Abstract
Coherent electromagnetic waves can be generated in the radio frequency range both by classical sources (moving charges) and by the maser* principle, but their generation in the optical range is only possible by the laser** principle. The laser represents an extension (proposed by Schawlow and Townes 1 in 1958) of the microwave maser. The latter device had been proposed by Basov, Prokhorov 2, Townes 3 and Weber 4. In the present article*** we mainly treat the laser, although the theoretical results can be readily applied to the maser, and many of the results can be exemplified with it.
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A.L. Schawlow and C.H. Townes: Phys. Rev. 112, 1940 (1958).
N.G. Basov and A.M. Prokhorov: J. Exptl. Theoret. Phys. USSR 27, 431 (1954); 28, 249 (1955).
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J. Weber: Trans. IRE, PGED-3, June 1953; — The three-level maser principle was introduced by Basov and Prokhorov, 1955 (see 2), and its use in the solid state was first suggested by N. Bloembergen: Phys. Rev. 104, 324 (1956).
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A.E. Siegman: Microwave Solid-state Masers. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. 1964.
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W. Louiseix: Radiation and Noise in Quantum Electronics. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. 1964.
W. Kaiser: Physica Status Solidii 2, 1117 (1962).
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A.YA. Rivand J.P. Gordon: Proc. IEEE 51, 4 (1963).
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C.H. Townes, ed.: Quantum Electronics. New York: Columbia University Press 1960.
J.R. Singer, ed.: Advances in Quantum Electronics. New York: Columbia University Press 1961.
P. Grivet and N. Bloembergen, eds.: Quantum Electronics. Proceedings of the Third Internat. Congr., Paris, 1963. New York: Columbia University Press 1964.
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C.G.B. Garrett: Gas Lasers. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. 1967.
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A.G. Fox and T. Li: Bell System Tech. J. 40, 489 (1961).
A. Einstein: Physik. Z. 18, 121 (1917).
For a recent representation of “optical pumping” [A. Kastler: J. Phys. Radium 11, 225 (1950)]
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For recent representations see: R.J. Glauber, in: Quantum Optics and Electronics. New York: Gordon & Breach 1965
L. Mandel and E. Wolf: Rev. Mod. Phys. 37, 251 (1965). This article contains a rather complete list of further references on the quantum and statistical aspects of light.
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J.A. Armstrong and A.W. Smith Phys. Letters 19, 650 (1965)
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H. Risken: Z. Physik 186, 85 (1965). Interpreting the quantum mechanical equation of ref. 20 as a classical one, Risken established its Fokker-Planck equation and determined from it the photon distribution function. In the mean time a great number of theoretical and experimental papers appeared dealing with these problems.
A.W. Smith and J.A. Armstrong: Phys. Letters 19, 650 (1966)
A.W. Smith and J.A. Armstrong Phys. Rev. Letters 16, 1169 (1966).
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R.W. Hellwarth, in: Advances in Quantum Electronics (J. Singer, ed., p. 334). New York: Columbia Univ. Press 1961.
For the first experimental observation see: L.E. Hargrove, R.L. Fork, and M.A. Pollack: Appl. Phys. Letters 5, 4 (1964), and for the first theoretical treatment
M. di Domenico Jr.: J. Appl. Phys. 35, 2870 (1964).
A. Yariv: J. Appl. Phys. 36, 388 (1965).
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Haken, H. (1984). Introduction. In: Laser Theory. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45556-8_1
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