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Placeboeffekte in der Schmerzmedizin

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Praktische Schmerzmedizin

Zusammenfassung

Der Placeboeffekt unterliegt seit einigen Jahren einem starken Paradigmenwechsel: Ursprünglich wurde er als unerklärbares, eher mystisches Phänomen angesehen, heute wird er vor dem Hintergrund einer Vielzahl empirischer Befunde zu seiner Wirksamkeit und seinen Wirkmechanismen zunehmend als nachvollziehbarer Prozess in Forschung und Klinik wahrgenommen. Placeboeffekte werden nicht mehr nur auf »unspezifische Effekte« reduziert. Neuerdings wird sogar diskutiert, wie der Placeboeffekt im klinischen Bereich nutzbringend eingesetzt werden kann.

Zu den am besten untersuchten Placeboeffekten gehört die Placeboanalgesie. Die Studien ihrer psychologischen und neurobiologischen Grundlagen reichen schon über 30 Jahre zurück. Sie zeigen, dass der Placeboanalgesie spezifische Gehirnvorgänge und peripher-physiologische Mechanismen zugrunde liegen, an der das körpereigene Opioid- und Cannabinoidsystem beteiligt ist. Diese Ergebnisse haben dazu bewogen, den analgetischen Placeboeffekt in seiner klinischen Relevanz zu betrachten: Erstmals in der S3-Leitlinie der AWMF (DIVS 2008) zur »Behandlung akuter und perioperativer Schmerzen« wird empfohlen, den Placeboeffekt klinisch zu nutzen und den Noceboeffekt zu minimieren. Diese Empfehlung stellt eine bedeutsame Innovation in der Anwendung medikamentöser Schmerztherapie dar.

In diesem Kapitel werden Wirkmechanismen und Wirksamkeitsnachweise des analgetischen Placeboeffektes auf psychologischer und biologischer Ebene beschrieben. Von diesem Grundlagenwissen werden Ansatzpunkte abgeleitet, wie der Placeboeffekt im akuten wie auch im chronischen Schmerzmanagement klinisch eingesetzt werden kann.

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Klinger, R., Bingel, U. (2013). Placeboeffekte in der Schmerzmedizin. In: Baron, R., Koppert, W., Strumpf, M., Willweber-Strumpf, A. (eds) Praktische Schmerzmedizin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37605-4_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37605-4_3

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