reivich, M., Alavi, A. (1983). Pharmacokinetic Models and Positron Emission Tomography: Studies of Physiologic and Pathophysiologic Conditions. In: Lambrecht, R.M., Rescigno, A. (eds) Tracer Kinetics and Physiologic Modeling. Lecture Notes in Biomathematics, vol 48. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50036-7_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50036-7_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-12300-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-50036-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive