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The Phylum Deferribacteres and the Genus Caldithrix

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The Prokaryotes

Abstract

The phylum Deferribacteres sensu stricto has been characterized in 2001 and currently groups 6 genera and 10 species of Gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria, i.e., Calditerrivibrio, Deferribacter, Denitrovibrio, Flexistipes, Geovibrio, and Mucispirillum. Caldithrix, which is currently an unclassified genus, sometimes described as phylogenetically related to Deferribacteres but it probably represents another phylum. The genome sizes of Deferribacteres are rather small ranging from 2.22 to 3.22 Mb with two rrn operons and a variable G+C content ranging from 28.7 to 50.2 mol%. Caldithrix abyssi presents a chromosome of 4.96 Mb, and the G+C % in the genus Caldithrix is about 43 mol%. Members of Deferribacteres and Caldithrix are Gram-negative rods or vibrio-shaped cells that do not form endospores, preferentially anaerobes (rarely microaerophilic), neutrophilic mesophilic to thermophilic. Mainly chemoorganotrophs, they can use various types of electron donors and acceptors, or other types of metabolism (chemolithotrophic or fermentative). Most of them are halophile or halotolerant explaining that they were frequently found in marine niches particularly in thermophilic, halophilic, and sulfide-rich conditions such as those found in deep hydrothermal vents. They were also found in oil reservoirs and polluted soils. Among Deferribacteres, Mucispirillum sp. displayed a particular lifestyle associated with gut mucus in rodents where it might contribute to pathogenesis in inflammatory conditions. No members of Deferribacteres are associated to human beings in health or disease.

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Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to Professor Hélène Marchandin for her keen vision on bacterial systematics shared in many insightful and friendly discussions. We would like to sincerely thank collaborators whose work contributed to the description of the phylum Synergistetes and therefore the emended description of the phylum Deferribacteres: Jean-Philippe Carlier, Audrey Damay, Bernard Gay, Hélène Jean-Pierre, Isabelle Zorgniotti, and Laurent Roudière.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. EA 7300, Equipe d’Accueil Stress Immunité Pathogènes, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, 9, avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 545005, Vandoeuvre–les–Nancy, France

    Corentine Alauzet

  2. Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Nancy, 54000, Nancy, France

    Corentine Alauzet

  3. UMR5119 ECOSYM, Equipe Pathogènes et Environnements, UFR des Sciences pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Montpellier 1, 15, avenue Charles Flahault, 34093, Montpellier, 5, France

    Estelle Jumas-Bilak

  4. Laboratoire d’Hygiène hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Montpellier, 34295, Montpellier, 5, France

    Estelle Jumas-Bilak

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  1. Corentine Alauzet
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Correspondence to Corentine Alauzet .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Eugene Rosenberg

  2. Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Edward F. DeLong

  3. Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA

    Edward F. DeLong

  4. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Stephen Lory

  5. Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany

    Erko Stackebrandt

  6. Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Fabiano Thompson

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Alauzet, C., Jumas-Bilak, E. (2014). The Phylum Deferribacteres and the Genus Caldithrix . In: Rosenberg, E., DeLong, E.F., Lory, S., Stackebrandt, E., Thompson, F. (eds) The Prokaryotes. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38954-2_162

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