Skip to main content

Anesthesia for Aesthetic Surgery

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cosmetic Surgery

Abstract

Nearly 75% of all elective surgery is performed in an outpatient setting. As much as 25% of all outpatient surgeries are performed in physicians’ offices. Regulatory agencies such as American Association of Accreditation of Ambulatory Surgery (AAAASF) and Accreditation Association for Ambulatory Health Care (AAAHC) have helped establish minimum standards of care for surgical locations where anesthesia is administered. The surgical facility, preoperative evaluation, evaluation of risk assessment, medical disorders that increase risk, and the various anesthetic agents are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. White PF (ed) (1997) Textbook of ambulatory anesthesia and surgery. WB Saunders, London

    Google Scholar 

  2. Chung F, Mezei G (1999) Adverse outcomes in ambulatory anesthesia. Can J Anaesth 46(5 Pt 2):R18–R34

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Wetchler BV (2000) Online shopping for ambulatory surgery: let the buyer beware! Ambul Surg 8(3):111

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Courtiss EH, Goldwyn RM, Joffe JM, Hannenberg AH (1994) Anesthetic practices in ambulatory aesthetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 93:792–801

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kitz DS, Slusary-Ladden C, Lecky JH (1988) Hospital resources used for inpatients and ambulatory surgery. Anesthesiology 69:383–386

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Eichhorn JH, Cooper JB (1989) Prevention of intraoperative anesthesia accidents and related severe injury through safety monitoring. Anesthesiology 76:512–514

    Google Scholar 

  7. White PF, Smith I (1993) Impact of newer drugs and ­techniques on the quality of ambulatory anesthesia. J Clin Anesth 5(6 suppl 1):3S–13S

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Natof HE (1980) Complications associated with ambulatory surgery. J Am Med Assoc 244:1116–1118

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Rao RB, Ely SF, Hoffman RS (1999) Deaths associated with liposuction. N Engl J Med 341:1003; Correspondence (reply)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Warner MA, Shields SE, Chute CG (1993) Major morbidity and mortality within 1 month of ambulatory surgery and anesthesia. J Am Med Assoc 270:1437–1441

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Holland R (1987) Anesthetic mortality in New South Wales. Br J Anaesth 59:834

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Morello DC, Colon GA, Fredricks S et al (1997) Patient safety in accredited office surgical facilities. Plast Reconstr Surg 99(6):1496–1500

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Domino KB (2001) Office-based anesthesia: lessons learned from closed claims project. ASA Newsl 65(6):9–11

    Google Scholar 

  14. Grazer FM, de Jong RH (2000) Fatal outcomes from liposuction census survey of cosmetic surgeons. Plast Reconstr Surg 105:436–446

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Cote CJ, Notterman DA, Karl HW, Weinberg JA, McCloskey C (2000) Adverse sedation events in pediatrics: a critical incident analysis of contributing factors. Pediatrics 106(4 pt 1):805–814

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Pasternak LR (1995) Screening patients: strategies and studies. In: McGoldrick KL (ed) Ambulatory anesthesia: a problem-oriented approach. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, p 17

    Google Scholar 

  17. Kohn RLF (1985) Preoperative assessment and premedication. In: Smith G, Aitkenhead AR (eds) Textbook of anesthesia. Churchill Livingstone, New York

    Google Scholar 

  18. Fodor PB (1995) Wetting solutions in aspirative lipoplasty: a plea for safety in liposuction. Aesthetic Plast Surg 19:379–380

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. West Group. West’s Annotated California Codes, Business and Professions Code. 3A Article 11.5, Section 2216

    Google Scholar 

  20. West Group. West’s Annotated Codes, Health and Safety Code. 38B, Chapter 1.3, Section 1248

    Google Scholar 

  21. Morell RC (2000). OBA questions, problems just now recognized, being defined. Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation Newsletter 15(1): 1-3

    Google Scholar 

  22. American Society of Anesthesiologists (2000) Guidelines for office–based anesthesia. 2000 Directory of Members. ASA, Park Ridge, pp 480–510; and ASA Newsletter 2000:64(1)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Iverson RE (2002) American society of plastic surgeons task force on patient safety in office-based surgery facilities. Patient safety in office-based facilities: I. Procedures in the office-based surgery setting. Plast Reconstr Surg 110:1337–1342

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Iverson RE, Lynch DJ (2002) American society of plastic surgeons task force on patient safety in office-based surgery facilities. Patient safety in office-based facilities: II. Patient selection. Plast Reconstr Surg 110:1785–1790

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) (1997) Standards for basic anesthetic monitoring. Approved by the house of delegates on October 21, 1986 and last amended on October 13, 1993. Directory of Members. ASA, Park Ridge, p 394

    Google Scholar 

  26. American Society of Anesthesiologists (1995) Guidelines for ambulatory surgical facilities last amended 1988. Directory of Members. American Society of Anesthesiolo­gists, Park Ridge, pp 386–387

    Google Scholar 

  27. American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery (1995) 1995 Guidelines for liposuction :2–6

    Google Scholar 

  28. West Group, West’s Annotated California Codes, Health and Safety Code. 38B, Chapter 1.3, Section 1248.15

    Google Scholar 

  29. Courtiss EH, Kanter MA (1990) The prevention and management of medical problems during office surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 85:127–136

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Press I (1994) The last word. Hospital and Health Networks, Anderson and Associates, March 5, 1994, p 60

    Google Scholar 

  31. Anderson & Associates (1992) Best practices. Putting insight into practice. Anderson & Associates, Dallas

    Google Scholar 

  32. Klein JA (1993) Tumescent technique for local anesthesia improves safety in large-volume liposuction. Plast Reconstr Surg 92(6):1085–1098

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non-­anesthesiologists. A report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology (1996) 84:459–471

    Google Scholar 

  34. Mannino MJ (1991) Anesthesia for male aesthetic surgery. Clin Plast Surg 18(4):867

    Google Scholar 

  35. Bechtoldt AA (1981) Committee on anesthesia study. Anesthetic-related death: 1969–1976. N C Med J 42(4):253–259

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Graham DH III, Duplechain G (1997) Anesthesia in facial plastic surgery. In: Willett JM (ed) Facial plastic surgery. Appleton & Lange, Stamford, pp 5–26

    Google Scholar 

  37. The American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery (2000) 2000 guidelines for liposuction surgery. Am J Cosmet Surg 17(2):79–84

    Google Scholar 

  38. Jamison RN, Parris WC, Maxson WS (1987) Psychological factors influencing recovery from outpatient surgery. Behav Res Ther 5:31–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Hampton JR, Harrison MJ, Mitchell JR, Prichard JS, Seymour C (1975) Relative contributions of history taking, physical examination, and laboratory investigation to ­diagnosis and management of medical outpatients. Br Med J 2(5869):486–489

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Sung YF, Wat LI (1997) Organizational procedures, information systems, preoperative records and forms. In: White PF (ed) Ambulatory anesthesia and surgery. Harcourt Brace & Company, Philadelphia, pp 35–60

    Google Scholar 

  41. Korvin CC, Pearce RH, Stanley J (1975) Admissions screening: clinical benefits. Ann Intern Med 83:197–203

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Tape TG, Mushlin AI (1986) The utility of routine chest radiographs. Ann Intern Med 104:663–670

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Turnbull JM, Buck C (1985) The value of preoperative screening investigations in otherwise healthy individuals. Arch Intern Med 147:1101–1105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Kaplan EB, Sheiner LB, Alison J, Boeckmann AJ, Roizen MF, Beal SL, Cohen SN, Nicoll CD (1985) The usefulness of preoperative laboratory screening. J Am Med Assoc 253(24):3576–3581

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Bates DW, Boyle DL, Rittenberg E, Kupperman GJ, Ma’Luf N, Menkin V, Winkelman TW, Tanasijevic MJ (1998) What proportion of common diagnostic test appear redundant? Am J Med 104(4):361–368

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Olsen DM, Kane RL, Proctor PH (1975) A controlled trial of multiphasic screening. N Engl J Med 294:925–930

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Delahunt B, Turnbull PRG (1980) How cost-effective are routine preoperative investigations? N Z Med J 92:431–432

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Apfelbaum JL (1990) Preoperative evaluation, laboratory screening, and selection of adult surgical outpatients in the 1990’s. Anesthesiol Rev 17:4–12

    Google Scholar 

  49. Gibby GL, Gravenstein JS, Layone AJ, Jackson KI (1992) How often does the preoperative interview change anesthetic management? Anesthesiology 77:A1134; (Abstract)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Sandler G (1979) Costs of unnecessary tests. Br Med J 2:21–24

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Rabkin SW, Horne JM (1983) Preoperative electrocardiography: effect of new abnormalities on clinical decisions. Can Med Assoc J 128:146–147

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Roizen MF, Foss JF, Fischer SP (2000) Preoperative evaluation. In: Miller RD (ed) Anesthesia, 5th edn. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, pp 854–855

    Google Scholar 

  53. Roizen MF, Fischer SP, White PF (eds) (1997) Ambulatory anesthesia and surgery. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 155–172

    Google Scholar 

  54. Fowkes FGR, Lunn JN, Farrow SC, Robertson IB, Samuel P (1982) Epidemiology in anesthesia. III. Mortality risk in patients with coexisting physical disease. Br J Anaesth 54(8):819–825

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Saklad M (1941) Grading of patient for surgical procedures. Anesthesiology 62:206

    Google Scholar 

  56. Dripps RD, Lamont S, Eckenhoff JE (1961) The role of anesthesia in surgical mortality. J Am Med Assoc 178:261

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. American Society of Anesthesiologists (1963) New classification of physical status. Anesthesiology 24:111

    Google Scholar 

  58. Gold BS, Kitz DS, Lecky JH, Neuhaus JM (1989) Unanticipated admission to the hospital following ambulatory surgery. J Am Med Assoc 262:3008–3010

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Tiret L, Desmonts JM, Hatton F, Vourc’h G (1986) Complications associated with anesthesia: a prospective study in France. Can Anaesth Soc J 33(3 Pt. 1):336–344

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Pedersen T, Eliasen K, Hendricksen E (1990) A prospective study of mortality associated with anesthesia and surgery: risk indicators of mortality in hospital. Acta Anaesthsiol Scand 34:76

    Google Scholar 

  61. Vancanti CJ, Van Houten RJ, Hill RC (1970) A statistical analysis of the relationship of physical status to postoperative mortality in 68,388 cases. Anesth Analg 49:564

    Google Scholar 

  62. Goldman L, Caldera DL, Nussbaum SR, Southwick FS, Krogstad D, Murray B, Burke DS, O’Malley TA, Goroll AH, Caplan CH, Nolan J, Carabello B, Slater EE (1977) Multifactorial index of cardiac risk in non-cardiac surgical procedures. N Engl J Med 297(16):845–850

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Goldman L, Caldera DL, Southwick FS, Nussbaum SR, Murray B, O’Malley TA, Goroll AH, Caplan CH, Nolan J, Burke DS, Krogstad D, Carabello B, Slater EE (1978) Cardiac risk factors and complications in non-cardiac ­surgery. Medicine 57(4):357–370

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Mangano DT, Browner WS, Hollenberg M, London J, Tubau JF, Tateo MS (1990) Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group: association of perioperative myocardial ischemia with cardiac morbidity and mortality in men undergoing non-cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 323:1781–1788

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Krupski WC, Layag EL, Reilly LM, Rapp JH, Mangano DT (1992) Comparison of cardiac morbidity between aortic and infrainguinal operations. Study of Perioperative Ischemia (SPI) Research Group. J Vasc Surg 15(2):354–363

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. L’Italien GJ, Cambria RP, Cutler BS, Leppo JA, Brewster DC, Hendel RC, Abbott WM, Eagle KA (1995) Comparative early and late cardiac morbidity among patients requiring different vascular surgery procedures. J Vasc Surg 21(6):935–944

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Detsky AS, Abrams HB, Mclaughlin JR, Drucker DJ, Sasson Z, Johnston N, Scott JG, Forbath N, Hilliard JR (1986) Predicting cardiac complication in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. J Gen Intern Med 1(4):211–219

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Katz RI, Sexton TR, Dayan SS, Hersch DH, Keehn L (2001) Cardiac risk factors in non-cardiac surgical patients: a retrospective study. Am J Anesthesiol 28:331–338

    Google Scholar 

  69. Pasternak LR (1995) Screening patients: strategies and studies. In: McGoldrick KE (ed) Ambulatory anesthesiology, A problem-oriented approach. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, p 10

    Google Scholar 

  70. Gordon NA, Koch ME (2006) Duration of anesthesia as an indicator of morbidity and mortality in office-based facial plastic surgery: a review of 1,200 consecutive cases. Arch Facial Plast Surg 8:47–53

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Federated Ambulatory Surgical Association (1986) FASA special study I. FASA, Alexandria

    Google Scholar 

  72. Buck N, Devlin HB, Lunn JN (1987) Report of confidential inquiry into perioperative deaths: Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust. King’s Fund Publishing House, London

    Google Scholar 

  73. Lunn JN, Devlin HB (1987) Lessons from the confidential enquiry into perioperative death in three NHS regions. Lancet 2(8572):1384–1386

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. McCann RL, Clements FM (1989) Silent myocardial ischemia in patients undergoing peripheral vascular surgery: incidence and association with preoperative cardiac morbidity and mortality. J Vasc Surg 9(4):583–587

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Deanfield JE, Maseri A, Selwyn AP, Ribeiro P, Chierchia S, Krilder S, Morgan M (1983) Myocardial ischaemia during daily life in patients with stable angina: its relation to symptoms and heart rate changes. Lancet 2(8353):753–758

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Tarhan S, Moffitt EA, Taylor WF, Giuliani ER (1972) Myocardial infarction after general anesthesia. J Am Med Assoc 220(11):1451–1454

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Sapala JA, Ponka JL, Duvernoy WF (1973) Operative and non-operative risks in the cardiac patient. J Am Geriatr Soc 23(12):529–534

    Google Scholar 

  78. Steen PA, Tinker JH, Tarhan S (1976) Myocardial reinfarction after anesthesia and surgery. J Am Med Assoc 239(24):2566–2570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Rao TL, Jacobs KH, El-Etr AA (1983) Reinfarction following anesthesia in patients with myocardial infarction. Anesthesiology 59(6):499–505

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Shah KB, Kleinman BS, Sami H, Patel J, Rao TL (1990) Reevaluation of perioperative myocardial infarction in patients with prior myocardial infarction undergoing non cardiac operations. Anesth Analg 71(3):231–235

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Mantha S, Roizen MF, Barnard J, Thisted RA, Ellis JE, Busse JR (1994) Relative effectiveness of preoperative noninvasive cardiac evaluation test on predicting adverse cardiac outcome following vascular surgery: a metaanalysis. Anesth Analg 79(3):422–433

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. McPhail N, Calvin JE, Shariatmadar A, Barber GG, Scobie TK (1988) The use of preoperative exercise testing to predict cardiac complication after arterial reconstruction. J Vasc Surg 7(1):60–68

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Christopherson R, Beattie L, Frank SM, Norris EJ, Meinert CL, Goulieb SO, Yates H (1993) Perioperative morbidity in patients randomized to epidural or general anesthesia for lower extremity vascular surgery. Perioperative Ischemia Randomized Anesthesia Trial Study Group. Anesthesiology 79(3):422–434

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Slogoff S, Keats AS (1989) Randomized trial of primary anesthetic agents on outcome of coronary artery bypass operations. Anesthesiology 70(2):179–188

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR (2010) Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2008. JAMA 303(3):235–241

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, Wilson JD, Martin JB, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL (1998) Harrison’s principles of internal medicine, 14th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 454–455

    Google Scholar 

  87. Anderson T, Gluud C (1984) Liver morphology in morbid obesity: a literature study. Int J Obes 8(2):97–106

    Google Scholar 

  88. Lee JJ, Larson RH, Buckley JJ, Roberts RS (1980) Airway maintenance in the morbidly obese. Anest Rev 71:33–36

    Google Scholar 

  89. Rocke DA, Murray WB, Rout CC, Gouws E (1992) Relative risk analysis of factors associated with difficult intubating in obstetric anesthesia. Anesthesiology 77:464–466

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Vaughan RW, Bauer S, Wise L (1975) Volume and pH of gastric juice in obese patients. Anesthesiology 43:686–689

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Ray CS, Sue DY, Bray G, Hansen JE, Wasserman K (1983) Effects of obesity on respiratory function. Am Rev Respir Dis 128:501–506

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Paul ER, Hoyt JL, Boutros AR (1976) Cardiovascular and respiratory changes in response to change of posture in the very obese. Anesthesiology 45:73–78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Drummond GB, Park GR (1984) Arterial oxygen saturation before intubation of the trachea: an assessment of oxygenation techniques. Br J Anaesth 56:987–992

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Vaughn RW, Englehardt RC, Wise L (1977) Postoperative hypoxemia in obese patients. Ann Surg 180:877–882

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Greenblatt DJ, Abernethy DR, Locniskar A, Harmatz JS, Limjuco RA, Shader RI (1984) Effect of age, gender and obesity on midazolam kinetics. Anesthesiology 61(1):27–35

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Morgan M (1984) Control of gastric pH and volume. Br J Anaesth 56:5647–5657

    Google Scholar 

  97. Diament MJ, Keeri-Szanto M (1980) Reduction of postoperative vomiting by preoperative administration of oral metachlopramide. Can Anaesth Soc J 27:36–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Van Harten PN, Hoek HW, Kahn RS (1999) Fortnightly review acute dystonia induced by drug treatment. BMJ 319:623–626

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Manchikani L, Roush JR, Colliver JA (1986) Effect of ­preanesthetic ranitadine and metaclopromide on gastric contents in morbidly obese patients. Anesth Analg 65:195–199

    Google Scholar 

  100. Rakoczi I, Chamore D, Collen D, Verstraete M (1978) Prediction of postoperative leg-vein thrombosis in gynaecological patients. Lancet 1(8062):509–510

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Snell AM (1927) The relation of obesity to fatal postoperative pulmonary embolism. Arch Surg 15:237–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Haller CA, Benowitz NL (2000) Adverse cardiovascular and central nervous system events associated with dietary supplements containing ephedra alkaloids. N Engl J Med 343:1833–1838

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Shiffman MA (1998) Anesthesia risks in patients who have had antiobesity medication. Am J Cosmet Surg 15:3–4

    Google Scholar 

  104. Smithwick RH, Thompson JE (1953) Splanchnicectomy for essential hypertension. JAMA 152:1501

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Brown BR (1979) Anesthesia and essential hypertension. In: Hershey SG (ed) ASA refresher courses in anesthesiology, vol 7. JB Lippincott, Philadelphia, p 47

    Google Scholar 

  106. Veterans’ Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents (1970) Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension: Results in patients with diastolic blood pressure averaging 90 through 114 Hg. J Am Med Assoc 213:1143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Coopera­tive Group (1982) The effect of treatment on mortality in “mild” hypertension. N Engl J Med 307(16):976–980

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Kannel WB (1996) Blood pressure as a cardiovascular risk factor. Prevention and treatment. J Am Med Assoc 275(20):1571–1576

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Prys-Roberts C, Meloche R, Foex P (1971) Studies of anesthesia in relation to hypertension. I. Cardiovascular responses of treated and untreated patients. Br J Anaesth 43(2):122–137

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Bedford RF, Feinstein B (1980) Hospital admission blood pressure: a predictor for hypertension following endotracheal intubation. Anesth Analg 59:367

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Stone JG, Foex P, Sear JW, Johnson LL, Khambatta HJ, Triner L (1988) Myocardial ischemia in untreated hypertension patients: effect of a single small oral dose of a beta-adrenergic blocking agent. Anesthesiology 68(4):495–500

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Katz JD, Cronau LH, Barash PG (1976) Postoperative hypertension: hazard of abrupt cessation on antihypertensive medication in preoperative period. Am Heart J 92(1):79–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Coriat P, Richer C, Douraki T, Gomez C, Hendricks K, Giudicelli JF, Viars P (1994) Influence of chronic angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in anesthetic induction. Anesthesiology 81(2):299–307

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Leslie JB, Kalayjian RW, Sirgo MA, Plaachetka JR, Watkins WD (1987) Intravenous labetolol for treatment of postoperative hypertension. Anesthesiology 67(3):413–416

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Katz AM (1993) Cardiac ion channels. N Engl J Med 328(17):1244–12151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. O’Malley K, Segal JL, Isaraili ZH, Boles M, McNay JL, Dayton PG (1975) Duration of hydralazine action in hypertension. Clin Pharmacol Ther 17:581–586

    Google Scholar 

  117. Walsh DB, Eckhauser FE, Ramsburgh SR, Burney RB (1982) Risk associated with diabetes mellitus in patients undergoing gall-bladder surgery. Surgery 91(3):254–257

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Hjortrup A, Rasmussen BF, Kehlet H (1983) Morbidity in diabetic and non-diabetic patients after major vascular surgery. Br Med J 287(6399):1107–1108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Burgos LG, Ebert TJ, Asiddau C, Turner LA, Pattison CZ, Wang-Cheng R, Kampine JP (1989) Increased interoperative cardiovascular morbidity in diabetics with autonomic neuropathy. Anesthesiology 70(4):591–597

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Reichard P, Nilsson B-Y, Rosenqvist U (1993) The effects of long term intensified insulin treatment on the development of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 329(5):304–309

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (1982) Deaths among patients using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion pumps-United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 31(7):80–87

    Google Scholar 

  122. Hirsch IB, McGill JB, Cryer PE, White PF (1991) Perioperative management of surgical patients with diabetes mellitus. Anesthesiology 74(2):346–359

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Roizen M (2000) Anesthetic implications of concurrent disease. In: Miller RD (ed) Anesthesia, vol 1, 5th edn. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, p 909

    Google Scholar 

  124. Walts LF, Miller J, Davidson MD, Brown JL (1981) Perioperative management of diabetes mellitus. Anes­thesiology 55(2):104–109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Malling B, Knudsen L, Christiansen BA, Schurzek BA, Hermansen K (1989) Insulin treatment in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients undergoing minor surgery. Diabetes Nutr Metab 2:125–131

    Google Scholar 

  126. Hirsch IB, White PF (1994) Management of surgical patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Anes­thesiol Rev 21:53–59

    Google Scholar 

  127. Weiss KB, Wagner DK (1990) Changing patterns of asthma mortality, identifying target populations at high risk. J AmMed Assoc 264:1683–1787

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Boushy SF, Billing DM, North LB, Helgason AH (1971) Clinical course related to preoperative pulmonary function in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Chest 59(4):383–391

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Hall WJ, Douglas RG Jr, Hyde RW, Roth FK, Cross AS, Speers DM (1976) Pulmonary mechanics after uncomplicated influenza A infections. Am Rev Respir Dis 113(2):141–148

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Warner MA, Offerd KP, Warner ME, Lennon RL, Conover MA, Jansson-Shumacher U (1989) Role of preoperative cessation of smoking and other factors in postoperative pulmonary complication: A clinical prospective study of coronary artery bypass patients. Mayo Clin Proc 64(6):609–616

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Homer CJ (1997) Asthma disease management. N Engl J Med 337(20):1461–1463

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Stein M, Cassara EL (1970) Preoperative pulmonary evaluation and therapy for surgical patients. J Am Med Assoc 211(5):787–790

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Bartlett RH, Brennan ML, Gazzaniga AB, Hanson EL (1973) Studies on the pathogenesis and prevention of postoperative pulmonary complication. Surg Gynecol Obstet 137(6):925–933

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Young T, Peppard PE, Gottlieb DJ (2002) Epidemiology of obstructive sleep apnea: a population health perspective. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165(9):1217–1239

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Barsh CI (1999) The origin of pharyngeal obstruction during sleep. Sleep Breath 31:17–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  136. Shelton KE, Gay SB, Woodson H, Gay S, Suratt PM (1993) Pharyngeal fat in obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 148:462–466

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Berman EJ, DiBenedetto RJ, Causey DE, Mims T, Conneff M, Goodman LS, Rollings RC (1991) Right ventricular hypertrophy detected in echocardiography in newly diagnosed obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 100:347–350

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Orr WC (1986) Sleep apnea, hypoxemia, and cardiac arrhythmias. Chest 89:1–2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Chung F, Crago RR (1982) Sleep apnea syndrome and analgesia. Can Anaesth Soc J 29:439–445

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Ostermeier AM, Roizen MF, Hautekappe M, Klock PA, Klafta JM (1997) Three sudden postoperative respiratory arrests associated with epidural opioids in patients with sleep apnea. Anesth Analg 85(2):452–460

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Benumof JL (2001) Obstructive sleep apnea in the adult obese patient: implication for airway management. J Clin Anesth 13:144–156

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Strollo PJ, Rogers RM (1996) Obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med 334:99–104

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Wilson K, Stooks RA, Mulroony TF, Johnson IJ, Guilleminault C, Huang Z (1999) The snoring spectrum: acoustic assessment of snoring sound intensity in 1,139 individuals undergoing polysomnography. Chest 115:762–770

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Yentis SM, Levine MF, Hartley EJ (1992) Should all children with suspected or confirmed malignant hyperthermia susceptibility be admitted after surgery? A 10-year review. Anesth Analg 75(3):345–350

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Gronert GA, Antognini JF, Pessah IN (2000) Malignant hyperthermia. In: Miller RD (ed) Anesthesia, vol 1, 5th edn. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, pp 1047–1048

    Google Scholar 

  146. Kolb ME, Horne ML, Martz R (1982) Dantrolene in human malignant hyperthermia. Anesthesiology 56(4):254–262

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Covino BG, Wildsmith JAW (1998) Clinical pharmacology of local anesthetics. In: Cousins MJ, Bridenbaugh DL (eds) Neural blockade in clinical anesthesia and management of pain, 3rd edn. Lippincott Raven, Philadelphia, pp 97–128

    Google Scholar 

  148. Berde CB, Strichartz GR (2010) Local anesthetics. In: Miller RD (ed) Miller’s anesthesia, 7th edn. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 913–939

    Google Scholar 

  149. Braid DP, Scott DB (1965) The systemic absorption of local anesthetic drugs. Br J Anaesth 37:394

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Moore DC, Bridenbaugh DL, Thompson GE, Balfour RI, Horton WF (1977) Factors determining doses of amide-type anesthetic drugs. Anesthesiology 47(3):263–268

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Nation R, Triggs F, Selig M (1977) Lignocaine kinetics in cardiac and aged subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 4(4):439–448

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Meister F (1996) Possible association between tumescent technique and life-threatening pulmonary edema. Clin Plast Surg 23:642–645

    Google Scholar 

  153. Shiffman M (1998) Medications potentially causing lidocaine toxicity. Am J Cosmet Surg 15:227–228

    Google Scholar 

  154. Klein JA (1987) The tumescent technique of liposuction surgery. Am J Cosmet Surg 4:263–276

    Google Scholar 

  155. Klein JA (1990) Tumescent technique for regional anes­thesia permits lidocaine doses 35 mg/kg for liposuction: peak plasma levels are diminished and delayed 12 hours. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 16:248–263

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Klein JA (2000) Pharmacokinetic of tumescent lidocaine. In: Klein JA (ed) Tumescent technique: tumescent anesthesia and microcannular liposuction. Mosby Inc, St Louis, pp 141–161

    Google Scholar 

  157. Ostad A, Kageyama N, Moy R (1996) Tumescent anesthesia with a lidocaine dose of 55 mg/kg is safe for liposuction. Dermatol Surg 22:921–927

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Gelman CR, Rumack BH, in McEvoy GK Hess AJ (2000) AHFS Drug Information. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Bethesda, MD

    Google Scholar 

  159. Klein JA, Kassarjdian N (1997) Lidocaine toxicity with tumescent liposuction. Dermatol Surg 23:1169–1174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Mather LE, Cousins MJ (1979) Local anesthetics and their clinical use. Drugs 18(3):185–205

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Feldman HS, Arthur GR, Covino BG (1989) Comparative systemic toxicity of convulsant and supraconvulsant doses of intravenous ropivacaine, bupivacaine and lidocaine in the conscious dog. Anesth Analg 69(6):794–801

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Morishma HO, Peterson H, Finster M (1983) Is bupivacaine more cardiotoxic than lidocaine? Anesthesiology 59:A409

    Google Scholar 

  163. Albright G (1979) Cardiac arrest following regional anesthesia with etidocaine or bupivacaine. Anesthesiology 51(4):285–287

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Rosen M, Thigpen J, Shnider S, Foutz SE, Levinson G, Koike M (1985) Bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity in hypoxic and acidotic sheep. Anesth Analg 64(11):1089–1096

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Foster RH, Markham A (2000) Levobupivacaine: a review of its pharmacology and use as a local anaesthetic. Drugs 59(3):551–579

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Ivani G, Borghi B, van Oven H (2001) Levobupivacaine. Minerva Anestesiol 67(9 Suppl 1):20–23

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Sunshine I, Fike WW (1964) Value of thin-layer chromatography in two fatal cases of intoxication due to lidocaine and mepivacaine. N Engl J Med 271:487

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Yukioka H, Hayashi M, Fugimori M (1990) Lidocaine intoxication during general anesthesia (letter). Anesth Analg 71(2):207–208

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Christie JL (1976) Fatal consequences of local anesthesia: report of five cases and a review of the literature. J Forensic Sci 21:671–679

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Samdal F, Amland PF, Bugge JF (1994) Plasma lidocaine levels during suction-assisted lipectomy using large doses of dilute lidocaine with epinephrine. Plast Reconstr Surg 93:1217–1223

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Pitman GH, Klein JA (1993) Tumescent technique for local anesthesia improves safety in large-volume liposuction. Plast Reconstr Surg 92:1099–1100; Discussion

    Article  Google Scholar 

  172. Buckley MM, Benfield P (1993) Eutectic lidocaine/prilocaine cream: a review of the topical anesthetic/analgesic efficacy of a eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA). Drugs 46(1):126–151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Gannaitoni AR, Davis MW (2002) Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of lidocaine patch 5% with extended dosing. Ann Pharmacother 36:236–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  174. Endo Pharmaceuticals (2006) Lidoderm. In: Physicians desk reference, 60th edn. Thompson PDR, Monyvale, pp. 1107–1108

    Google Scholar 

  175. Young D (2005) Student’s death sparks concerns about compounded preparations. Am J Health Syst Pharm 62:450–454

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Fisher MM, Graham R (1984) Adverse responses to local anaesthetics. Anaesth Intensive Care 12(4):325–327

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Aldrete A, Johnson DA (1970) Evaluation of intracutaneous testing for investigation of allergy to local anesthetic agents. Anesth Analg 49(1):173–183

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Kaster GW, Martin ST (1984) Successful resuscitation after massive intravenous bupivacaine overdose in the hypoxic dog. Anesthesiology 61:A206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  179. Feldman H, Arthur G, Pitkanen M, Hurley R, Doucette AM, Covino BG (1991) Treatment of acute systemic toxicity after the rapid intravenous injection of ropivacaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine in the conscious dog. Anesth Analg 73(4):373–384

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Kasten G, Martin S (1985) Bupivacaine cardiovascular toxicity: comparison of treatment with bretylium and lidocaine. Anesth Analg 64(9):911–916

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Smith HM, Jacob AK, Segura LG, Dilger JA, Torsher LC (2008) Simulation education in anesthesia training: a case report of successful resuscitation of bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest linked to recent simulation training. Anesth Analg 106:1581–1584

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Ludot H, Tharin JY, Belouadah M, Mazoit JX, Malinovsky JM (2008) Successful resuscitation after ropivaciane and lidocaine-induced ventricular arrhythmia following posterior lumbar plexus block in a child. Anesth Analg 106:1572–1574

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Foxall G, McCahon R, Lamb J, Hardman JG, Bedford NM (2007) Levobupivacaine-induced seizures and cardiovascular collapse treated with Intralipid. Anaesthesia 62:516–518

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Litz RJ, Popp M, Stehr SN, Koch T (2006) Successful resuscitation of a patient with ropivacaine-induced asystole after axillary plexus block using lipid infusion. Anaesthesia 61:800–801

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Spence AG (2007) Lipid reversal of central nervous system symptoms of bupivacaine toxicity. Anesthesiology 107:516–517

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Marwick PC, Levin AI, Coetzee AR (2009) Recurrence of cardiotoxicity after lipid rescue from bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest. Int Anesth Res Soc 108:1344–1346

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Felice K, Schumann H (2008) Intravenous lipid emulsion for local anesthetic toxicity: a review of the literature. J Med Toxicol 4(3):184–191

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Weinberg G (2006) Lipid rescue resuscitation from local anesthetic cardiotoxicity. Toxicol Rev 25:139–145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. McKay W, Morris R, Mushlin P (1987) Sodium bicarbonate attenuates pain on skin infiltration with lidocaine, with or without epinephrine. Anesth Analg 66(6):572–574

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. American Society of Anesthesiologists (2010) Continuum of Depth of Sedation Definition of General Anesthesia and Levels of Sedation/Analgesia. October 27, 2004 and amended on October 21, 2009. www.asahq.org/publicationsAndServices/standards/20.pdf. Accessed 18 Feb 2010

  191. Holzman RS, Cullen DJ, Eichhorn JH, Phillip JH (1994) Guidelines for sedation by nonanesthesiologists during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. J Clin Anesth 6(4):265–276

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. American Society of anesthesiologists’ Economics Committee Position on Monitored anesthesia Care. http://www.asahq.org/publicationsAndServices/standards/23.pdf. Accessed 18 Feb 2010

  193. White PF, Negus JB (1991) Sedative infusions during local and regional anesthesia: a comparison of midazolam and propoful. J Clin Anesth 3(1):32–39

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Rothfusz ER, Kitz DS, Andrews RW (1988) O2 sat, HR and MAP among patients receiving local anesthesia: how low/high do they go? Anesth Analg 67:S189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  195. Lundgren S, Rosenquist JB (1983) Amnesia, pain experience, and patient satisfaction after sedation with intravenous diazepam. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 41(2):99–102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. McNabb TG, Goldwyn RM (1976) Blood gas and hemodynamic effects of sedatives and analgesics when used as supplement to local anesthesia in plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 58:37–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Singer R, Thomas PE (1988) Pulse oximetry in the ambulatory anesthetic surgical facility. Plast Reconstr Surg 82:111–114

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Housman TS, Lawrence N, Mellen BG, George MN, Filippo JS, Cerveny KA, DeMarco M, Feldman SR, Fleischer AB (2002) The safety of liposuction; results of a national survey. Dermatol Surg 28(11):971–978

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Giles HG, Macloud SM, Wright JR, Sellers EM (1978) Influence of age and previous use on diazepam dosing requirements for endoscopy. Can Med Assoc J 118(5):513–514

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Wynands JE, Wong P, Townsend G, Sprigge JS, Whaller DG (1984) Narcotic requirements for intravenous anesthesia. Anesth Analg 63(2):101–105

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Kay B, Rolly G (1977) Duration of action of analgesic supplement to anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 28(1):25–32

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Bailey PL, Andriano KP, Pace NL (1984) Small doses of fentanyl potentiate and prolong diazepam induced respiratory depression. Anesth Analg 63:183

    Google Scholar 

  203. Reves JG (1984) Benzodiazapines. In: Prys-Roberts C, Hugg CC (eds) Pharmacokinetics of anesthesia. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  204. Osborne GA, Rudkin GE, Curtis NJ, Vickers D, Craker AJ (1991) Intraoperative patient-controlled sedation; comparison of patient-controlled propofol with anaesthetist-­administered midazolam and fentanyl. Anesthesiology 46(7):553–556

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Zelker J, White PF, Chester S, Paull JD, Molnar R (1992) Intraoperative patient-controlled analgesia: an alternative to physician administration during outpatient monitored anesthesia care. Anesth Analg 75(1):41–44

    Google Scholar 

  206. Hegarty JE, Dundee JW (1977) Sequelae after intravenous injection of three benzodiazepines: diazepam, lorazepam, and flunitrazepam. Br Med J 2(6099):1384–1385

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI, Dwoll M, Harmatz JS (1981) Benzodiazepines: a summary of the pharmacokinetic properties. Br J Clin Pharmacol 11(Suppl 1):11S–16S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Baird ES, Hailey DM (1972) Delayed recovery from a sedative: correlation of the plasma levels of diazepam with clinical effects after oral and intravenous administration. Br J Anaesth 44(8):803–808

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. White PF, Vasconez CO, Mathes SA, Way WL, Wender LA (1998) Comparison of midazolam and diazepam for sedation during plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 81(5):703–712

    Google Scholar 

  210. Blitt CD (1983) Clinical pharmacology of lorazepam. In: Brown BRJ (ed) New pharmacologic vista in anesthesia. FA Davis, Philadelphia, p 135

    Google Scholar 

  211. Rigg JR, Goldsmith CH (1976) Recovery of ventilatory response to carbon dioxide after thiopentone, morphine and fentanyl in man. Can Anaesth Soc J 23(4):370–382

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. White PF, Coe V, Shafer A, Sung ML (1986) Comparison of alfentanil with fentanyl for outpatient anesthesia. Anesthesiology 64(1):99–106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Sa Rego MM, Inagoki Y, White PF (1997) Use of remifentanil during lithotripsy: intermittent boluses vs. continuous infusion. Anesth Analg 84:5541; [abstract]

    Google Scholar 

  214. Watcha MR, White PF (1992) Postoperative nausea and vomiting: its etiology, treatment and prevention. Anesthesiology 77(1):162–184

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Mackenzie N, Grant IS (1985) Propofol (Diprivan) for continuous intravenous anaesthesia: a comparison with methohexitone. Postgrad Med J 61(suppl 3):70–75

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. McCollum JS, Milligan KR, Dundeo JW (1988) The antiemetic action of propofol. Anaesthesia 43(3):239–240

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Smith I, Monk TG, White PF, Ding Y (1994) Propofol infusion during regional anesthesia: sedative, amnestic, anxiolytic properties. Anesth Analg 79(2):313

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Grounds RM, Twigley AJ, Carli F (1985) The haemodynamic effects of thiopentone and propofol. Anaesthesia 40(8):735–740

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Goodman NM, Black AM, Carter JA (1987) Some ventilatory effects of propofol as sole anesthetic agent. Br J Anaesth 59(12):1497–1503

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Fanard L, Van Steenherse A, Demeire X, van der Puyl F (1988) Comparison between propofol and midazolam as sedative agents for surgery under regional anesthesia. Anaesthesia 43(Suppl):87–89

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Rudkin GE, Osborne GA, Finn BP, Jarvis DA, Vickers D (1992) Intra-operative patient-controlled sedation: comparison of patient-controlled propofol with patient-controlled midazolam. Anesthesiology 47(5):376–381

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Cohen LB, Wecsler JS, Gaetano JN, Benson AA, Miller KM, Durkalski V, Aisenberg J (2006) Endoscopic sedation in the United States: results from a nationwide survey. Am J Gastroenterol 101(5):967–974

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Diprivan® (package insert). AstraZeneca, Feb 2007

    Google Scholar 

  224. AANA-ASA Joint Statement Regarding Propofol Administration. April 14, 2004. http://www.aana.com. Accessed 18 Feb 2010

  225. Cohen L, Dubovsky A, Aisenberg J, Miller K (2003) Propofol for endoscopic sedation: a protocol for safe and effective administration by the gastroenterologist. Gastrointest Endosc 58:725–732

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Heuss LT, Drewe J, Schnieper P, Tapparelli CB, Pflimlin E, Beglinger C (2004) Patient- controlled versus nurse-administered sedation with propofol during colonoscopy. A prospective randomized trial. Am J Gastroenterol 99(3):511–518

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Heuss LT, Schnieper P, Drewe J, Pflimlin E, Beglinger C (2003) Risk stratification and safe administration of propofol by registered nurses supervised by the gastroenterologist: a prospective observational study of more than 2000 cases. Gastrointest Endosc 57(6):664–671

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Rex DK, Overley C, Kinser K, Coates M, Lee A, Goodwine BW, Strahl E, Lemler S, Sipe B, Rahmani E, Helper D (2002) Safety of propofol administered by registered nurses with gastroenterologist supervision in 2000 endoscopic cases. Am J Gastroenterol 97(5):1159–1163

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Green SM, Krauss BK (2008) Barriers to propofol use in emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med 52:392–398

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Harris EA, Lubarsky DA, Candiotti KA (2009) Monitored anesthesia care (MAC) sedation: clinical utility of ­fospropofol. Ther Clin Risk Manag 5:949–959; Epub 2009 Dec 29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Meyers CJ, Eisig SB, Kraut RA (1994) Comparison of propofol and methohexital for deep sedation. J Maxillofac Surg 52(5):448–452

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. White PF, Way WL, Trevor AJ (1982) Ketamine: its pharmacology and therapeutic uses. Anesthesiology 56(2):119–136

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Taylor PA, Towey RM (1971) Depression of laryngeal reflexes during ketamine anesthesia. Br Med J 2(763):688–689

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Garfield JM (1972) A comparison of psychologic responses to ketamine and thiopental, nitrous oxide, halothane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 36(4):329–338

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Corssen G, Reves JG, Stanley TH (1988) Neuroleptanalgesia and neuroleptanesthesia. Intravenous anesthesia and analgesia. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, p 175

    Google Scholar 

  236. Prys-Roberts C, Kelman GR (1967) The influence of drugs used in neurolept analgesia on cardiovascular and ventilatory function. Br J Anaesth 39(2):134–145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Edmonds-Seal J, Prys-Roberts C (1959) Pharmacology of drugs used in neurolept analgesia. Anaesth Analg (Paris) 16:1022

    Google Scholar 

  238. Mellnich BM (1988) Extrapyramidal reactions to low-dose droperidol. Anesthesiology 69(3):424–426

    Article  Google Scholar 

  239. Guze BH, Baxter LR (1985) Current concepts: neuroleptic malignant syndrome. N Engl J Med 313(3):163–166

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. FDA Strengthens Warnings for Droperidol. FDA Talk Paper, TO1–62, 12/5/01

    Google Scholar 

  241. Habib AS, Gan TJ (2003) Food and drug administration black box warning on the perioperative use of droperidol: a review of the cases. Anesth Analg 96:1377–1379

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Gan TJ, Meyer T, Apfel CC, Chung F, Davis PJ, Eubanks S, Kovac A, Philip BK, Sessler DI, Temo J, Tramèr MR, Watcha M, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center (2003) Consensus guidelines for managing postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 97(1):62–71

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. Bailey PL, Egan TD, Stanlet TE (2000) Intravenous opioid anesthetics. In: Miller RD (ed) Anesthesia, 5th edn. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, pp 345–348

    Google Scholar 

  244. Venn RM, Ground RM (2001) Comparison between ­dexmedetomidine and propofol for sedation in the intensive care unit: patient and clinical perceptions. Br J Anaesth 87:684–690

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Candiotti K, Bekker A, Feldman M, Bokesch PM, Bergese S (2008) Safety and efficacy of dexmedetomidine for ­sedation during MAC anesthesia: a multicenter trial. Anesthesiology 109:A1202

    Google Scholar 

  246. Hashiguchi K, Matsunaga H, Higuchi H, Miura S (2008) Dexmedetomidine for sedation during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Dig Endosc 20:178–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  247. Busick T, Kussman M, Scheidt T, Tobias JD (2008) Preliminary experience with dexmedetomidine for monitored anesthesia care during ENT surgical procedures. Am J Ther 15:520–527

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. Jalowiecki P, Rudner R, Gonciarz M, Kawecki P, Petelenz M, Dziurdzik P (2005) Sole use of Dexmedetomidine has limited utility for conscious sedation during outpatient colonoscopy. Anesthesiology 103(2):269–273

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Ross AK, Eck JB (2002) Office-based anesthesia for ­children. Anesthesiol Clin North America 20:195–210

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. Philip BK (1985) Supplemental medication for ambulatory procedures under regional anesthesia. Anesth Analg 64(11):1117–1125

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Sa Rego MM, Watcha MF, White PF (1997) The changing role of monitored anesthesia care in the ambulatory setting. Anesthesiology 85(5):1020–1036

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Fragen RJ (ed) (1991) Drug infusions in anesthesiology. Raven, New York

    Google Scholar 

  253. Klein JA (1999) Deaths related to liposuction. N Engl J Med 341:1001; (Correspondence)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Rao RB, Ely SF, Hoffman RS (1999) Deaths related to liposuction. N Engl J Med 341:1002–1003; (Correspondence reply)

    Google Scholar 

  255. Stone A (1995) Tumescent technique with local anesthesia for liposuction. Plast Reconstr Surg 95:603; (Correspondence)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Naito Y, Tamai S, Shinguk K, Fujimori R, Mori K (1991) Comparison between sevoflurane and halothane for standard pediatric ambulatory anesthesia. Br J Anaesth 67(4):387–389

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Martin JL (2010) Inhaled anesthetics: metabolism and toxicity. In: Miller RD (ed) Miller’s anesthesia, 7th edn. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 633–666

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  258. Ghouri AF, Bodner M, White PF (1991) Recovery profile following desflurane-nitrous oxide versus isoflurane-nitrous oxide in outpatients. Anesthesiology 74(3):419–424

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Eger EI II (2010) Inhaled anesthetics: uptake and distribution. In: Miller RD (ed) Miller’s anesthesia, 7th edn. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 539–559

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  260. Bodman RJ, Morton HJV, Thomas ET (1960) Vomiting by outpatients after nitrous oxide anesthesia. Br Med J 11:1327–1330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  261. Dripps RD, Eckenhoff JE, Vandam LD (1977) Introduction to anesthesia the principles of safe practice, 5th edn. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, p 121

    Google Scholar 

  262. White FW, Eng MR (2010) Ambulatory (outpatient) anesthesia. In: Miller RD (ed) Miller’s anesthesia, 7th edn. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 2419–2459

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  263. Van Hemelrijck J, White PF (1991) Intravenous anesthesia for day-care surgery. In: Kay B (ed) Total intravenous anesthesia. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 323–350

    Google Scholar 

  264. Rafferty S, Sherry E (1992) Total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol and alfentanil protects against nausea and vomiting. Can J Anaesth 39:37–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  265. Reves JG, Glass PSA, Lubarsky DA, McEvoy MD, Martinez-Ruiz R (2010) Intravenous anesthetics. In: Miller RD (ed) Miller’s anesthesia, 7th edn. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 719–768

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  266. Fukuda K (2010) Opiods. In: Miller RD (ed) Miller’s anesthesia, 7th edn. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 769–824

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  267. Bailey PL, Egan TD, Stanley TH (2000) Intravenous opioid anesthetics. In: Miller RD (ed) Anesthesia, 5th edn. Churchill Livingstone, New York, p 335

    Google Scholar 

  268. Ostergaard D, Engbaek J, Viby-Mogensen J (1989) Adverse reactions and interactions of the neuromuscular blocking drugs. Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp 4:351–368

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Belmont MR, Lien CA, Tjan J, Bradley E, Stein B, Patel SS, Savarese JJ (2004) Clinical pharmacology of GW280430A in humans. Anesthesiology 100(4):768–773

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Naguib M, Lien CA (2010) Pharmacology of muscle ­relaxants and their antagonists. In: Miller RD (ed) Miller’s anesthesia, 7th edn. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 859–911

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  271. Shields M, Giovannelli M, Mirakhur RK, Moppett I, Adams J, Hermens Y (2006) Org 25969 (sugammadex) a selective relaxant binding agent for antagonism of prolonged rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block. Br J Anaesth 96(1):36–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. Campbell GD (1963) Dangers of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Br Med J 1:750

    Article  Google Scholar 

  273. Sjoqvist F (1965) Psychotropic drugs (2). Interaction between monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors and other substances. Proc R Soc Med 58:967

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Roizen M (2000) Anesthetic implications of concurrent diseases. In: Miller RD (ed) Anesthesia, 5th edn. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, p 998

    Google Scholar 

  275. Coriat P, Richer C, Douraki T, Gomez C, Hendricks K, Giudicellii JF, Viars P (1994) Influence of chronic angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in anesthetic induction. Anesthesiology 81(2):299–307

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Green CR, Pandit SK, Schork MA (1996) Preoperative fasting time: is the traditional policy changing? Results of a national survey. Anesth Analg 83(1):123–128

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Schreiner MS, Nicolson SC (1995) Pediatric ambulatory anesthesia: NPO before or after surgery? J Clin Anesth 7(7):589–596

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Maltby JR, Sutherland AD, Sale JP, Schaffer EA (1986) Preoperative oral fluids. Is a five-hour fast justified prior to elective surgery? Anesth Analg 65:1112–1116

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Doze VA, White PF (1987) Effects of fluid therapy on serum glucose in fasted outpatients. Anesthesiology 66:223–226

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Kallar SK, Everett LL (1993) Potential risks and preventative measures for pulmonary aspiration: new concepts in preoperative fasting guideline. Anesth Analg 77:171–182

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Manchikanti L, Canella MG, Hohlbein LJ, Colliver JA (1987) Assessment of effects of various modes of premedication on acid aspiration risk factors in outpatient surgery. Anesth Analg 66:81–84

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Manchikanti L, Krause JW, Edds SP (1982) Cimetidine and related drugs in anesthesia. Anesth Analg 61:595–608

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. Manchikanti L, Colliver JA, Roush JR, Canella MG (1985) Evaluation of ranitidine as an oral antacid in outpatient anesthesia. South Med J 78:818–822

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Boulay K, Blanloeil Y, Bourveau M, Gray G (1992) Comparison of oral ranitidine (R), famotidine (F), and omeprazole (O) effects on gastric pH and volume in elective general surgery (Abstract). Anesthesiology 77:A431

    Article  Google Scholar 

  285. Kapur PA (1991) The big “little” problem. Anesth Analg 73:243–245; (Editorial)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Van Wijik MGF, Smalhout BA (1990) Postoperative analysis of the patients’ view of anesthesia in a Netherland’s teaching hospital. Anaesthesia 45:679–682

    Article  Google Scholar 

  287. Hines R, Barash PG, Watrous G, Connor T (1992) Complications occurring in the post anesthesia care unit. Anesth Analg 74(4):503–509

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. Green G, Jonsson L (1993) Nausea: the most important factor determining length of stay after ambulatory anaesthesia, a comparison study of isoflurane and/or propofol techniques. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 37:742–746

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Madej TH, Simpson KH (1986) Comparison of the use of domperidone, droperidol, and metachlopramide on the prevention of nausea and vomiting following gynaecological surgery in day cases. Br J Anaesth 58:879–883

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. White PF, Shafer A (1987) Nausea and vomiting: causes and Prophylaxis. Semin Anesth 6:300–308

    Google Scholar 

  291. Carroll NV, Miederhoff P, Cox FM, Hirsch JD (1995) Postoperative nausea and vomiting after discharge from outpatient surgery centers. Anesth Analg 80:903–909

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. Carlisle J, Stevenson C (2006) Drugs for preventing post-operative nausea and vomiting. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD004125

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  293. Tang J, Watcha MF, White PF (1996) A comparison of costs and efficacy of ondansetron and droperidol as prophylactic antiemetic therapy for elective outpatient gynecologic procedures. Anesth Analg 83(2):304–313

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Melnick BM (1988) Extrapyramidal reactions to low-dose droperidol. Anesthesiology 69:424–426

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. Alon E, Himmelseher S (1993) Ondansetron in the treatment of postoperative vomiting: a randomized double-blind comparison with droperidol and metaclopromide. Anesth Analg 79:A8; (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  296. Sung YF, Wetchler BV, Duncalf D, Joslin AF (1993) A double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study examining the effectiveness of intravenous ondansetron in the ­prevention of postoperative nausea and emesis. J Clin Anesth 5(1):22–29

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. McKenzie R, Kovac A, O’Connor T, Duncalf D, Angel J, Gratz I, Tolpin E, McLesky C (1993) Comparison of ondansetron versus placebo to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting in women undergoing gynecological surgery. Anesthesiology 78(1):21–28

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. McKenzie R, Tantisira B, Karambelkan DJ (1994) Comparison of ondansetron with ondansetron plus ­dexamethasone, 4 to 8 mg, in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 79:961–964

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. McKenzie R, Uy NT, Riley TJ, Hamilton DL (1996) Droperidol/ondansetron combination controls nausea and vomiting after tubal ligation. Anesth Analg 83(6):1218–1222

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  300. Wilson AJ, Diemunsch P, Lindeque BG, Scheinin H, Helbo-Hansen HS, Kroeks MV, Kong KL (1996) Single-dose IV granisetron in the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting. Br J Anaesth 76(4):515–518

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  301. Philip BK, McLeskey CH, Chelly JE, McKenzie R, Kovac AL, Diemunsch P, DuBois DM (2000) Pooled analysis of three large clinical trials to determine the optimal dose of dolasetron mesylate needed to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting. The Dolasetron Prophylaxis Study Group. J Clin Anesth 12(1):1–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  302. Henzi I, Walder B, Tramer MR (2000) Dexamethasone for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a quantitative systematic review. Anesth Analg 90:186–194

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. Shafer A (1997) Preoperative medication: adults and children. In: White PF (ed) Ambulatory anesthesia and surgery. WB Saunders, London, p 173

    Google Scholar 

  304. Kotelko DM, Rottman RL, Wright WC, Stone JJ, Yamashiro AY, Rosenblatt RM (1989) Transdermal scopolamine decreases nausea and vomiting following cesarean section in patients receiving epidural morphine. Anes­thesiology 71(5):675–678

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  305. Rodysill KJ, Warren JB (1983) Transdermal scopolamine and toxic psychosis. Ann Intern Med 98(4):561

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  306. Wender RH, Conner JT, Bellville JW, Shehl D, Dorey F, Katz RL (1977) Comparison of i.v. diazepam and hydroxyzine as surgical premedicants. Br J Anaesth 49(9):907–912

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  307. Vener DF, Carr AS, Sikich N, Bissonnette B, Lerman J (1996) Dimenhydrinate decreases vomiting after stabizmus surgery in children. Anesth Analg 82(4):728–731

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. Smiler BG, Srock M (1998) Isopropyl alcohol for transport-related nausea. Anesth Analg 87:213–243

    Google Scholar 

  309. Saito R, Takano Y, Kamiya HO (2003) Roles of substance P and NK1 receptor in the living human brain-stem in the development of emesis. J Pharmacol Sci 91:87–94

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  310. Diemunsch PA, Apfel C, Philip B, Gan TJ, Reiss TR (2006) NK1 antagonist aprepitant vs. ondansterone for prevention of PONV: combined data from 2 large trials. Anesthesiology 105:A125

    Google Scholar 

  311. Borgeat A, Wilder-Smith OHG, Saiah M, Rifat K (1992) Subhypnotic doses of propofol possess direct antiemetic properties. Anesth Analg 74:539–541

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  312. Felts JA, Poler SM, Spitznagel EL (1990) Nitrous oxide, nausea and vomiting after outpatient gynecological surgery. J Clin Anesth 2:168–171

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  313. Melnick BM, Johnson LJ (1987) Effects of eliminating nitrous oxide in outpatient anesthesia. Anesthesiology 67:982–984

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  314. Shafer A, White PF, Urquhart ML, Doze UA (1989) Outpatient premedication: use of midazolam and opioid analgesics. Anesthesiology 71:495–501

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  315. Meridy HW (1982) Criteria for selection of ambulatory surgical patients and guidelines for anesthetic management: a retrospective study of 1553 cases. Anesth Analg 61:921–926

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  316. Janhumen L, Tommisto T (1972) Postoperative vomiting after different modes of general anesthesia. Ann Chir Gynaecol 61:152

    Google Scholar 

  317. Yogendran S, Asokkumar B, Chang DCH, Chung F (1999) A prospective randomized double-blind study of the effects of intravenous fluid therapy on adverse outcomes on outpatient surgery. Anesth Analg 80:682–686

    Google Scholar 

  318. Jakobsen H, Hertz JB, Johansen JR, Hansen A, Kolliken K (1985) Premedication before day surgery. Br J Anaesth 57:300–305

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  319. Gale GD, Galloon S, Porter WR (1983) Sublingual lorazepam: a better premedication? Br J Anaesth 55:761–765

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  320. Reinhart K, Dallinger-Stiller G, Dennhardt R, Heinemeyer G, Eyrich K (1985) Comparison of midazolam and diazepam and placebo i.m. as premedication for regional anesthesia. Br J Anaesth 57(3):294–299

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  321. Raybould D, Bradshaw EG (1987) Premedication for day case surgery. Anesthesiology 42:591–595

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  322. Conner JT, Bellville JW, Katz RL (1977) Meperidine and morphine as intravenous surgical premedicants. Can Anaesth Soc J 24:559–564

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  323. Pandit SK, Kothary SP (1989) Intravenous narcotics for premedication in outpatient anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 33:353–358

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  324. Roisen MF (2000) Anesthetic implications of concurrent disease. In: Miller R (ed) Anesthesia, 5th edn. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, pp 959–960

    Google Scholar 

  325. Goldhaber SZ (1998) Pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 339:93–104

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  326. Sandison AJP, Jones SE, Jones PA (1994) A daycare ­modified Shouldice hernia repair follow-up. J One day Surg 3:16–17

    Google Scholar 

  327. Hanke CW, Bernstein G, Bullock S (1995) Safety of tumescent liposuction in 15,336 patients Nation Survey Results. Dermatol Surg 21:459–462

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  328. Lawrence N, Coleman WP (1996) Liposuction, lipexheresis, liposculpture, and suction lipectomy: what is in a name? Adv Dermatol 11:19–49

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  329. Rao RB, Ely SF, Hoffman RS (1999) Deaths related to liposuction. N Engl J Med 340:1471–1475

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  330. ASPRS Ad Hoc Committee on New Procedures (1987) Five-year updated evaluation of suction-assisted lipectomy. Plast Surg Nurs 7(4):142–147

    Google Scholar 

  331. Ginsberg MM, Gresham L (1999) Correspondence. Death related to liposuction. N Engl J Med 341:1000

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  332. Christman KD (1986) Death following suction lipectomy and abdominoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 78(3):428

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  333. Moser KM, Fedullo PF, Littlejohn JK, Crawford R (1994) Frequent asymptomatic pulmonary embolism in patients with deep venous thrombosis. J Am Med Assoc 271:223–225; (erratum) J Amer Med Assoc 1994;271:1908

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  334. Collins R, Scrimgeour A, Yusuf S, Peto R (1988) Reduction in fatal pulmonary embolism and venous thrombosis by perioperative administration of subcutaneous heparin, an overview of results of randomized trials in general, orthopedic and urologic surgery. N Engl J Med 318:1116–1173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  335. Consensus Conference (1988) Prevention of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. J Amer Med Assoc 256:744

    Google Scholar 

  336. Gallus A, Raman K, Darby T (1983) Venous thrombosis after elective hips replacement-the influence of preventative intermittent calf compression on surgical technique. Br J Surg 70(1):17–19

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  337. Bergqvst D, Lindblad B (1985) A 30-year survey of pulmonary embolism verified at autopsy: an analysis of 1274 surgical patients. Br J Surg 72:105–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  338. Miller C (2000) Management of the difficult intubation in closed malpractice claims. ASA Newsl 64:13–19

    Google Scholar 

  339. American Society of Anesthesiologists (2003) Practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway. Anesthesiology 98:1269–1277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  340. Wilson SC (2005) Trauma: Airway Management ASA difficult airway algorithm modified for trauma-and five common trauma intubation scenarios. ASA Newsl 69:11

    Google Scholar 

  341. Verghese C, Brimacombe JR (1996) Survey of laryngeal mask airway usage in 11,910 patients: safety and efficacy for conventional usage. Anesth Anal 82:129–133

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  342. Lopez-Gil M, Brimacombe J, Alvarez M (1996) Safety and efficacy of the laryngeal mask airway. A prospective survey of 1400 children. Anaesthesia 51:969–972

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  343. Bennett GD (2008) Anesthesia for minimally invasive cosmetic surgery of the head and neck. In: Shiffman MA, Miriafati SJ, Lam SM (eds) Simplified facial rejuvenation. Springer, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  344. Gan TJ, Glass PS, Windsor AN, Payne F, Rosow C, Sebel P, Manberg P (1997) Bispectral index monitoring allows faster emergence and improved recovery from propofol, fentanyl and nitrous oxide anesthesia. BIS Utility Study Group. Anesthesiology 87(4):808–815

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  345. Cheney FW, Domino KB, Caplan R, Posner KL (1999) Nerve injury associated with anesthesia. A closed claim analysis. Anesthesiology 90:1062–1069

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  346. Kressin KA (2004) Burn injury in the operating room: a closed claims analysis. ASA Newsl 68:6

    Google Scholar 

  347. Cheney FW, Posner KL, Caplan RA, Gild WM (1994) Burns from warming devices in anesthesia: a closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology 80:806–810

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  348. Tonnesen AS (1994) Crystalloids and colloids. In: Miller R (ed) Anesthesia, 4th edn. Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp 1595–1618

    Google Scholar 

  349. Linko K, Malelaine A (1989) Cardiorespiratory function after replacement of blood loss with hydroxyethyl starch 120, Dextran-70, and Ringer’s lactate in pigs. Crit Care Med 17(10):1031–1035

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  350. Hankeln K, Radel C, Beez M, Laniewski P, Bohmert F (1989) Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch and lactated Ringer’s solution in hemodynamics and oxygen transport of critically ill patients in prospective cross over studies. Crit Care Med 17(2):133–135

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  351. Dawidson I (1989) Fluid resuscitation of shock: current controversies. Crit Care Med 17(10):1078–1080

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  352. Moss GS, Gould SA (1988) Plasma expanders: an update. Am J Surg 155(3):425–434

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  353. Jaen C (1997) Study on the possible hydroelectric disorders induced by lipoaspiration with the tumescent technique and syringe aspiration. Int J Aesthet Reconstr Surg 5:67–75

    Google Scholar 

  354. Parish TD (2001) A review: the pros and cons of tumescent anesthesia in cosmetic and reconstructive surgery. Am J Cosmet Surg 18:83–93

    Google Scholar 

  355. Klein JA (2000) Superwet liposuction and pulmonary edema. In: Klein JA (ed) Tumescent technique: tumescent anesthesia and microcannular liposuction. Mosby Inc, St. Louis, pp 61–66

    Google Scholar 

  356. Pitman GH, Aker JS, Tripp ZD (1996) Tumescent l­iposuction a surgeon’s perspective. Clin Plast Surg 23:633–641

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  357. Gilliland MD, Coates N (1997) Tumescent liposuction complicated by pulmonary edema. Plast Reconstr Surg 99:215–219

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  358. Samdal F, Amland PF, Bugge JF (1994) Blood loss during liposuction using the tumescent technique. Aesthetic Plast Surg 18:157–160

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  359. Mandel MA (1990) Blood and fluid replacement in major liposuction procedures. Aesthetic Plast Surg 14:187–191

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  360. Leone BJ, Spahn DR (1992) Anemia, hemodilution, and oxygen delivery. Anesth Analg 75(5):651–653

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  361. Kaye AD, Grogono AW (2000) Fluid and electrolyte physiology. In: Miller RD (ed) Anesthesia, 5th edn. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, p 1601

    Google Scholar 

  362. Natof HE, Gold B, Kitz DS (1991) Complications. In: Wetcher BV (ed) Anesthesia of ambulatory surgery, 2nd edn. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 374–474

    Google Scholar 

  363. Mecca RS (1992) Postoperative recovery. In: Borash PG, Cullen BF, Stoelting RK (eds). J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 1517–1518

    Google Scholar 

  364. Bailey PL, Egar TD, Stanley TH (2000) Intravenous opioid anesthetics. In: Miller RD (ed) Anesthesia, 5th edn. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, pp 273–376

    Google Scholar 

  365. Jensen S, Knudsen L, Kirkegaard L, Kruse A, Knudsen EB (1989) Flumazenil used for antagonizing the central effects of midazolam and diazepam in outpatients. Acta Anaes­thesiol Scand 33(1):26–28

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  366. Klotz U (1988) Drug interactions and clinical pharmacokinetics of flumazenil. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2(Suppl):103–108

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  367. McCloy RF (1995) Reversal of conscious sedation by flumazenil: current status and future prospects. Acta Anaes­thesiol Scand Suppl 108:35–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  368. Bourke DL, Rosenberg M, Allen PD (1984) Physostigmine: effectiveness as an antagonist of respiratory depression and psychomotor effects caused by morphine or diazepam. Anesthesiology 61(5):523–528

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  369. Hill GE, Stanley TH, Sleutker CR (1977) Physostigmine reversal of postoperative somnolence. Can Anaesth Soc J 24:707–711

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Additional Recommended Reading

  • Miller RD (2010) Miller’s anesthesia, 7th edn. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Roizen MF, Fischer SP, White PF (eds) (1997) Ambulatory anesthesia and surgery. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 155–172

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gary Dean Bennett .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Additional information

Dedication

To my mother, Mary Ellen Bennett (1917–2009), whose enduring love, support, and ­encouragement know no boundaries.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bennett, G.D. (2013). Anesthesia for Aesthetic Surgery. In: Shiffman, M., Di Giuseppe, A. (eds) Cosmetic Surgery. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21837-8_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21837-8_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-21836-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-21837-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics