Abstract
This chapter describes LIBS investigations for a bulk characterization or analysis of nonconducting materials, such as polymers, waste electric and electronic equipment, slag, soil, cement, droplets, gases, particulates, and aerosoles.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
J. Brandrup, M. Bittner, W. Michaeli, G. Menges (eds.), Die Wiederverwertung von Kunststoffen (Carl Hanser Verlag, München, 1995)
C. Delgado, L. Barruetabeña, O. Salas, in Assessment of the Environmental Advantages and Drawbacks of Existing and Emerging Polymers Recovery Processes, ed. by O. Wolf, EC Joint Research Center, 22939 EN, 2007
H. Lucht, U. Plauschin, H. Dürr, Kunststoffe mit Infrarot-Messung sortenrein trennen. Umwelt 23, 443–444 (1993)
D. Scott, A two-colour near-infrared sensor for sorting recycled plastic waste. Meas. Sci. Technol. 6, 156–159 (1995)
M. Alam, S. Stanton, Sorting of waste plastics using near-infrared spectroscopy and neural networks. Process Contr. Qual. 4, 245–252 (1993)
R. Feldhoff, D. Wienke, K. Cammann, H. Fuchs, On-line post consumer package identification by NIR spectroscopy combined with a fuzzy ARTMAP classifier in an industrial environment. Appl. Spectrosc. 51, 362–368 (1997)
N. Eisenreich, T. Rhode, Identifizieren von Kunststoffen. Kunststoffe 86, 222–224 (1996)
N. Basta, K. Fouhy, K. Gilges, A. Shanley, S. Hshio, Chem. Eng. 11, 37–43 (1990)
see e.g., products of the following companies: LLA Instruments GmbH, Justus-von-Liebig-Str. 9, 12489 Berlin, www.lla.de; National Recovery Technologies Inc., 566 Mainstream Dr., Suite 300, Nashville, TN, http://www.nrtsorters.com, 2010
http://www.dradio.de/dlf/sendungen/firment/1020957, 2009/8/21
J. Jansen, C. van Hastenberg, Identifikation von Kunststoffteilen. Kunststoffe 84, (1994) 51–54
R. Sattmann, I. Mönch, H. Krause, R. Noll, S. Couris, A. Hatziapostolou, A. Mavromanolakis, C. Fotakis, E. Larrauri, R. Miguel, Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for polymer identification. Appl. Spectr. 52, 456–461 (1998)
R. Sattmann, V. Sturm, R. Noll, Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of steel samples using multiple Q-switch Nd:YAG laser pulses. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 28, 2181–2187 (1995)
A. Zell, Simulation Neuronaler Netze (Addison Wesley, Berlin, 1994)
R. Pearse, A. Gaydon, The Identification of Molecular Spectra (Chapman and Hall, London, 1976), p. 83
H. Griem, Plasma Spectroscopy (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1964), p. 305, 538
R. Hecht-Nielsen, Neurocomputing (Addison Wesley, Berlin, 1990)
Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, vol. A 20 (VCH Publishers, Weinheim, 1992)
European Project, Development of multipurpose industrial units for recycling of plastic wastes by on-line pattern recognition of polymer features (Sure-Plast), contract no. BRPR-CT98–0783, project no. BE97–4890, 2001, samples prepared by Gaiker, Bilbao, Spain
M. Stepputat, R. Noll, On-line detection of heavy metals and brominated flame retardants in technical polymers with laser-induced breakdown spectrometry. Appl. Optics 42, 6210–6220 (2003)
J. Marshall, J. Carrol, J.S. Crighton, C.L.R. Barnard, Industrial analysis: metals, chemicals and advanced materials. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 9, 319–356 (1994)
R. Zenobi, Modern laser mass spectrometry, Fresen. J. Anal. Chem. 348, 506–509 (1994)
C. Lazik, R.K. Marcus, Electrical and optical characteristics of a radio frequency glow discharge atomic emission source with dielectric sample atomization. Spectrochim. Acta B 48, 1673–1689 (1993)
Z. Weiss, New method of calibration for glow discharge optical emission spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 9, 351–354 (1994)
A. Golloch, D. Siegmund, Sliding spark spectroscopy – rapid survey analysis of flame retardants and other additives in polymers. Fresen. J. Anal. Chem. 358, 804–811 (1997)
J. Anzano, I. Gornushkin, B. Smith, J. Winefordner, Laser-induced plasma spectroscopy for plastic identification. Polym. Eng. Sci. 40, 2423–2429 (2000)
M. Tran, Q. Sun, B. Smith, J. Winefordner, Determination of F, Cl and Br in solid organic compounds by laser-induced plasma spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc. 55, 739–744 (2001)
H. Fink, U. Panne, R. Niessner, Analysis of recycled thermoplasts from consumer electronics by laser-induced plasma spectroscopy. Anal. Chim. Acta 440, 17–25 (2001)
H. Fink, U. Panne, R. Niessner, Process analysis of recycled thermoplasts from consumer electronics by laser-induced plasma spectroscopy. Anal. Chem. 74, 4334–4342 (2002)
NIST Atomic spectra data base, http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/AtData/main_asd
M. Kraushaar, R. Noll, H.-U. Schmitz, Slag analysis with laser-induced breakdown spectrometry. Appl. Spectrosc. 57, 1282–1287 (2003)
R. Wisbrun, I. Schechter, R. Niessner, H. Schroder, K. Kompa, Detector for trace elemental analysis of solid environmental samples by laser plasma spectroscopy. Anal. Chem. 66, 2964–2975 (1994)
L. St-Onge, M. Sabsabi, P. Cielo, Analysis of solids using laser-induced plasma spectroscopy in double-pulse mode. Spectrochim. Acta B 53, 407–415 (1998)
F. Colao, V. Lazic, R. Fantoni, S. Pershin, A comparison of single and double pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of aluminium samples. Spectrochim. Acta B 57, 1167–1179 (2002)
National Standard of Germany, DIN 53 804–1,Statistische Auswertung, Teil 1: Kontinuierliche Merkmale (Beuth, Berlin, April 2002)
A. Dobney, A. Mank, K. Grobecker, P. Conneely, C. de Koster, Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry as a tool for studying heterogeneity within polymers. Anal. Chim. Acta 423, 9–19 (2000)
R. Kaiser, W. Gottschalk, Elementare Tests zur Beurteilung von Messdaten (Bibliographisches Institut, Mannheim, 1984)
National Standard of Germany, DIN 32 645, Chemische Analytik – Nachweis-, Erfassungs- und Bestimmungsgrenze (Beuth Verlag, Berlin, September 2006)
A. Cremers, D. Romero, An evaluation of factors affecting the analysis of metals using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), in Remote Sensing, ed. by R.T. Menzies, Proc. SPIE 644, 7–12 (1986)
H. Bennet, G. Oliver, XRF Analysis of Ceramics, Minerals and Allied Materials (Wiley, New York, 1992)
J. Vadillo, J. Laserna, Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of silicate, vanadate and sulfide rocks. Talanta 43, 1149–1154 (1996)
H. Wiggenhauser, D. Schaurich, G. Wilsch, LIBS for non-destructive testing of element distributions on surfaces. NDT&E Int. 31, 307–313 (1998)
A. Knight, N. Scherbarth, D. Cremers, M. Ferris, Characterisation of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for application to space exploration. Appl. Spectrosc. 54, 331–340 (2000)
F. Hilbk-Kortenbruck, R. Noll, P. Wintjens, H. Falk, C. Becker, Analysis of heavy metals in soils using laser-induced breakdown spectrometry combined with laser-induced fluorescence. Spectrochim. Acta B 56, 933–945 (2001)
G. Doujak, R. Mertens, W. Ramb, J. Flock, J. Geyer, S. Lüngen, Slag analysis by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Stahl Eisen 121, 53–58 (2001)
H. Martens, T. Næs, Multivariate Calibration (Wiley, New York, 1998)
B. Bergmann, N. Bannenberg, Schlackenführung und Schlackenoptimierung in der Sekundärmetallurgie. Stahl Eisen 111, 125–131 (1991)
H. Lachmund, Y. Xie, High purity steels: a challenge to improved steelmaking processes. Ironmak. Steelmak. 30, 125–129 (2003)
V. Sturm, H.-U. Schmitz, T. Reuter, R. Fleige, R. Noll, Fast vacuum slag analysis in a steel works by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta B 63, 1167–1170 (2008)
C. López-Moreno, S. Palanco, J.J. Laserna, Quantitative analysis of samples at high temperature with remote laser-induced breakdown spectrometry using a room-temperature calibration plot. Spectrochim. Acta B 60, 1034–1039 (2005)
V. Sturm, Optical micro-lens array for laser plasma generation in spectrochemical analysis. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 22, 1495–1500 (2007)
K. Esbensen, Multivariate Data Analysis, 5th edn. (Camo Process, Oslo, 2002), p. 159
