Zusammenfassung
Als Bewegungsstörungen werden in der Neurologie Syndrome bezeichnet, die mit einer Störung in der Initiation und Durchführung von willkürlicher und unwillkürlicher Motorik einhergehen. Unter dem Begriff Bewegungsstörungen sollen hier definitionsgemäß deshalb ebensowenig periphere oder zentrale Paresen, Myopathien, rheumatische oder orthopädische Erkrankungen, sensible und sensorische Defizite, die sich auf Bewegungsabläufe auswirken, aufgezählt werden wie Apraxien und andere neuropsychologische Störungen mit motorischer Symptomatik.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
Literatur
Zitierte Literatur
Albanese A, Barnes MP, Bhatia KP et al. (2006) A systematic review on the diagnosis and treatment of primary (idiopathic) dystonia and dystonia plus syndromes: Report of an EFNS/MDS-ES Task Force. Eur J Neurol 13(5): 433–444
Albin RL, Young AB, Penney JB (1989) The functional antomy of disorders oft he basal ganglia disorders. Trends Neurosc 12: 366–375
Alderson K, Holds JB, Anderson RL (1991) Botulinum-induced alteration of nerve-muscle interactions in the human orbicularis oculi following treatment for blepharospasm. Neurology 41: 1800–1805
American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders III-R American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC
Ancoli-Israel S, Martin JL, Gehrman Pet al. (2003) Effect of light on agitation in institutionalized patients with severe Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 11: 194–203
Aoki KR, Francis J, Hasanthi R, Leumer D (2003) Comparison of the therapeutic windows of different botulinum neurotoxin preparations in an animal model. 55th Academy of Neurology Meeting, P03.088
Arya DK (1994) Extrapyramidal symptoms with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Br J Psychiatry 165: 728–733
Assadi M, Campellone JV, Janson CG, Veloski JJ, Schwartzman RJ, Leone P (2007) Treatment of spinocerebellar ataxia with buspirone. J Neurol Sci 260 (1–2): 143–146
Ayd F (1961) A survey of drug induced induced extrapyra midal reactions. JAMA 175: 1054–1060
Ballard CG, O‘Brien JT, Reichelt K, Perry EK (2002) Aromatherapy as a safe and effective treatment for the management of agitation in severe dementia: Te results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with Melissa. J Clin Psychiatry 63: 553–558
Barclay CL, Lang AE (1997) Dystonia in progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 62: 352–356
Barnes TRE, Brande WM (1985) Akathisia variants and tardive dyskinesia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 428: 874–878
Benamer TS, Patterson J, Grosset DG et al. (2000) Accurate differentiation of parkinsonism and essential tremor using visual assessment of [123I]-FP-CIT SPECT imaging: the [123I]-FP-CIT study group. Mov Disord 15: 503–510
Benecke R, Jost WH, Kanovsky P, Ruzicka E, Comes G, Grafe S (2005) A new botulinum toxin type A free of complexing proteins for treatment of cervical dystonia. Neurology 64: 1949–1951
Bennett DA, Beckett LA, Murray AM et al. (1996) Prevalence of parkinsonian signs and associated mortality in a community population of older people. N Engl J Med 334: 71–76
Bergman H, Wichmann T, DeLong MR (1990) Reversal of experimental parkinsonism by lesions of the subthalamic nucleus. Science 249: 1436–1438
Bonuccelli U, Ceravolo R, Salvetti S et al. (1997) Clozapine in Parkinson‘s disease tremor. Effects of acute and chronic administration. Neurology 49: 1587–1590
Braune S, Reinhardt M, Schnitzer R et al. (1999) Cardiac uptake of [123J]MIBG separates Parkinson’s disease from multiple system atrophy. Neurology 53: 1020–1025
Breedved GJ, van Dongen JW, Danesino C et al. (2002) Mutations in TITF-2 are associated with benign hereditary chorea. Hum Mol Gen 11: 971–979
Breidenbach MA, Brunger AT (2004) Substrate recognition strategy for botulinum neurotoxin serotype A. Nature 432: 925–929
Brewer GJ, Hedera P, Kluin KJ et al. (2003) Treatment of Wilson disease with ammonium tetrathiomolybdate: III. Initial therapy in a total of 55 neurologically affected patients and follow-up with zinc therapy. Arch Neurol 60: 379–385
Brewer GJ, Askari F, Lorincz MT et al. (2006) Treatment of Wilson Disease with ammonium tetrathiomolybdate. IV. Comparison of tetrathiomolybdate and trientine in a double-blind study of treatment of the neurological presentation of Wilson disease. Arch Neurol 63: 521–527
Brooks DJ, Seppi K (2009) Proposed neuroimaging criteria for the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord 24: 949–964
Burke RE, Fahn S, Jankovic J et al. (1982) Tardive dystonia: Late-onset and persistent dystonia caused by antipsychotic drugs. Neurology 32: 1335–1346
Burke RE, Kang UJ, Jankovic J et al. (1989) Tardive akathisia: an analysis of clinical features and response to open thera peutic trials. Mov Disord 4: 157–175
Burn D, Emre M, McKeith I et al. (2006) Effects of rivastigmine in patients with and without visual hallucinations in dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 21: 1899–1907
Campos-Sousa RN, Quagliato E, Silva BBda, Carvalho RMde Jr, Ribeiro SC, Carvalho DFde (2003) Urinary symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: Prevalence and associated factors. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 61: 359–363
Cardoso FE, Jankovic J (1993) Cocaine-related movement disorders. Mov Disord 8: 175–178
Castelon Konkiewitz E, Trender-Gerhard I, Kamm C et al. (2002) Service-based survey of dystonia in Munich. Neuroepidemiology 21: 202–206
Ceballos-Baumann AO (1994) Klinik und Therapie der Dystonien. Akt Neurol 21: 99–106
Ceballos-Baumann AO (1996) Dystonien. In: Conrad B, Ceballos-Baumann AO (Hrsg) Bewegungsstörungen in der Neurologie. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 89–140
Ceballos-Baumann AO (2001) Evidence-based medicine in botulinum toxin therapy for cervical dystonia. J Neurol 248 (Suppl 1): 14–20
Ceballos-Baumann AO (2003) Die Rolle der EMG-Steuerung bei der Botulinumtoxin-Therapie. Klin Neurophysiol 34: 1–7
Ceballos-Baumann AO (2005) Idiopathisches Parkinson-Syndrom: Grundlagen, Medikamente, Therapieeinleitung. In: Ceballos-Baumann AO, Conrad B (Hrsg) Bewegungsstörungen in der Neurologie. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 33–70
Ceballos-Baumann AO, Boecker H (2000) Tremor – new therapy options. Internist (Berl) 41: 1353–1362
Ceballos-Bauman A, Conrad B (2005) Bewegungsstörungen. Thieme, Stuttgart
Ceballos-Bauman A, Ebersbach G (2008) Aktivierende Therapien bei Parkinson-Syndromen. Thieme, Stuttgart
Ceballos-Baumann A, Gündel H (2006) Bewegungsstörungen. In: Henningsen P, Gündel H, Ceballos-Baumann A (Hrsg) Neuropsychosomatik. Schattauer, Stuttgart
Ceballos-Baumann AO, Lemke MR (2004) Parkinson-Syndrom und Depression. Nervenheilkunde 23: 143–150
Ceballos-Baumann AO, Konstanzer A, Dengler R, Conrad B (1990a) Lokale Injektionen von Botulinum-Toxin A bei zervikaler Dystonie: Verlaufsbeobachtungen an 45 Patienten. Akt Neurol 17: 139–145
Ceballos-Baumann AO, Kummer R von, Eckert W, Weicker H (1990b) Controlled-release levodopa/benserazide (Madopar HBS): Clinical observations and levodopa and dopa mine plasma concentrations in fluctuating parkinsonian patients. J Neurol 237: 24–28
Ceballos-Baumann AO, Böhme G, Konstanzer A et al. (1992) Spasmodische Dysphonie: Klinik und Erfahrungen mit laryngealen Injektionen von Botulinum-Toxin. Otorhinolaryngologia nova 2: 33–38
Ceballos-Baumann AO, Obeso JA, Vitek JL et al. (1994) Restoration of thalamocortical activity following posteroventral pallidotomy in Parkinson’s disease. Lancet 344: 814–814
Ceballos-Baumann AO, Passingham RE, Marsden CD, Brooks DJ (1995a) Motor reorganisation in acquired hemidystonia: a PET activation study. Ann Neurol 37: 746–757
Ceballos-Baumann AO, Passingham RE, Warner T et al. (1995b) Overactivity of prefrontal and underactivity of motor cortical areas in idiopathic dystonia: a PET activa tion study. Ann Neurol 37: 363–372
Ceballos-Baumann AO, Kupsch A, Naumann M, Volkmann J (2002) Dystonie. Leitlinien der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurologie. In: http://www.dgn.org/leitl.shtml
Chan PL, Nutt JG, Holford NH (2007) Levodopa slows progression of Parkinson‘s disease: External validation by clinical trial simulation. Pharm Res 24: 791–802
Colosimo C, Osaki Y, Vanacore N, Lees AJ (2003) Lack of association between progressive supranuclear palsy and arterial hypertension: A clinicopathological study. Mov Disord 18: 694–697.
Comella CL, Jankovic J, Shannon KM, Tsui J, Swenson M, Leurgans S, Fan W (2005) Comparison of botulinum toxin serotypes A and B for the treatment of cervical dystonia. Neurology 65 (9): 1423–1429
Deep-Brain-Stimulation-Study-Group (2001) Deep-brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus or the pars interna of the globus pallidus in Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 345: 956–963
Derost PP, Ouchchane L, Morand D et al. (2007) Is DBS-STN appropriate to treat severe Parkinson disease in an elderly population? Neurology 68: 1345–1355
Deuschl G, Köster B (1996) Diagnose und Behandlung des Tremors. In: Conrad B, Ceballos-Baumann AO (Hrsg) Bewegungsstörungen in der Neurologie. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 222–253
Deuschl G, Toro C, Matsumoto J, Hallett M (1995) Movement related cortical potentials in writer’s cramp. Ann Neurol 38: 862–868
Deuschl G, Schade-Brittinger C, Krack P et al. (2006) A randomized trial of deepbrain stimulation for Parkinson‘s disease. N Engl J Med 355: 896–908
Dorsey ER, Constantinescu R, Thompson JP et al. (2007) Projected number of people with Parkinson disease in the most populous nations, 2005 through 2030. Neurology 68: 384–386
Ebersbach G, Ebersbach A, Edler D et al. (2010) Comparing exercise in Parkinson‘s disease – the Berlin LSVT(R)BIG study. Mov Disord 25 (12): 1902–1908
Emre M, Aarsland D, Albanese A et al. (2004) Rivastigmine for dementia associated with Parkinson‘s disease. N Engl J Med 351(24): 2509–2518
Factor SA, Molho ES, Brown DL (1998) Acute delirium after withdrawal of amantadine in Parkinson‘s disease. Neurology 50: 1456–1458
Fahn S, Oakes D, Shoulson I et al. (2004) Levodopa and the progression of Parkinson‘s disease. N Engl J Med 351: 2498–2508
Farley BG, Koshland GF (2005) Training BIG to move faster: The application of the speed-amplitude relation as a rehabilitation strategy for people with Parkinson‘s disease. Exp Brain Res 167: 462–467
Fasano A, Romito LM, Daniele A, Piano C, Zinno M, Bentivoglio AR, Albanese A (2010) Motor and cognitive outcome in patients with Parkinson‘s disease 8 years after subthalamic implants. Brain 133(9): 2664–2676
Ferraye MU, Debu B, Fraix V et al. (2008) Effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation and levodopa on freezing of gait in Parkinson disease. Neurology 70: 1431–1437
Fleischhacker WW, Miller CH, Bergmann KJ (1989) Die neuroleptikainduzierte Akathisie. Nervenarzt 60: 719–723
Follett KA, Weaver FM, Stern M et al. (2010) Pallidal versus subthalamic deepbrain stimulation for Parkinson‘s disease. N Engl J Med 362: 2077–2091
Ford B, Greene P, Louis ED et al.(1996) Use of intrathecal bac lofen in the treatment of patients with dystonia. Arch Neurol 53: 1241 – 1246
Fox CM, Ramig LO, Ciucci MR, Sapir S, McFarland DH, Farley BG (2006) The science and practice of LSVT/LOUD: Neural plasticity-principled approach to treating individuals with Parkinson disease and other neurological disorders. Semin Speech Lang 27: 283–299
Ganzini L, Casey DE, Hoffman WF, McCall AL (1993) The prevalence of metoclopramide-induced tardive dyskinesia and acute extra-pyramidal movement disorders. Arch Intern Med 153: 1469–1475
García-Ruiz PJ, Mena MA, Peñafiel N, García-de-Yebenes J (1992) Parkinsonism associated with calcium channel blockers: a prospective follow up study. Clin Neuropharmacol 15: 19–26
Geissler I, Heinemann K, Rohm S, Hauss J, Lamesch P (2003) Liver transplantation for hepatic and neurological Wilsons disease. Transplant Proc 35: 1445–1446
