Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Melanocytic Neoplasms of the Mucosa

  • Chapter
Pathology of Melanocytic Nevi and Melanoma

  • 2437 Accesses

Abstract

Mucosal melanomas (MMs) are rare, accounting for only 1–2 % of all melanomas [1, 2]. The age-adjusted incidence rate of MM in the period 1996–2000 was 2.2 per million in the USA (compared to 161.7 per million for cutaneous melanoma) [2]. In contrast to the rising incidence of cutaneous melanoma, the incidence of MM has remained relatively stable.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Chang AE, Karnell LH, Menck HR (1998) The National Cancer Data Base report on cutaneous and noncutaneous melanoma: a summary of 84,836 cases from the past decade. The American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer and the American Cancer Society. Cancer 83(8):1664–1678

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. McLaughlin CC, Wu XC, Jemal A et al (2005) Incidence of noncutaneous melanomas in the U.S. Cancer 103(5):1000–1007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Goldman JL, Lawson W, Zak FG, Roffman JD (1972) The presence of melanocytes in the human larynx. Laryngoscope 82(5):824–835

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Zak FG, Lawson W (1974) The presence of melanocytes in the nasal cavity. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 83(4):515–519

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Wong JH, Cagle LA, Storm FK, Morton DL (1987) Natural history of surgically treated mucosal melanoma. Am J Surg 154(1):54–57

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Carvajal RD, Antonescu CR, Wolchok JD et al (2011) KIT as a therapeutic target in metastatic melanoma. JAMA 305(22):2327–2334

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Antonescu CR, Busam KJ, Francone TD et al (2007) L576P KIT mutation in anal melanomas correlates with KIT protein expression and is sensitive to specific kinase inhibition. Int J Cancer 121(2):257–264

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Rivera RS, Nagatsuka H, Gunduz M et al (2008) C-kit protein expression correlated with activating mutations in KIT gene in oral mucosal melanoma. Virchows Arch 452(1):27–32

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Curtin JA, Busam K, Pinkel D, Bastian BC (2006) Somatic activation of KIT in distinct subtypes of melanoma. J Clin Oncol 24(26):4340–4346

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Wong CW, Fan YS, Chan TL et al (2005) BRAF and NRAS mutations are uncommon in melanomas arising in diverse internal organs. J Clin Pathol 58(6):640–644

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Guo J, Si L, Kong Y et al (2011) Phase II, open-label, single-arm trial of imatinib mesylate in patients with metastatic melanoma harboring c-Kit mutation or amplification. J Clin Oncol 29(21):2904–2909

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Iversen K, Robins RE (1980) Mucosal malignant melanomas. Am J Surg 139(5):660–664

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Curtin JA, Fridlyand J, Kageshita T et al (2005) Distinct sets of genetic alterations in melanoma. N Engl J Med 353(20):2135–2147

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Manolidis S, Donald PJ (1997) Malignant mucosal melanoma of the head and neck: review of the literature and report of 14 patients. Cancer 80(8):1373–1386

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Patel SG, Prasad ML, Escrig M et al (2002) Primary mucosal malignant melanoma of the head and neck. Head Neck 24(3):247–257

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Bachar G, Loh KS, O’Sullivan B et al (2008) Mucosal melanomas of the head and neck: experience of the Princess Margaret Hospital. Head Neck 30(10):1325–1331

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Gilligan D, Slevin NJ (1991) Radical radiotherapy for 28 cases of mucosal melanoma in the nasal cavity and sinuses. Br J Radiol 64(768):1147–1150

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Wu AJ, Gomez J, Zhung JE et al (2010) Radiotherapy after surgical resection for head and neck mucosal melanoma. Am J Clin Oncol 33(3):281–285

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Benlyazid A, Thariat J, Temam S et al (2010) Postoperative radiotherapy in head and neck mucosal melanoma: a GETTEC study. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 136(12):1219–1225

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Stern SJ, Guillamondegui OM (1991) Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck. Head Neck 13(1):22–27

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Berthelsen A, Andersen AP, Jensen TS, Hansen HS (1984) Melanomas of the mucosa in the oral cavity and the upper respiratory passages. Cancer 54(5):907–912

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Thompson LD, Wieneke JA, Miettinen M (2003) Sinonasal tract and nasopharyngeal melanomas: a clinicopathologic study of 115 cases with a proposed staging system. Am J Surg Pathol 27(5):594–611

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Clifton N, Harrison L, Bradley PJ, Jones NS (2011) Malignant melanoma of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses: report of 24 patients and literature review. J Laryngol Otol 125(5):479–485

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Kingdom TT, Kaplan MJ (1995) Mucosal melanoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Head Neck 17(3):184–189

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. De Meerleer GO, Vermeersch H, van Eijkeren M et al (1998) Primary sinonasal mucosal melanoma: three different therapeutic approaches to inoperable local disease or recurrence and a review of the literature. Melanoma Res 8(5):449–457

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Crawford RI, Tron VA, Ma R, Rivers JK (1995) Sinonasal malignant melanoma – a clinicopathologic analysis of 18 cases. Melanoma Res 5(4):261–265

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Brandwein MS, Rothstein A, Lawson W et al (1997) Sinonasal melanoma. A clinicopathologic study of 25 cases and literature meta-analysis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 123(3):290–296

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Batsakis JG, Suarez P (2000) Mucosal melanomas: a review. Adv Anat Pathol 7(3):167–180

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Takagi M, Ishikawa G, Mori W (1974) Primary malignant melanoma of the oral cavity in Japan. With special reference to mucosal melanosis. Cancer 34(2):358–370

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Rapini RP, Golitz LE, Greer RO Jr et al (1985) Primary malignant melanoma of the oral cavity. A review of 177 cases. Cancer 55(7):1543–1551

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Lee SP, Shimizu KT, Tran LM et al (1994) Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck: the impact of local control on survival. Laryngoscope 104(2):121–126

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Shah JP, Huvos AG, Strong EW (1977) Mucosal melanomas of the head and neck. Am J Surg 134(4):531–535

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Snow GB, van der Esch EP, van Slooten EA (1978) Mucosal melanomas of the head and neck. Head Neck Surg 1(1):24–30

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Barker BF, Carpenter WM, Daniels TE et al (1997) Oral mucosal melanomas: the WESTOP Banff workshop proceedings. Western Society of Teachers of Oral Pathology. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 83(6):672–679

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Hicks MJ, Flaitz CM (2000) Oral mucosal melanoma: epidemiology and pathobiology. Oral Oncol 36(2):152–169

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Prasad ML, Patel S, Hoshaw-Woodard S et al (2002) Prognostic factors for malignant melanoma of the squamous mucosa of the head and neck. Am J Surg Pathol 26(7):883–892

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Barrett AW, Bennett JH, Speight PM (1995) A clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of primary oral mucosal melanoma. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol 31B(2):100–105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Doval DC, Rao CR, Saitha KS et al (1996) Magliant melanoma of the oral cavity: report of 14 cases from a regional cancer centre. Eur J Surg Oncol 22(3):245–249

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Nandapalan V, Roland NJ, Helliwell TR et al (1998) Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 23(2):107–116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Wenig BM (1995) Laryngeal mucosal malignant melanoma. A clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of four patients and a review of the literature. Cancer 75(7):1568–1577

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Amin HH, Petruzzelli GJ, Husain AN, Nickoloff BJ (2001) Primary malignant melanoma of the larynx. Arch Pathol Lab Med 125(2):271–273

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Lin SY, Hsu CY, Jan YJ (2001) Primary laryngeal melanoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 125(5):569–570

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Umeda M, Komatsubara H, Shibuya Y et al (2002) Premalignant melanocytic dysplasia and malignant melanoma of the oral mucosa. Oral Oncol 38(7):714–722

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. King OH Jr, Blankenship JP, King WA, Coleman SA (1967) The frequency of pigmented nevi in the oral cavity. Report of five cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 23(1):82–90

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Buchner A, Hansen LS (1979) Pigmented nevi of the oral mucosa: a clinicopathologic study of 32 new cases and review of 75 cases from the literature. Part I. A clinicopathologic study of 32 new cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 48(2):131–142

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Comerford TE Jr, Delapava S, Pickren JW (1964) Nevus of the oral cavity. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 17:148–151

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Damm DD, White DK, Lyu PE, Puno P (2008) Balloon cell nevus of the oral mucosa. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 105(6):755–757

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Buchner A, Hansen LS (1987) Pigmented nevi of the oral mucosa: a clinicopathologic study of 36 new cases and review of 155 cases from the literature. Part II: analysis of 191 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 63(6):676–682

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Buchner A, Hansen LS (1987) Pigmented nevi of the oral mucosa: a clinicopathologic study of 36 new cases and review of 155 cases from the literature. Part I: a clinicopathologic study of 36 new cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 63(5):566–572

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Buchner A, Hansen LS (1980) Pigmented nevi of the oral mucosa: a clinicopathologic study of 32 new cases and review of 75 cases from the literature. Part II. Analysis of 107 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 49(1):55–62

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Buchner A, Leider AS, Carpenter WM, Littner MM (1990) Melanocytic nevi of the oral mucosa – a clinicopathologic study of 60 new cases. Refuat Hashinayim 8(3):3–8

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Buchner A, Leider AS, Merrell PW, Carpenter WM (1990) Melanocytic nevi of the oral mucosa: a clinicopathologic study of 130 cases from northern California. J Oral Pathol Med 19(5):197–201

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Carlos-Bregni R, Contreras E, Netto AC et al (2007) Oral melanoacanthoma and oral melanotic macule: a report of 8 cases, review of the literature, and immunohistochemical analysis. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 12(5):E374–E379

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Page LR, Corio RL, Crawford BE et al (1977) The oral melanotic macule. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 44(2):219–226

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Buchner A (2004) Amalgam tattoo (amalgam pigmentation) of the oral mucosa: clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Refuat Hapeh Vehashinayim 21(2):19–22, 96

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Buchner A, Hansen LS (1980) Amalgam pigmentation (amalgam tattoo) of the oral mucosa. A clinicopathologic study of 268 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 49(2):139–147

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Peterson LJ (1974) Granular-cell tumor. Review of the literature and report of a case. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 37(5):728–735

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Sena Costa NC, Bertini F, Carvalho YR et al (2012) Granular cell tumor presenting as a tongue nodule: two case reports. J Med Case Rep 6:56

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Patel JK, Didolkar MS, Pickren JW, Moore RH (1978) Metastatic pattern of malignant melanoma. A study of 216 autopsy cases. Am J Surg 135(6):807–810

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Kadivar TF, Vanek VW, Krishnan EU (1992) Primary malignant melanoma of the small bowel: a case study. Am Surg 58(7):418–422

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Goldman SL, Pollak EW, Wolfman EF (1977) Gastric ulcer. An unusual presentation of malignant melanoma. JAMA 237(1):52

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Heath DI, Womack C (1988) Primary malignant melanoma of the gall bladder. J Clin Pathol 41(10):1073–1077

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Kenney B, Dotto J, Homer R et al (2007) Primary malignant melanoma of the transverse colon: report of a case and review of the literature. Int J Surg Pathol 15(4):401–407

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Khalid U, Saleem T, Imam AM, Khan MR (2011) Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of primary melanoma of the colon. World J Surg Oncol 9:14

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Christova S, Meinhard K, Mihailov I, Alexiev B (1996) Three cases of primary malignant melanoma of the alimentary tract. Gen Diagn Pathol 142(1):63–67

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Cote TR, Sobin LH (2009) Primary melanomas of the esophagus and anorectum: epidemiologic comparison with melanoma of the skin. Melanoma Res 19(1):58–60