R. Wisbrun, I. Schechter, R. Niessner, H. Schröder, K.L. Kompa, Detector for trace elemental analysis of solid environmental samples by laser plasma spectroscopy. Anal. Chem. 66, 2964–2975 (1994)
D. Cremers, J. Barefield Il, A. Koskelo, Remote elemental analysis by laser- induced breakdown spectroscopy using a fiber-optic cable. Appl. Spectrosc. 49, 857–860 (1995)
F. Hilbk-Kortenbruck, R. Noll, P. Wintjens, H. Falk, C. Becker, Spectrochemical analysis of heavy metals in soils with laser-based techniques, Abstracts of the lecture groups “Environmental Technology and Fundamentals of Laser-aided In-situ Soil Analysis”, Int. Meeting on Chem. Eng., Environmental Protection and Biotechnology, ACHEMA 2000, Conf. Proc. 2000, DECHEMA e.V., Frankfurt a. M., 449–451 (2000)
R. Multari, L. Foster, D. Cremers, M. Ferris, Effect of sampling geometry on elemental emissions in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc. 50, 1483–1499 (1996)
G. Theriault, S. Bodensteiner, S. Lieberman, A real-time fiber-optic LIBS probe for the in situ delineation of metals in soils. Field Anal. Chem. Technol. 2, 117–125 (1998)
B. Miles, J. Cortes, Subsurface heavy-metal detection with the use of a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) penetrometer system. Field Anal. Chem. Technol. 2, 75–87 (1998)
Mitteilungen der Länderarbeitsgemeinschaft Abfall (LAGA) Nr. 20: Anforderungen an die stoffliche Verwertung von mineralischen Reststoffen/Abfällen – Technische Regeln (Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin, 1995)
K. Yamamoto, D. Cremers, M. Ferris, L. Foster, Detection of metals in the environment using a portable laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy instrument. Appl. Spectrosc. 50, 222–232 (1996)
A. Eppler, D. Cremers, D. Hickmott, M. Ferris, A.C. Koskelo, Matrix-effects in the detection of Pb and Ba in soils using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc. 50, 1175–1181 (1996)
A. Ciucci, V. Palleschi, S. Rastelli, R. Barbini, F. Colao, R. Fantoni, A. Palucci, S. Ribezzo, H. van der Steen, Trace pollutants analysis in soil by a time-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy technique. Appl. Phys. B 63, 185–190 (1996)
C. Becker, F. Hilbk-Kortenbruck, R. Noll, Preparation of soil samples containing heavy metals for the calibration of laser-based analytical techniques, Abstracts of the lecture groups “Environmental Technology and Fundamentals of Laser-aided In-situ Soil Analysis”, Int. Meeting on Chem. Eng., Environmental Protection and Biotechnology, ACHEMA 2000, Conf. Proc. 2000, DECHEMA e.V., Frankfurt a.M., 394–396 (2000)
R. Springenschmidt, Arbeitskreis “Prüfverfahren Chlorideindringtiefe” des Deutschen Ausschusses für Stahlbeton: Anleitung zur Bestimmung des Chloridgehaltes von Beton, Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin; Research group “Test methods for chloride penetration depth” of Deutscher Ausschuss für Stahlbeton: instruction for the determination of chloride content in concrete (Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin, 1989)
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Standard Test Method for Electrical Indication of Concrete’s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration, ASTM C 1202–97 (ASTM, West Conshohocken, 1997)
F. Weritz, D. Schaurich, A. Taffe, G. Wilsch, Effect of heterogeneity on the quantitative determination of trace elements in concrete. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 385, 248–255 (2006)
V. Burakov, V. Kiris, S. Raikov, Optimization of conditions for spectral determination of chlorine content in cement-based materials. J. Appl. Spectrom. 74, 321–327 (2007)
F. Weritz, D. Schaurich, G. Wilsch, Detector comparison for sulfur and chlorine detection with laser induced breakdown spectroscopy in the near infrared. Spectrochim. Acta B 62, 1504–1511 (2007)
J. Aguilera, C. Aragon, A comparison of the temperatures and electron densities of laser-produced plasmas obtained in air, argon, and helium at atmospheric pressure. Appl. Phys. A 69, S475-S478 (1999)
G. Asimellis, A. Giannoudakos, M. Kompitsas, Near-IR bromine LIBS detection and ambient gas effects on emission line asymmetric Stark broadening and shift. Spectrochim. Acta B 61, 1270–1278 (2006)
M. Tran, Q Sun, B.W. Smith, J. Wineforder, Determination of F, Cl and Br in solid organic compounds by laser-induced plasma spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc. 52, 739–744 (1999)
G. Asimellis, S. Hamilton, A. Giannoudakos, M. Kompitsas, Controlled inert gas environment for enhanced chlorine and fluorine detection in the visible and near-infrared by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta B 60, 1132–1139 (2005)
L. Radziemski, D. Cremers, K. Benelli, C. Khoo, R. Harris, LIBS-based Detection of As, Br, C, Cl, P and S in the VUV spectral region in a Mars atmosphere. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, 1747 (2005)
C. Gehlen, E. Wiens, R. Noll, G. Wilsch, K. Reichling, Chlorine detection in cement with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in the infrared and ultraviolet spectral range. Spectrochim. Acta B 64, 1135–1140 (2009)
H. Lancelin, L. Dudragne, P. Adam, J. Amouroux, Time resolved laser induced breakdown spectroscopy for fluorine; chlorine and sulfur detection using an optical fibre probe. High Temp. Mater. Proc. 4, 109–126 (2000)
N. Konjevic, Plasma broadening and shifting of non-hydrogenic spectral lines: present status and applications. Phys. Rep. 316, 339–401 (1999)
M. Dimitrijevic, S. Sahal-Brechot, Stark broadening of Ca II spectral lines. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 49, 157–164 (1993)
L. Peter, R. Noll, Material ablation and plasma state for single and collinear double pulses interacting with iron samples at ambient gas pressures below 1 bar. Appl. Phys. B 86, 159–167 (2007)
R. Knopp, F. Scherbaum, J. Kim, Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as an analytical tool for the detection of metal ions in aqueous solutions. Fresen. J. Anal. Chem. 355, 16–20 (1996)
B. Welz, Speciation analysis: where is it going? An attempt at a forecast. Spectrochim. Acta B 53, 169–175 (1998)
R. Lobinski, J. Szpunar, Biochemical speciation analysis by hyphenated techniques. Anal. Chim. Acta 400, 321–332 (1999)
A. Timerbraev, Element speciation analysis by capillary electrophoresis. Talanta 52, 573–606 (2000)
D. Beauchemin, Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem.74, 2873–2894 (2002)
P. Kenedy, D. Hammer, B. Rockwell, Laser-induced breakdown in aqueous media. Prog. Quant. Electr. 21, 155–248 (1997)
R. Knopp, F. Scherbaum, J. Kim, Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as an analytical tool for the detection of metal ions in aqueous solutions. Fresen. J. Anal. Chem. 355, 16–20 (1996)
P. Fichet, P. Mauchien, J. Wagner, C. Moulin, Quantitative elemental determination in water and oil by laser-induced breakdown spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 429, 269–278 (2001)
W. Ho, C. Ng, N. Cheung, Spectrochemical analysis of liquids using laser induced plasma emission: effects of laser wavelength. Appl. Spectrosc. 51, 87–91 (1997)
J. Carranza, B. Fisher, G. Yoder, D. Hahn, On-line analysis of ambient air aerosols using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta B 56, 851–864 (2001)
H. Archontaki, S. Crouch, Evaluation of an isolated droplet sample introduction system for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc. 42, 741–746 (1988)
G. Arca, A. Ciucci, V. Palleschi, S. Rastelli, E. Tognoni, Trace element analysis in water by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy technique. Appl. Spectrosc. 51, 1102–1105 (1997)
A. Pichahchy, D. Cremers, M. Ferris, Elemental analysis of metals under water using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta B 52, 25–39 (1997)
R. Wal, T. Ticich, J. West, P. Householder, Trace metal detection by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc. 53, 1226–1236 (1999)
A. Kuwako, Y. Uchida, K. Maeda, Supersensitive detection of sodium in water with use of dual-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Appl. Optics 42, 6052–6056 (2003)
K. Lo, N. Cheung, ArF laser-induced plasma spectroscopy for part-per-billion analysis of metal ions in aqueous solution. Appl. Spectrosc. 56, 682–688 (2002)
X. Pu, W. Ma, N. Cheung, Sensitive elemental analysis of aqueous colloids by laser-induced plasma spectroscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 3416–3418 (2003)
C. Janzen, R. Fleige, R. Noll, H. Schwenke, W. Lahmann, J. Knoth, P. Beaven, E. Jantzen, A. Oest, P. Koke, Analysis of small droplets with a new detector for liquid chromatography based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta B 60, 993–1001 (2005)
H. Ulmke, T. Wriedt, H. Lohner, K. Bauckhage, The piezoelectric droplet generator – a versatile tool for dispensing applications and calibration of particle sizing instruments, Precis. Eng. – Nanotechnology, Proc. of the 1st Int. Euspen Conf., vol. 2 (Shaker Verlag, Aachen, 1999), pp. 290–293
C. Haisch, R. Niessner, O. Matveev, U. Panne, N. Omenetto, Element-specific determination of chlorine in gases by laser-induced-breakdown-spectroscopy LIBS. Fresen. J. Anal. Chem. 356, 21–26 (1996)
M. Tran, B.W. Smith, D. Hahn, J. Winefordner, Detection of gaseous and particulate fluorides by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc. 55, 1455–1461 (2001)
D. Plemmons, C. Parigger, J. Lewis, J. Hornkohl, Analysis of combined spectra of NH and N2. Appl. Optics 37, 2493–2498 (1998)
A. Schwebel, A. Ronn, Spectroscopy of laser-induced dielectric breakdown in gas mixtures. Chem. Phys. Lett. 100, 178–182 (1983)
M. Casini, M. Harith, V. Palleschi, A. Salvetti, D. Singh, M. Vaselli, Time-resolved LIBS experiment for quantitative determination of pollutant concentrations in air. Laser Part. Beams 9, 633–639 (1991)
I. Glassman, Combustion (Academic, San Diego, 1996), pp. 20–29
A. Sandrowitz, J. Cooke, N. Glumac, Flame emission spectroscopy for equivalence ratio monitoring. Appl. Spectrosc. 52, 658–662 (1998)
R. Schmieder, Combustion applications of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, in Proceedings of the Electro-optics Laser Conference, Cahners, Chicago, 1981, pp. 17–27
X. Phuoc, F. White, Laser-induced spark for measurements of the fuel-to-air ratio of a combustible mixture. Fuel 81, 1761–1765 (2002)
V. Sturm, R. Noll, Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of gas mixtures of air, CO2, N2, and C3H8 for simultaneous C, H, O, and N measurement. Appl. Optics 42, 6221–6225 (2003)
K. Fieweger, R. Blumenthal, G. Adomeit, Self-ignition of S.I. engine model fuels: shock tube investigation at high pressure. Combust. Flame 109, 599–619 (1997)
K. Kuwahara, H. Ando, Diagnostics of in-cylinder flow, mixing and combustion in gasoline engines. Meas. Sci. Technol. 11, R95–R111 (2000)
D. Lide (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 73rd edn. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1992), pp. 14–11
V. Sturm, A. Brysch, R. Noll, H. Brinkmann, R. Schwalbe, K. Mülheims, P. Luoto, P. Mannila, K. Heinänen, D. Carrascal, L. Sancho, A. Opfermann, K. Mavrommatis, H.W. Gudenau, A. Hatziapostolou, S. Couris, Online multi-element analysis of the top gas of a blast furnace, in 7th Int. Workshop Progress in Analytical Chemistry in the Steel and Metal Industries, ed. by J. Angeli (Glückauf GmbH, Essen, 2006), pp. 183–188
A. Brysch, V. Sturm, R. Noll, H. Denecke-Arnold, H. Brinkmann, K. Mülheims, A. Opfermann, K. Mavrommatis, H.-W. Gudenau, K. Heinänen, Laser-based elemental analysis of the top gas of a blast furnace, Int. Symp. on Photonics in Measurement, 11–12 June 2002, Aachen, Germany, VDI-Berichte Nr. 1694, 2002, 117–123, ISBN 3-18-091694-X
European commission, Directorate C: information note: airborne particles and their health effects in Europe, ENV.C1/SAZr, March 2003
World Health Organisation, World Health Report 2002 (WHO, Geneva, 2002)
D. Adriano, Biogeochemistry of Trace Metals (Lewis, Boca Raton, 1992)
J. Fergusson, The Heavy Elements: Chemistry, Environmental Impact and Health Effects (Pergamon, Oxford, 1991)
T. Kuhlen, C. Fricke-Begemann, N. Strauss, R. Noll, Analysis of size-classified fine and ultrafine particulate matter on substrates with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta B 63, 1171–1176 (2008)
U. Panne, R. Neuhauser, M. Theisen, H. Fink, R. Niessner, Analysis of heavy metal aerosols on filters by laser-induced plasma spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta B 56, 839–850 (2001)
Y. Yamamoto, R. Yoshiie, S. Uemiya, Simple and rapid analysis of heavy metals in sub-micron particulates in flue gas, 6th Int. Symp. and Exhibition on Gas Cleaning at High Temperature, Osaka, Japan, 2005
S. Arnold, D. Cremers, Rapid determination of metal particles on air sampling filters using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 56, 1180–1186 (1995)
M. Marjamäki, J. Keskinen, D. Chen, D. Pui, Performance evaluation of the electrical low-pressure impactor (ELPI). J. Aerosol Sci. 31, 249–261 (2000)
G. Cristoforetti, S. Legnaioli, V. Palleschi, A. Salvetti, E. Tognoni, Influence of ambient gas pressure on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy technique in the parallel double-pulse configuration. Spectrochim. Acta B 59, 1907–1917 (2004)
L. Radziemski, T. Loree, D. Cremers, N. Hoffman, Time-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectrometry of aerosols. Anal. Chem. 55, 1246–1252 (1983)
R. Neuhauser, U. Panne, R. Niessner, G. Petrucci, P. Cavalli, N. Omenetto, On-line and in-situ detection of lead aerosols by plasma-spectroscopy and laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectroscopy. Anal. Chim. Acta 346, 37–48 (1997)
S. Yalcin, D. Crosley, G. Smith, G. Faris, Spectroscopic characterization of laser-produced plasma for in situ toxic metal monitoring. Hazard. Waste Hazard. Mater. 13, 51–61 (1996)
M. Nunez, P. Cavalli, G. Petrucci, N. Omenetto, Analysis of sulfuric acid aerosols by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and laser-induced fragmentation. Appl. Spectrosc. 54, 1805–1816 (2000)
R. Yoshiie, Y. Yamamoto, S. Uemiya, S. Kambara, H. Moritoni, Simple and rapid analysis of heavy metals in sub-micron particulates in flue gas. Powder Technol. 180, 135–139 (2008)
D. Hahn, W. Flower, K. Hencken, Discrete particle detection and metal emission monitoring using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc. 51, 1836–1844 (1997)
D. Hahn, M. Lunden, Detection and analysis of aerosol particles by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Aerosol Sci. Tech. 33, 30–48 (2000)
J. Carranza, D. Hahn, Sampling statistics and considerations for single-shot analysis using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta B 57, 779–790 (2002)
J. Carranza, D. Hahn, Plasma volume considerations for analysis of gaseous and aerosol samples using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 17, 1534–1539 (2002)
N. Strauss, C. Fricke-Begemann, R. Noll, Size-resolved analysis of fine and ultrafine particulate matter by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. J. Anal. At. Spectrosc. 25, 867–874 (2010)
V. Hohreiter, D. Hahn, Calibration effects for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of gaseous sample streams: analyte response of gas-phase species versus solid-phase species. Anal. Chem. 77, 1118–1124 (2005)
G. Lithgow, S. Buckley, Influence of particle location within plasma and focal volume on precision of single-particle laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurements. Spectrochim. Acta B 60, 1060–1069 (2005)
V. Hohreiter, D. Hahn, Plasma-particle interactions in a laser-induced plasma: implications for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Anal. Chem. 78, 1509–1514 (2006)
I. Gornushkin, J. Anzano, L. King, B. Smith, N. Omenetto, J. Winefordner, Curve of growth methodology applied to laser-induced plasma emission spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta B 54, 491–503 (1999)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Noll, R. (2012). Bulk Analysis of Nonconducting Materials. In: Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20668-9_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20668-9_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-20667-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-20668-9
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)