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Introduction to Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy

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Book cover Cavity-Enhanced Spectroscopy and Sensing

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Optical Sciences ((SSOS,volume 179))

Abstract

In this introductory chapter we will begin with an historical outline of the development of cavity enhanced absorption methods, with just enough attention to the applications that either motivated them or became conceivable after their development. Given the number of publications in this domain, we will consider only the first demonstrations, and those works leading to substantial improvement or innovation in the state of the art.

Subsequently, rather than reviewing in detail all principal applications, we will provide a review of the many reviews that have already appeared, even quite recently, dealing preferentially with a specific cavity enhanced implementation or a specific domain of application.

Finally, we will provide wide but mostly intuitive foundations for approaching to cavity enhanced methods, by considering first the physics behind the (static) response of a cavity in the spectral domain, followed by a discussion of the physics of the (transient) coupling of different types of lasers to a cavity, going from the ideal tunable monochromatic wave to the realistic noisy continuous wave laser, to the pulsed nanosecond laser, and finally the broadband femtosecond laser combs. We will try to situate the most widespread cavity enhanced schemes along these detailed discussions.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Charge Coupled Device, a linear or rectangular array of small detectors capable of converting photons into electrons which are accumulated into charge wells before readout

  2. 2.

    A shift applies also to the cavity resonances due to dispersion by the mirrors and in the intracavity medium, see Eq. (1.27).

  3. 3.

    See footnote 10.

  4. 4.

    …or the light group velocity at the given optical frequency, if intracavity dispersion effects are considered.

  5. 5.

    We neglect here phase factors associated to the complex coefficients r and t, which would introduce a tiny change of the effective cavity length. Likewise, we neglect the index of refraction n r of the sample, which makes the cavity length equal to n r L c. These effects have no importance here, but they have an impact on cavity dispersion (spectral dependence of FSR, considered later).

  6. 6.

    Inferior to 10 kHz/10 μs for a typical high finesse cavity, or about 0.1 s for tuning over one cavity FSR.

  7. 7.

    Any spectrograph will present an effective observation time inversely proportional to its resolution. An interesting case is the grating spectrograph, where the measurement time corresponds to the difference in delay of light paths reaching the observation plane after being diffracted at the opposite edges of the grating.

  8. 8.

    See also footnotes 4 and 5.

  9. 9.

    A drift of the other comb parameter (typically f 0) will only affect the match of the combs and the width of the transmitted peak at the passage through resonance, with no impact on the measurement as long as all the comb modes go through resonance with the cavity, even if at different times.

  10. 10.

    Virtually Imaged Phased Array: Basically, a tilted glass etalon which strongly disperses the frequencies of a light beam in the plane of the tilt, usually then coupled with a grating dispersing in the orthogonal direction [204].

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Kevin Lehmann and Marco Prevedelli for their critical reading of the manuscript and the useful discussions concerning several subtle issues.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. LIPhy UMR 5588, Univ. Grenoble 1/CNRS, 38041, Grenoble, France

    Daniele Romanini, Irène Ventrillard, Guillaume Méjean & Erik Kerstel

  2. Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France

    Jérôme Morville

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  1. Daniele Romanini
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  2. Irène Ventrillard
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  4. Jérôme Morville
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Correspondence to Daniele Romanini .

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  1. CNR-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO), Pozzuoli, Italy

    Gianluca Gagliardi

  2. Dept. of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

    Hans-Peter Loock

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Romanini, D., Ventrillard, I., Méjean, G., Morville, J., Kerstel, E. (2014). Introduction to Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy. In: Gagliardi, G., Loock, HP. (eds) Cavity-Enhanced Spectroscopy and Sensing. Springer Series in Optical Sciences, vol 179. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40003-2_1

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