Genever RW, Downes TW, Medcalf P (2005) Fracture rates in Parkinson‘s disease compared with age- and gender-matched controls: a retrospective cohort study. Age Ageing 4: 21–24
Ghika J, Bogousslavsky J (1997) Presymptomatic hypertension is a major feature in the diagnosis of progressive supra nuclear palsy. Arch Neurol 54: 1104–1108
Gil JM, Rego AC (2008) Mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Huntington’s disease. Eur J Neurosci 27: 2803–2820
Gilman S, Wenning GK, Low PA et al. (2008) Second consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. Neurology 71: 670–676
Global-Parkinsons-Disease-Survey-Steering-Committee (2002) Factors impacting on quality of life in Parkinson‘s disease: Results from an international survey. Mov Disord 17: 60–67
Goetz CG, Tanner CM, Klawans HL (1984) Bupropion in Parkinson‘s disease. Neurology 34: 1092–1094
Greene P, Fahn S, Diamond B(1994) Development of resistance to botulinum toxin type A in patients with torticollis. Mov Disord 9: 213–217
Gunne LM, Haggstrom JE, Sjoquist B (1984) Association of persistent neuroleptic-induced dyskinesia with regional changes in the brain GABA-synthesis. Nature 309: 347–349
Harding AE (1982) The clinical features and clssification oft he late onset autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxis. A study of 11 families, including descendants oft the »Drew familiy of Walworth«. Brain 105 (Pt 1): 1–28
Haupt M, Karger A, Baumgartner D, Kuminoti D, Janner M, Schneider F (2000) Improvement of agitation and anxiety in dementia patients after psychoeducative training of their caregivers. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 68: 216–223
Haussermann P, Marczoch S, Klinger C, Landgrebe M, Conrad B, Ceballos-Baumann A (2004) Long-term follow-up of cervical dystonia patients treated with botulinum toxin A. Mov Disord 19: 303–308
Hayflick SJ, Westaway SK, Levinson B et al. (2003) Genetic, clinical, and radiographic delineation of Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome. N Engl J Med 348: 33–40
Hely MA, Morris JG, Reid WG, Trafficante R (2005) Sydney Multicenter Study of Parkinson‘s disease: Non-L-Dopa-responsive problems dominate at 15 years. Mov Disord 20: 190–199
Hely MA, Reid WG, Adena MA, Halliday GM, Morris JG (2008) The Sydney multicenter study of Parkinson‘s disease: The inevitability of dementia at 20 years. Mov Disord 23: 837–844
Hermann W, Villmann T, Wagner A (2003) Elektrophysiologisches Schädigungsprofil von Patienten mit einem Morbus Wilson. Nervenarzt 7: 881–887
Hersch SM, Rosas HD (2008) Neuroprotection for Huntington’s disease: ready, set, slow. Neurotherapeutics 5: 226–236
Hodges JR, Davies RR, Xuereb JH et al. (2004) Clinicopathological correlates in frontotemporal dementia. Ann Neurol 56: 399–406.
Hoehn MM (1992) The natural history of Parkinson’s disease in the pre-levodopa eras. Neurol Clin 10: 331–340
Hughes AJ, Lees AJ, Stern GM (1991) Challenge tests to predict the do-paminergic response in untreated Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 41: 1723–1725
Hughes AJ, Daniel SE, Kilford L, Lees AJ (1992) Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease: A clinico-pathological study of 100 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 55: 181–184
Hughes AJ, Bishop S, Kleedorfer B et al. (1993) Subcutaneous apomorphine in Parkinson’s disease: response to chronic administration for up to five years. Mov Disord 8: 165–170
Huntington Study Group (2006) Tetrabenazine as antichorea therapy in Huntington disease: A randomized controlled trial. Neurology 66: 366–372
Huntington’s Disease Collaborative Research Group (1993) A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington’s disease chromosomes. Cell 72: 971–983
Jankovic J, Orman J (1988) Tetrabenazine therapy of dystonia, chorea, tics, and other dyskinesias. Neurology 38: 391–394
Jeste DV, Caligiuri MP (1993) Tardive dyskinesia. Schizophr Bull 19: 303–315
Jöbges M, Heuschkel G, Pretzel C, Illhardt C, Renner C, Hummelsheim H (2004) Repetitive training of compensatory steps: a therapeutic approach for postural instability in Parkinson‘s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75: 1682–1687
Kane JM, Smith JM (1982) Tardive dyskinesia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39: 473–481
Kappler J, Menges C, Ferbert A, Ebel H (1994) Schwere »Spät«dystonie nach »Neuroleptanxiolyse« mit Fluspirilen. Nervenarzt 65: 66–68
Katzenschlager R, Hughes A, Evans A et al. (2005) Continuous subcutaneous apomorphine therapy improves dyskinesias in Parkinson‘s disease: a prospective study using single-dose challenges. Mov Disord 20(2): 151–157
Kessler KR, Benecke RA (1997) The edb test: a clinical test for the detection of antibodies to botulinum toxin type a. Mov Disord 12: 95–99
Klinz C, Biesold K-H (1990) Familiäre paroxysmale dystone Choreoathetose. Nervenarzt 61: 507–509
Klockgether T, Wullner U, Steinbach JP, Petersen V, Turski L, Loschmann PA (1996) Effects of the antiparkinsonian drug budipine on central neurotransmitter systems. Eur J Pharmacol 301: 67–73
Köllensperger M, Geser F, Seppi K et al. (2008) Red flags for multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord 23: 1093–1099
Koller WC, Hutton JT, Tolosa E, Capilldeo R (1999) Immediate-release and controlled-release carbidopa/levodopa in PD: a 5-year randomized multicenter study. Carbidopa/Levodopa Study Group. Neurology 53: 1012–1019
Költgen D, Ceballos-Baumann AO, Franke C (1994) Botulinum toxin converts muscle acetylcholine receptors from adult to embryonic type. Muscle Nerve 17: 779–784
Kornhuber J (1989) Memantine displaces (3H) MK-801 at therapeutic concentrations in postmortem human frontal cortex. Eur J Pharmacol 166: 589–590
Krack P, Batir A, Van Blercom N et al. (2003) Five-year follow-up of bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 349: 1925–1934
Kurlan R, Cummings J, Raman R, Thal L (2007) Quetiapine for agitation or psychosis in patients with dementia and parkinsonism. Neurology 68: 1356–1363.
Lagalla G, Millevolte M, Capecci M, Provinciali L, Ceravolo MG (2006) Botulinum toxin type A for drooling in Parkinson’s disease: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord21(5): 704–707
Lang AE (1987) Restless legs syndrome and Parkinson’s disease: insights into pathophysiology. Clin Neuropharmacol 10: 474–478
Lang AE (1994) Withdrawal akathisia: case reports and a proposed classification of chronic akathisia. Mov Disord 9: 188 – 192
Lange DJ, Rubin M, Greene PE et al. (1991) Distant effects of locally injected botulinum toxin: A double-blind study of single fiber EMG changes. Muscle Nerve 14: 672–675
Lazaro RP (1982) Involuntary movement disorders induced by anticonvulsant drugs. Mount Sinai J Med 49: 274–281
Lemke MR, Ceballos-Bauman AO (2002) Depression bei Parkinson-Patienten. Dtsch Arztebl 99: A2625–2631
Leplow B (2007) Parkinson. Hogrefe, Basel
Leube B, Rudnicki D, Ratzlaff T et al. (1996) Idiopathic torsion dystonia: assignment of a gene to chromosome 18p in a german family with adult onset, autosomal dominant inheritance and purely focal distribution. Human Molec Gen 5: 1673–1677
Lieberman JA, Saltz BL, Johns CA et al. (1991) The effects of clozapine on tardive dyskinesia. Br J Psychiatry 158: 503–510
Limousin P, Pollack P, Benazzouz A et al. (1995) Effect on parkinsonian signs and symptoms of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation. Lancet 91–95
Liotti M, Ramig LO, Vogel D et al. (2003) Hypophonia in Parkinson‘s disease: neural correlates of voice treatment revealed by PET. Neurology 60(3): 432–440
Litvan I, Agid Y, Calne D et al. (1996) Clinical research criteria for the diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome): report of the NINDS-SPSP international workshop. Neurology 47: 1–9
Litvan I, Phipps M, Pharr VL, Hallett M, Grafman J, Salazar A (2001) Randomized placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology 57: 467–473
Lopez OL, Wisnieski SR, Becker JT et al. (1997) Extrapyramidal signs in patients with probable Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 54: 969–975
Lou JS, Goldfarb L, McShane L, Gatev P, Hallett M (1995) Use of buspirone hydrochloride for treatment of cerebellar ataxia. An open-label study. Arch Neurol 52: 982–988
Macht M, Ellgring H (2003) Psychologische Interventionen bei der Parkinson-Erkrankung. Ein Behandlungsmanual. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart
Maidment I, Fox C, Boustani M (2006) Cholinesterase inhibitors for Parkinson’s disease dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD004747
Maltete D, Guyant-Marechal L, Mihout B, Hannequin D (2006) Movement disorders and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: A review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 12: 65–71.
Marchetti A, Magar R, Findley L et al. (2005) Retrospective evaluation of the dose of dysport and BOTOX in the management of cervical dystonia and blepharospasm: The REAL DOSE study. Mov Disord 20 (8): 937–944
Marsden CD, Jenner P (1980) The pathophysiology of extrapyra midal sideeffects of neuroleptic drugs. Psychol Med 10: 55–72
Marsden CD, Quinn NP (1990) The dystonias. BMJ 300: 139–144
Matthews BR, Jones LK, Saad DA, Aksamit AJ, Josephs KA (2005) Cerebellar ataxia and central nervous system whipple disease. Arch Neurol 62: 618–620
McIntosh GC, Brown SH, Rice RR, Thaut MH (1997) Rhythmic auditory-motor facilitation of gait patterns in patients with Parkinson‘s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 62: 22–26
McKeith IG, Dickson DW, Lowe J et al. (2005) Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: Third report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology 65: 1863–1872
Mejia NI, Vuong KD, Jankovic J (2005) Long-term botulinum toxin efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity. Mov Disord 20: 592–597
Morgenstern H, Glazer WM (1993) Identifying risk factors for tardive dyskinesia among long-term outpatients main tained with neuroleptic medications. Results of the Yale Tardive Dyskinesia Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50: 723–733
Morris ME, Iansek R, Matyas TA, Summers JJ (1996) Stride length regulation in Parkinson‘s disease. Normalization strategies and underlying mechanisms. Brain 119 ( Pt 2): 551–568
Moshagen V, Moschner C, Wessel K (2003) Wertigkeit neurophysiologischer Verfahren bei der Differenzialdiagnose der Systematrophien. Klin Neurophysiol 34: 55–64
Muslimovic D, Post B, Speelman JD, Schmand B, Haan RJde (2008) Determinants of disability and quality of life in mild to moderate Parkinson disease. Neurology 70: 2241–2247
Myers RH, MacDonald ME, Koroshetz WJ et al. (1993) De novo expansion of a (CAG)n repeat in sporadic Huntington’s disease. Nature Gen 5: 168–173
National CCfCC (2006) Parkinson’s disease: National clinical guideline for diagnosis and management in primary and secondary care. Royal College of Physicians, London
Nitschke MF, Hahn C, Melchert UH, Handels H, Wessel K (1998) Activation of the cerebellum by sensory finger stimulation and by finger opposition movements: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neuroimaging 8: 127–131
Nitschke MF, Kleinschmidt A, Wessel K, Frahm J (1996) Somatotopic organization of the human anterior cerebellum as detected by functional magnetic resonance neuroimaging Brain 119: 1023–1029
Nomoto M, Thompson PD, Sheehy MP et al. (1987) Anticho linergicinduced chorea in the treatment of focal dystonia. Mov Disord 2: 53–56
Nutt JG, Muenter MD, Aronson A et al. (1988) Epidemiology of focal and generalized dystonia in Rochester, Minnesota. Mov Disord 3: 188–194
Nygaard TG, Marsden CD, Fahn S (1991) Dopa-responsive dystonia: longterm treatment response and prognosis. Neurology 41: 174–181
Oertel W, Poewe W, Wolters E et al. (2008) Effects of rivastigmine on tremor and other motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease dementia: A retrospective analysis of a double-blind trial and an open-label extension. Drug Saf 31: 79–94
Olanow CW, Rascol O, Hauser R et al. (2009) A double-blind, delayed-start trial of rasagiline in Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 361: 1268–12678
Ondo WG, Tintner R, Voung KD, Lai D, Ringholz G (2005) Double-blind, placebocontrolled, unforced titration parallel trial of quetiapinefordopaminergicinduced hallucinations in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 20: 958–963
Onofrj M, Luciano AL, Thomas A, Iacono D, D’Andreamatteo G (2003) Mirtazapine induces REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) in parkinsonism. Neurology 60: 113–115
Oppenheim H (1911) Über eine eigenartige Krampfkrankheit des kindlichen und jugendlichen Alters (dysbasia lordotica progressiva, dystonia musculorum deformans). Neurologie Zentralblatt 30: 1090–1107
Osaki Y, Ben-Shlomo Y, Lees AJ et al. (2004) Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy. Mov Disord 19: 181–189
Padberg G, Bruyn GW (1986) Chorea: Differential diagnosis. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, Klawans HL (eds) Handbook of clinical neurology, Vol 49. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 549–564
Pinto S, Ozsancak C, Tripoliti E, Thobois S, Limousin-Dowsey P, Auzou P (2004) Treatments for dysarthria in Parkinson‘s disease. Lancet Neurol 3: 547–556
Poewe W, Ceballos-Baumann AO, Conrad B (1996) Parkinson-Krankheit. In: Conrad B, Ceballos-Baumann AO (Hrsg) Bewegungsstörungen in der Neurologie. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 30–60
Pontone G, Williams JR, Bassett SS, Marsh L (2006) Clinical features associated with impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease. Neurology 67: 1258–1261
Poulain B, Tauc L, Maisey EA, Wadsworth JD, Mohan PM, Dolly JO (1988) Neurotransmitter release is blocked intracellularly by botulinum neurotoxin, and this requires uptake of both toxin polypeptides by a process mediated by the larger chain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85: 4090–4094
Rabey JM, Prokhorov T, Miniovitz A, Dobronevsky E, Klein C (2007) Effect of quetiapine in psychotic Parkinson‘s disease patients: A double-blind labeled study of 3 months‘ duration. Mov Disord 22: 313–318
Raffel DM, Koeppe RA, Little R et al. (2006) PET measurement of cardiac and nigrostriatal denervation in Parkinsonian syndromes. J Nucl Med 47: 1769–1777
Raja M (1995) Tardive dystonia. Prevalence, risk factors, and comparison with tardive dyskinesia in a population of 200 acute psychiatric patients. Eur Arch Psych Clin Neurosci 145–151
Ramig LO, Sapir S, Countryman S et al. (2001) Intensive voice treatment (LSVT) for patients with Parkinson’s disease: A 2 year follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 71: 493–498
Ravina B, Romer M, Constantinescu R et al. (2008) The relationship between CAG repeat length and clinical progression in Hunrington’s disease. Mov Disord 23: 1223–1227
Rebeiz JJ, Kolodny EH, Richardson EP (1968) Corticodentatonigral degeneration with neuronal achromasia. Arch Neurol 18: 20–33
Reijnders JS, Ehrt U, Weber WE, Aarsland D, Leentjens AF (2008) A systematic review of prevalence studies of depression in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 23: 183–189; quiz 313
Report NIH (1991) Clinical use of botulinum toxin. National Institutes of Health consensus development. Arch Neurol 48: 1294–1298
Richard IH, Kurlan R (1997) A survey of antidepressant drug use in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson Study Group. Neurology 49: 1168–1170
Richard IH, Kurlan R, Tanner C et al. (1997) Serotonin syndrome and the combined use of deprenyl and an antidepressant in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson Study Group. Neurology 48: 1070–1077
Rijk MC de, Launer LJ, Berger K et al. (2000) Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in Europe: A collaborative study of population-based cohorts. Neurologic Diseases in the Elderly Research Group. Neurology 54: S21–23
Riley D, Lang AE, Blair RDG et al. (1988) Frozen shoulder and other shoulder abnormalities in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 52: 63–66
Roggenkamper P, Jost WH, Bihari K, Comes G, Grafe S (2006) Efficacy and safety of a new botulinum toxin type A free of complexing proteins in the treatment of blepharospasm. J Neural Transm 113(3): 303–312
Rothdach A, Trenkwalder C, Haberstock J et al. (2000) Prevalence and risk factors of RLS in an elderly population: The MEMO study. Neurology 54: 1064–1068
Saint HM, Burke RE, Bressman SB et al. (1991) Delayed-onset dystonia due to perinatal or early childhood asphyxia. Neurology 41: 216–222
Sakakibara R, Shinotoh H, Uchiyama T et al. (2001) Questionnaire-based assessment of pelvic organ dysfunction in Parkinson‘s disease. Auton Neurosci 92: 76–85
Salih AM, Gray RES, Mills KR, Webley M (1994) A clinical, serological and neurophysiological study of restless-legs syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 33: 60–63
Saudou F, Finkbeiner S, Devys D, Greenberg M (1998) Huntingtin acts in the nucleus to induce apoptosis but death does not correlate with the formation of intranuclear inclusions. Cell 95: 55–66
Schanz EJ, Johnson EA (1992) Properties and use of botulinum toxin and other microbial neurotoxins in medicine. Microbiol Rev 1992: 80–99
Schneider SA, Walker RH, Bhatia KP (2007) The Huntington’s disease like syndromes: What to consider in patients with a negative Huntington’s disease gene test. Nature Clinical Practice 3: 517–525
Schocke MF, Seppi K, Esterhammer R et al. (2002) Diffusion-weighted MRI differentiates the Parkinson variant of multiple system atrophy from PD. Neurology 58: 575–580
Schoffer KL, Henderson RD, O’Maley K, O’Sullivan JD (2007) Nonpharmacological treatment, fludrocortisone, and domperidone for orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 22(11): 1543–1549
Schrag A, Quinn N (2000) Dyskinesias and motor fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease. A community-based study. Brain 2000; 123 (Pt 11): 2297–2305
Schrag A, Jahanshahi M, Quinn N (2000) What contributes to quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69: 308–312
Schroeterler F, Ziegler K (2008) Physiotherapie bei Parkinson-Syndromen. In: Ceballos-Bauman A, Ebersbach G (Hrsg) Aktivierende Therapien bei Parkinson-Syndromen. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 46–65
Schupbach WM, Maltete D, Houeto JL et al. (2007) Neurosurgery at an earlier stage of Parkinson disease: A randomized, controlled trial. Neurology 68: 267–271
Schuurman PR, Bosch DA, Bossuyt PM et al. (2000) A comparison of continuous thalamic stimulation and thalamotomy for suppression of severe tremor [comments]. N Engl J Med 342(7): 461–418
Sevin M, Lesca G, Baumann N, Millat G et al. (2007) The adult form of Niemann-Pick disease type C. Brain 130: 120–133
Shabnam GN et al. (2003) Therapies for depression in Parkinson’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD003465
Sheehy MP, Marsden CD (1982) Writers’ cramp-a focal dystonia. Brain 105: 461–481
Shimohata T, Hara K, Sanpei K et al. (2007) Novel locus for benign hereditary chorea with adult onset maps to chromosome 8q21.3–q23.3. Brain 130: 2302–2309
Siatkowski RM, Tyutyunikov A, Biglan AW et al. (1993) Serum antibody production to botulinum A toxin. Ophthalmology 100: 1861–1866
Simon-Sanchez J, Schulte C, Bras JM et al. (2009) Genome-wide association study reveals genetic risk underlying Parkinson‘s disease. Nat Genet 41: 1308–1312
Singer W, Sandroni P, Opfer-Gehrking TL et al. (2006) Pyridostigmine treatment trial in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Arch Neurol 63: 513–518
Snider SR, Fahn S, Isgreen WP, Cote LJ (1976) Primary sensory symptoms in parkinsonism. Neurology 26: 423–429
Steele J, Faulds D, Sorkin EM (1993) Tiapride: A review of its pharmacodynamic properties and therpeutic potenzial in geriatric population. Drugs & Aging 3: 460–478
Steele JC, Richardson JC, Olszewski J (1964) Progressive supranuclear palsy. A heterogeneous degeneration involving the brain stem, basal ganglia and cerebellum with vertical gaze and pseudobulbar palsy, nuchal dystonia and dementia. Arch Neurol 10: 333–358
Storch A, Odin P, Trender-Gerhard I et al. (2010) Non-motor Symptoms Questionnaire and Scale for Parkinson‘s disease. Cross-cultural adaptation into the German language. Nervenarzt 81: 980–985
Suteerawattananon M, Morris GS, Etnyre BR, Jankovic J, Protas EJ (2004) Effects of visual and auditory cues on gait in individuals with Parkinson‘s disease. J Neurol Sci 219: 63–69
Sweet C (1975) Drug induced dystonia. Am J Psychiatry 132: 532–533
Tanner CM (1994) Epidemiological clues to the cause of Parkinson’s disease. In: Marsden CD (eds) Movement disorders 3. Butterworths London, pp 124–146
Tanzi RE, Petrukhin K, Chernov I (1993) The Wilson’s disease gene is a coppertransporting ATPase with homology to the Menkes disease gene. Nature Genet 5: 344–350
Thomas A, Iacono D, Luciano AL, Armellino K, Di Iorio A, Onofrj M (2004) Duration of amantadine benefit on dyskinesia of severe Parkinson‘s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75: 141–143
Tinazzi M, Del Vesco C, Fincati E et al. (2006) Pain and motor complications in Parkinson‘s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 77: 822–825
Töpper R, Schwarz M, Noth J (1999) Klinik, Pathophysiologie und klinische Neurophysiologie der Chorea. Klin Neurophysiol 30: 81–89
Trojanowski JQ, Revesz T; Neuropathology Working Group on MSA (2007) Proposed neuropathological criteria for the post mortem diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 33: 615–620
Ueno S, Maruki Y, Nakamura M et al. (2001) The gene encoding a newly discovered protein, chorein, is mutated in chorea-acanthocytosis. Nat Gen 2: 121–122
Verhagen Metman L, Del Dotto P, van den Munckhof P et al. (1998) Amantadine as treatment for dyskinesias and motor fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 50: 1323–1326
Vidailhet M, Vercueil L, Houeto JL et al. (2005) Bilateral deep-brain stimulation of the globus pallidus in primary generalized dystonia. N Engl J Med 352: 459–467
Volkmann J, Ceballos-Bauman A (2009) Wann ist der richtige Zeitpunkt für eine tiefe Hirnstimulation bei Morbus Parkinson? Akt Neurologie 36 (S1): S7–S11
Voon V, Thomsen T, Miyasaki JM et al. (2007) Factors associated with dopaminergic drug-related pathological gambling in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 64: 212–216
Waddy HM, Fletcher NA, Harding AE, Marsden CD (1991) A genetic study of idiopathic focal dystonias. Ann Neurol 29: 320–324
Wagner-Sonntag E (2008) Schluckstörungen bei Parkinson-Syndromen. In: Ceballos-Bauman A, Ebersbach G (Hrsg) Aktivierende Therapien bei Parkinson-Syndromen. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 31–39
Walshe JM, Yealland M (1992) Wilson’s disease: The problem of delayed diagnosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 55: 692–696
Walter U, Dressler D, Probst T et al. (2007) Transcranial brain sonography findings in discriminating between Parkinsonism and idiopathic Parkinson Disease. Arch Neurol 64: 1635–1640
Weaver FM, Follett K, Stern M et al. (2009) Bilateral deep brain stimulation vs best medical therapy for patients with advanced Parkinson disease: A randomized controlled trial. Jama 301: 63–73
Wegen Evan, Goede Cde, Lim I et al. (2006) The effect of rhythmic somatosensory cueing on gait in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Sci 248(1–2): 210–214
Weindl A, Conrad B (2005) Chorea. In: Ceballos-Baumann AO, Conrad B (Hrsg) Bewegungsstörungen. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 195–221
Weiner WJ, Minagar A, Shulman LM (1999) Pramipexole in progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology 52: 873–874
Weintraub D, Koester J, Potenza MN et al. (2010) Impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease: A cross-sectional study of 3090 patients. Arch Neurol 67: 589–595
Weintraub D, Siderowf AD, Potenza MN et al. (2006) Association of dopamine agonist use with impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 63: 969–973
Wessel K (2003) Transcranial magnetic brain stimulation and the cerebellum. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation. Clin Neuophysiol (Suppl) 56: 441–445
Wessel K, Diener HC, Dichgans J, Thron A (1988) Cerebellar dysfunction in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma: Clinical and posturographic findings. J Neurol 235: 290–296
Wessel K, Schroth G, Diener HC et al. (1989) Significance of MRI-confirmed atrophy of the cranial spinal cord in Fried reich’s ataxia. Eur Arch Psychiatr Neurol Sci 238: 225–230
Wessel K, Verleger R, Nazarenus D, Vieregge P, Kömpf D (1994) Movementrelated cortical potenzials preceding sequential and goal-directed finger movements in patients with cerebellar atrophy. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 92: 331–341
Wessel K, Hermsdörfer J, Deger K et al. (1995a) Double-blind cross over study with L-5-hydroxytryptophane in patients with degenerative cerebellar diseases. Arch Neurol 52: 451–455
Wessel K, Zeffiro T, Lou JS, Toro C, Hallet M (1995b) Regional cerebral blood flow during a self-paced sequential finger opposition task in patients with cerebellar degeneration. Brain 118: 379–393
Wessel K, Tegenthoff M, Vorgerd M et al. (1996) Enhanced inhibitory mechanisms in the motor cortex of patients with cerebellar degeneration: A study with transcranial magnetic brain stimulation. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 101: 273–281
Willems AM, Nieuwboer A, Chavret F et al. (2007) Turning in Parkinson‘s disease patients and controls: The effect of auditory cues. Mov Disord 22: 187–188
Williams A, Gill S, Varma T et al. (2010) Deep brain stimulation plus best medical therapy versus best medical therapy alone for advanced Parkinson‘s disease (PD SURG trial): a randomised, open-label trial. Lancet Neurol 9: 581–591
Williams DR, de Silva R, Paviour DC et al. (2005) Characteristics of two distinct clinical phenotypes in pathologically proven progressive supranuclear palsy: Richardson‘s syndrome and PSP-parkinsonism. Brain 128: 1247–1258
Wolf SS, Jones DW, Knable MB et al. (1996) Tourette syndrome: prediction of phenotypic variation in monozygotic twins by caudate nucleus D2 receptor binding. Science 273: 1225–1227
Zimprich A, Grabowski M, Asmus F et al. (2001) Mutations in the gene encoding epsilon-sarcoglycan cause myoclonus-dystonia syndrome. Nat Genet 29: 66–69
Zomorrodi A, Wald ER (2006) Sydenham’s chorea in western Pennsylvania. Pediatrics 117: e675–e679
Zühlke C, Bernard V, Stricker S, Kreuz F, Gillessen-Kaesbach G (2009) Mutationen im Sentaxin-Gen: Ursache für Ataxie, amyotrophe Lateralsklerose oder Tremor. Akt Neurol 36: 532–535
Weiterführende Literatur
Albin RL, Young AB, Penney JB (1989) The functional anatomy of disorders of the basal ganglia disorders. Trends Neurosc 12: 366–375
Alesch F, Pinter MM, Helscher RJ et al. (1995) Stimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus in tremor dominated Parkinson’s disease and essenzial tremor. Acta Neurochir Wien 136: 75–81
Arendt G, Hefter H, Stremmel W, Strohmeyer G (1994) The diagnostic value of multi-modality evoked potenzials in Wilson’ s disease. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 34: 137–148
Assadi M, Campellone JV, Janson CG, Veloski JJ, Schwartzman RJ, Leone P (2007) Treatment of spinocerebellar ataxia with buspirone. J Neurol Sci 260 (1–2): 143–146
Bain PG (1993) A combined clinical and neurophysiological approach to the study of patients with tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69: 839–844
Bannister R, Mathias CJ (1992) Clinical features and investigation of the primary autonomic failure syndromes. In: Bannister R, Mathias CJ (eds) Autonomic failure. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 531–547
Bhatia KP, Brown P, Gregory R et al. (1995) Progressive myo clonic ataxia associated with coeliac disease. Brain 118: 1087–1093
Boecker H, Wills A, Ceballos-Baumann AO et al. (1996) The functional effect of ethanol on alcohol-responsive essenzial tremor. Ann Neurol 39: 650–658
Bonelli RM, Wenning GK, Kapfhammer HP (2004) Huntington’s disease: present treatments and future therapeutic modalities. Int Clin Psychophamacol 19: 51–62
Braune S, Reinhardt M, Schnitzer R et al. (1999) Cardiac uptake of [123J]MIBG separates Parkinson’s disease from multiple system atrophy. Neurology 53: 1020–1025
Breedveld GJ, Percy AK, MacDonald ME et al. (2002) Clinical and genetic heterogeneity in benign hereditary chorea. Neurology 59: 579–584
Brewer GJ, Yuzbasian-Gurkan V (1992) Wilson’s disease. Medicine 71: 139–164
Brewer GJ, Johnson V, Dick RD (1996) Treatment of Wilson disease with ammonium tetrathiomolyb-date. Arch Neurol 53: 1017–1025
Brewer GJ, Hedera P, Kluin KJ et al. (2003) Treatment of Wilson disease with ammonium tetrathiomolybdate: III. Initial therapy in a total of 55 neurologically affected patients and follow-up with zinc therapy. Arch Neurol 60: 379–385
Bruyn GW, Went LN (1986) Huntington’s chorea. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, Klawans HL (eds) Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol 49, Elsevier, Amsterdam New York, pp 267–314
Bürk K, Abele M, Fetter M et al. (1996) Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia typ I. Clinical features and MRI in families with SCA1, SCA2 and SCA3. Brain 119: 1497–1505
Ceballos-Baumann AO (1995) Medikamentös induzierte Dyskinesien. Akt Neurol 22: 245–257
Ceballos-Baumann AO (1996a) Dystonien. In: Conrad B, Ceballos-Baumann AO (Hrsg) Bewegungsstörungen in der Neurologie. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 89–140
Ceballos-Baumann AO (1996b) Medikamentös induzierte Bewegungsstörungen. In: Conrad B, Ceballos-Baumann AO (Hrsg) Bewegungsstörungen in der Neurologie. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 308–332
Ceballos-Baumann AO, Conrad B (1994a) Essenzieller Tremor. Münch Med Wochenschr 136: 196–198
Ceballos-Baumann AO, Conrad B (1994b) Tourette-Syndrom und Tic-Störungen. Münch Med Wschr 136: 277–280
Cha JH (2000) Transcriptional dysregulation in Huntington’s disease. Trends Neurosci 23: 387–392
Church AJ, Dale RC, Cardoso F et al. (2003) CSF and serum immune parameters in Sydenham’s chorea: evidence of an autoimmune syndrome? J Neuroimmunol 136: 148–153
Colosimo C, Albanese A, Hughes AJ, de Bruin VMS, Lees AJ (1995) Some specific clinical features differentiate multiple system atrophy (striatonigral variety) from Parkinson’s disease. Arch Neurol 52: 294–298
Conrad B (1996) Tics/Tourette-Syndrom. In: Conrad B, Ceballos-Baumann AO (Hrsg) Bewegungsstörungen in der Neurologie. Thieme, Stuttgart New York, S 186–221
Conrad B (2005) Wilson-Krankheit. In: Ceballos-Baumann AO, Conrad B (Hrsg) Bewegungsstörungen in der Neurologie. Thieme, Stuttgart New York, S181–S194
Constantinescu R, Richard I, Kurlan R (2007) Levodopa responsiveness in disorders with Parkinsonism: A review of the literature. Mov Disord 15: 2141–2148
Danek A (1998) Restless-legs-Syndrom. In: Brandt T, Dichgans J, Diener HC (Hrsg) Therapie und Verlauf neurologischer Erkrankungen, 3. Aufl. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart Berlin Köln, S 935–940
Danek A (2002) Fortschritte in der molekularen Choreadiagnostik: McLeod-Syndrom und Chorea-Akanthozytose. Nervenarzt 73: 564–569
Diener HC, Dichgans J, Bacher M, Guschlbauer B (1984) Improvement of ataxia in alcoholic cerebellar atrophy through alcohol abstinence. J Neurol 231: 258–262
Fahn S (1994) The paroxysmal dyskinesias. In Marsden CD, Fahn S (eds) Movement Disorders 3. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp 310–345
Geissler I, Heinemann K, Rohm S, Hauss J, Lamesch P (2003) Liver transplantation for hepatic and neurological Wilsons disease. Transplant Proc 35: 1445–1446
Gilman S et al. (1999) Consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Sci 163: 94–98
Hardie RJ, Pullon HWH, Harding AE et al. (1991) Neuroacanthocytosis. A clinical, haematological and pathological study of 19 cases. Brain 114: 13–49
Harding A (1995) Inherited ataxias. Curr Opin Neurol 8: 306–309
Huntington Study Group (2001) A randomised, placebo-controlled trial of coenzyme Q10 and remacemide in Huntington’s disease. Neurology 57: 397–404
Huntington’s Disease Collaborative Research Group (1993) A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington’s disease chromosomes. Cell 72: 971–983
Janavs JL, Aminoff MA (1998) Dystonia and chorea in acquired systemic disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 65: 436–445
Khoshnan A, Ko J, Patterson PH (2002) Effects of intracellular expression of antihuntington antibodies of various specificities on mutant Huntington aggregation and toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 1002–1007
Kimber JR, Watson L, Mathias CJ (1997) Distinction of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease from multiple-system atrophy by stimulation of growth-hormone release with clonidine. Lancet 349: 1877–1881
Kleiner-Fisman G, Lang AE (2007) Benign hereditary chorea revisited: A journey to understanding. Mov Disord 22: 2297–2305
Klockgether T, Döller G, Wüllner U, Petersen D, Dichgans J (1993a) Cerebellar encephalitis in adults. J Neurol 240: 17–20
Klockgether T, Wüllner U, Dichgans J et al. (1993b) Clinical and imaging correlations in inherited ataxias. Adv Neurol 61: 77–96
Lajonchere C, Nortz M, Finger S (1996) Gilles de la Tourette and the discovery of Tourette syndrome. Arch Neurol: 567–574
Landwehrmeyer GB, Dubois B, de Yebenes JG et al. (2007) Riluzole in Huntington’s disease: A 3-year, randomized controlled study. Ann Neurol 62: 262–272
Lees AJ (1985) Tics and related disorders. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh
Leitlinien (2008) Chorea. In: Diener HC u. Putzki N (Hrsg) Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie, 4. Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 113–117
Leitlinien (2008) Morbus Wilson. In: Diener HC, Putzki N (Hrsg) Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie, 4. Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 654 ff
Leitlinien (2008) Parkinson-Syndrome: Diagnostik und Therapie. In: Diener HC u. Putzki N (Hrsg) Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie, 4. Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 82–112
Menkes JH (1995) Disorders of mental metabolism. In: Rowland LP (ed) Merrits’s Textbook of Neurology. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 584–589
Merl U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W (2007) Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson’s disease: A cohort study. Gut 56: 115–120
Mitra S, Finkbeiner S (2008) The Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in Huntington’s disease. Scientific World Journal 8: 421–433
Müller N, Putz A, Straube A, Kathmann N (1995) Zwangsstörung und das Gilles-de-la-Tourette-Syndrom. Über die Differenzialdiagnose von organischen und psychogenen Symptomen. Nervenarzt 66: 372–378
Oertel WH, Möller JC (2005) Multisystematrophie. In: Ceballos-Baumann AO, Conrad B (Hrsg) Bewegungsstörungen. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 86–94
Padberg G, Bruyn GW (1986) Chorea: differential diagnosis. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, Klawans HL (eds) Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol 49. Elsevier, Amsterdam New York, pp 549–555
Phillips W, Shannon KM, Barker RA (2008) The current clinical management of Huntington’s disease. Mov Disord 23: 1491–1504
Ranen NG, Stine OC, Abbott MH et al. (1995) Anticipation and instability of IT-15 (CAG)n repeats in parent-offspring pairs with Huntington Disease. Am J Hum Genet 57: 593–602
Rosenberg RN (1995) Autosomal dominant cerebellar phenotypes. The genotype has settled the issue. Neurology 45: 1–5
Ross (2004) Huntington’s disease: a new paths to pathogenesis. Cell 118: 4–7
Sambrook MA, Crossmann AR, Mitchell IJ (1994) Experimental models of basal ganglia disease. Mov Disord 3: 28–45
Schmidt HH-J (2003) Diagnostik und Therapie des Morbus Wilson. Dtsch Ärztebl 100: A192–A197
Sharp AH, Ross CA (1996) Neurobiology of Huntington’s disease. Neurobiol Disease 3: 3–15
Stracciari A, Tempestini A, Borghi A, Guarino M (2000) Effect of liver transplantation on neurological manifestations in Wilson disease. Arch Neurol 57: 384–386
Tanzi RE, Petrukhin K, Chernov I (1993) The Wilson’s disease gene is a coppertransporting ATPase with homology to the Menkes disease gene. Nature Genet 5: 344–350
Walker RH, Jung HH, Dobson-Stone C et al. (2007) Neurologic phenotypes associated with acanthocytosis. Neurology 68: 92–98
Walshe JM (1986) Wilson’s disease. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, Klawans HL (eds) Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol 49. Elsevier, Amsterdam New York, pp 549–555
Watanabe H, Saito Y, Terao S (2002) Progression and prognosis in multiple system atrophy: an analysis of 230 Japanese patients. Brain 125: 1070–1083
Weiland T, Wessel K (2005) Ataxien. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 73: 286–299
Weindl A, Conrad B (1996) Chorea und choreatische Bewegungsstörungen. In: Conrad B, Ceballos-Baumann AO (Hrsg) Bewegungsstörungen in der Neurologie, Thieme, Stuttgart, S 155–180
Wenning GK, Stefanova N (2009) Recent developments in multiple system atrophy. J Neurol 256, 1791–1808
Wenning GK, Tison F, Ben Shlomo Y, Daniel SE, Quinn NP (1997) Multiple system atrophy: a review of 203 pathologically proven cases. Mov Disord 12: 133–147
Wenning GK, Colosimo C, Geser F et al. (2004) Multiple system atrophy. Lancet Neurol 3: 93–103
Wessel K, Huss HP, Brückmann H, Kömpf D (1993) Follow-up of neurophysiological tests and CT in late-onset cerebellar ataxia and multiple system atrophy. J Neurol 240: 168–176
Wessel K, Kömpf D (1988) Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Prog Clin Neurosci 2: 43–55
Wessel K, Moschner C, Wandinger KP, Kömpf D, Heide W (1998) Oculomotor testing in the differential diagnosis of degenerative ataxic disorders. Arch Neurol 55: 949–956
Winkelmann MD, Hines JD (1983) Cerebellar degeneration caused by highdose cytosine arabinoside: A clinicopa thological study. Ann Neurol 14: 520–527
Wittkämper A, Wessel K, Brückmann H, Kömpf D (1993) CT-morphology in patients with autosomal dominant or idiopathic cerebellar ataxia. Neuroradiology 35: 520–524
Wu LL, Zhou X-F (2009) Huntington associated protein 1 and its functions. Cell Adhesion Migration 3: 71–76
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ceballos-Baumann, A., Schwarz, M., Wessel, K., Weiland, T. (2011). Bewegungsstörungen. In: Berlit, P. (eds) Klinische Neurologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16920-5_41
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16920-5_41
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-16919-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-16920-5
eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)