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Iddings DM, Fleisig AJ, Chen SL et al (2010) Practice patterns and outcomes for anorectal melanoma in the USA, reviewing three decades of treatment: is more extensive surgical resection beneficial in all patients? Ann Surg Oncol 17(1):40–44

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Tomicic J, Wanebo HJ (2003) Mucosal melanomas. Surg Clin North Am 83(2):237–252

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Pessaux P, Pocard M, Elias D et al (2004) Surgical management of primary anorectal melanoma. Br J Surg 91(9):1183–1187

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Brady MS, Kavolius JP, Quan SH (1995) Anorectal melanoma. A 64-year experience at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Dis Colon Rectum 38(2):146–151

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Yeh JJ, Shia J, Hwu WJ et al (2006) The role of abdominoperineal resection as surgical therapy for anorectal melanoma. Ann Surg 244(6):1012–1017

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Zhang S, Gao F, Wan D (2010) Effect of misdiagnosis on the prognosis of anorectal malignant melanoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 136(9):1401–1405

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Iwanuma Y, Tomita N, Amano T et al (2012) Current status of primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus: clinical features, pathology, management and prognosis. J Gastroenterol 47(1):21–28

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Schuchter LM, Green R, Fraker D (2000) Primary and metastatic diseases in malignant melanoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Curr Opin Oncol 12(2):181–185

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Sabanathan S, Eng J, Pradhan GN (1989) Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 84(12):1475–1481

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Chalkiadakis G, Wihlm JM, Morand G et al (1985) Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus. Ann Thorac Surg 39(5):472–475

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Volpin E, Sauvanet A, Couvelard A, Belghiti J (2002) Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus: a case report and review of the literature. Dis Esophagus 15(3):244–249

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Sabanathan S, Eng J (1990) Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 24(1):83–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Chang F, Deere H (2006) Esophageal melanocytosis morphologic features and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 130(4):552–557

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Yamazaki K, Ohmori T, Kumagai Y et al (1991) Ultrastructure of oesophageal melanocytosis. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 418(6):515–522

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Dumas O, Barthelemy C, Billard F et al (1990) Isolated melanosis of the esophagus: systematic endoscopic diagnosis. Endoscopy 22(2):94–95

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Sharma SS, Venkateswaran S, Chacko A, Mathan M (1991) Melanosis of the esophagus. An endoscopic, histochemical, and ultrastructural study. Gastroenterology 100(1):13–16

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Lohmann CM, Hwu WJ, Iversen K et al (2003) Primary malignant melanoma of the oesophagus: a clinical and pathological study with emphasis on the immunophenotype of the tumours for melanocyte differentiation markers and cancer/testis antigens. Melanoma Res 13(6):595–601

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Mousavi AS, Fakor F, Nazari Z et al (2006) Primary malignant melanoma of the uterine cervix: case report and review of the literature. J Low Genit Tract Dis 10(4):258–263

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. McCluggage WG, Bissonnette JP, Young RH (2006) Primary malignant melanoma of the ovary: a report of 9 definite or probable cases with emphasis on their morphologic diversity and mimicry of other primary and secondary ovarian neoplasms. Int J Gynecol Pathol 25(4):321–329

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Gungor T, Altinkaya SO, Ozat M et al (2009) Primary malignant melanoma of the female genital tract. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 48(2):169–175

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Verschraegen CF, Benjapibal M, Supakarapongkul W et al (2001) Vulvar melanoma at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center: 25 years later. Int J Gynecol Cancer 11(5):359–364

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Ragnarsson-Olding BK, Kanter-Lewensohn LR, Lagerlof B et al (1999) Malignant melanoma of the vulva in a nationwide, 25-year study of 219 Swedish females: clinical observations and histopathologic features. Cancer 86(7):1273–1284

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. DeMatos P, Tyler D, Seigler HF (1998) Mucosal melanoma of the female genitalia: a clinicopathologic study of forty-three cases at Duke University Medical Center. Surgery 124(1):38–48

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Ariel IM (1981) Malignant melanoma of the female genital system: a report of 48 patients and review of the literature. J Surg Oncol 16(4):371–383

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Weinstock MA (1994) Malignant melanoma of the vulva and vagina in the United States: patterns of incidence and population-based estimates of survival. Am J Obstet Gynecol 171(5):1225–1230

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Sugiyama VE, Chan JK, Shin JY et al (2007) Vulvar melanoma: a multivariable analysis of 644 patients. Obstet Gynecol 110(2 Pt 1):296–301

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Wechter ME, Gruber SB, Haefner HK et al (2004) Vulvar melanoma: a report of 20 cases and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 50(4):554–562

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Brand E, Fu YS, Lagasse LD, Berek JS (1989) Vulvovaginal melanoma: report of seven cases and literature review. Gynecol Oncol 33(1):54–60

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Heller DS, Moomjy M, Koulos J, Smith D (1994) Vulvar and vaginal melanoma. A clinicopathologic study. J Reprod Med 39(12):945–948

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Gupta D, Malpica A, Deavers MT, Silva EG (2002) Vaginal melanoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 26 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 26(11):1450–1457

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Reid GC, Schmidt RW, Roberts JA et al (1989) Primary melanoma of the vagina: a clinicopathologic analysis. Obstet Gynecol 74(2):190–199

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. van Geel AN, den Bakker MA, Kirkels W et al (2007) Prognosis of primary mucosal penile melanoma: a series of 19 Dutch patients and 47 patients from the literature. Urology 70(1):143–147

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Chaux A, Amin M, Cubilla AL, Young RH (2011) Metastatic tumors to the penis: a report of 17 cases and review of the literature. Int J Surg Pathol 19(5):597–606

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. DiMarco DS, DiMarco CS, Zincke H et al (2004) Outcome of surgical treatment for primary malignant melanoma of the female urethra. J Urol 171(2 Pt 1):765–767

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Gupta R, Bhatti SS, Dinda AK, Singh MK (2007) Primary melanoma of the urethra: a rare neoplasm of the urinary tract. Int Urol Nephrol 39(3):833–836

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Nakamoto T, Inoue Y, Ueki T et al (2007) Primary amelanotic malignant melanoma of the female urethra. Int J Urol 14(2):153–155

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Stein BS, Kendall AR (1984) Malignant melanoma of the genitourinary tract. J Urol 132(5):859–868

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Schindler K, Schicher N, Kunstfeld R et al (2012) A rare case of primary rhabdoid melanoma of the urinary bladder treated with ipilimumab, an anti-CTLA 4 monoclonal antibody. Melanoma Res 22(4):320–325

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Siroy AE, MacLennan GT (2011) Primary melanoma of the bladder. J Urol 185(3):1096–1097

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

    Rajmohan Murali MBBS, MD, FRCPA

  2. Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA

    Klaus J. Busam MD

  3. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, USA

    Raymond L. Barnhill MD, MSc

  4. Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, 10833 Le Conte Ave, AS-370 CHS, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA

    Raymond L. Barnhill MD, MSc

Authors
  1. Rajmohan Murali MBBS, MD, FRCPA
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Klaus J. Busam MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Raymond L. Barnhill MD, MSc
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rajmohan Murali MBBS, MD, FRCPA .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. UCLA and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Raymond L. Barnhill

  2. University of Washington and Dermatopathology Northwest PLLC, Bellevue, Washington, USA

    Michael W. Piepkorn

  3. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA

    Klaus J. Busam

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Murali, R., Busam, K.J., Barnhill, R.L. (2014). Melanocytic Neoplasms of the Mucosa. In: Barnhill, R., Piepkorn, M., Busam, K. (eds) Pathology of Melanocytic Nevi and Melanoma. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38385-4_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38385-4_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-38384-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-38385-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation