Skip to main content

Bewegungsstörungen

  • Chapter
Klinische Neurologie
  • 14k Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Als Bewegungsstörungen werden in der Neurologie Syndrome bezeichnet, die mit einer Störung in der Initiation und Durchführung von willkürlicher und unwillkürlicher Motorik einhergehen. Unter dem Begriff Bewegungsstörungen sollen hier definitionsgemäß deshalb ebensowenig periphere oder zentrale Paresen, Myopathien, rheumatische oder orthopädische Erkrankungen, sensible und sensorische Defizite, die sich auf Bewegungsabläufe auswirken, aufgezählt werden wie Apraxien und andere neuropsychologische Störungen mit motorischer Symptomatik.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Literatur

Zitierte Literatur

  • Albanese A, Barnes MP, Bhatia KP et al. (2006) A systematic review on the diagnosis and treatment of primary (idiopathic) dystonia and dystonia plus syndromes: Report of an EFNS/MDS-ES Task Force. Eur J Neurol 13(5): 433–444

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Albin RL, Young AB, Penney JB (1989) The functional antomy of disorders oft he basal ganglia disorders. Trends Neurosc 12: 366–375

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alderson K, Holds JB, Anderson RL (1991) Botulinum-induced alteration of nerve-muscle interactions in the human orbicularis oculi following treatment for blepharospasm. Neurology 41: 1800–1805

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders III-R American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Ancoli-Israel S, Martin JL, Gehrman Pet al. (2003) Effect of light on agitation in institutionalized patients with severe Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 11: 194–203

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aoki KR, Francis J, Hasanthi R, Leumer D (2003) Comparison of the therapeutic windows of different botulinum neurotoxin preparations in an animal model. 55th Academy of Neurology Meeting, P03.088

    Google Scholar 

  • Arya DK (1994) Extrapyramidal symptoms with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Br J Psychiatry 165: 728–733

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Assadi M, Campellone JV, Janson CG, Veloski JJ, Schwartzman RJ, Leone P (2007) Treatment of spinocerebellar ataxia with buspirone. J Neurol Sci 260 (1–2): 143–146

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ayd F (1961) A survey of drug induced induced extrapyra midal reactions. JAMA 175: 1054–1060

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballard CG, O‘Brien JT, Reichelt K, Perry EK (2002) Aromatherapy as a safe and effective treatment for the management of agitation in severe dementia: Te results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with Melissa. J Clin Psychiatry 63: 553–558

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barclay CL, Lang AE (1997) Dystonia in progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 62: 352–356

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes TRE, Brande WM (1985) Akathisia variants and tardive dyskinesia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 428: 874–878

    Google Scholar 

  • Benamer TS, Patterson J, Grosset DG et al. (2000) Accurate differentiation of parkinsonism and essential tremor using visual assessment of [123I]-FP-CIT SPECT imaging: the [123I]-FP-CIT study group. Mov Disord 15: 503–510

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benecke R, Jost WH, Kanovsky P, Ruzicka E, Comes G, Grafe S (2005) A new botulinum toxin type A free of complexing proteins for treatment of cervical dystonia. Neurology 64: 1949–1951

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett DA, Beckett LA, Murray AM et al. (1996) Prevalence of parkinsonian signs and associated mortality in a community population of older people. N Engl J Med 334: 71–76

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergman H, Wichmann T, DeLong MR (1990) Reversal of experimental parkinsonism by lesions of the subthalamic nucleus. Science 249: 1436–1438

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonuccelli U, Ceravolo R, Salvetti S et al. (1997) Clozapine in Parkinson‘s disease tremor. Effects of acute and chronic administration. Neurology 49: 1587–1590

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braune S, Reinhardt M, Schnitzer R et al. (1999) Cardiac uptake of [123J]MIBG separates Parkinson’s disease from multiple system atrophy. Neurology 53: 1020–1025

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breedved GJ, van Dongen JW, Danesino C et al. (2002) Mutations in TITF-2 are associated with benign hereditary chorea. Hum Mol Gen 11: 971–979

    Google Scholar 

  • Breidenbach MA, Brunger AT (2004) Substrate recognition strategy for botulinum neurotoxin serotype A. Nature 432: 925–929

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer GJ, Hedera P, Kluin KJ et al. (2003) Treatment of Wilson disease with ammonium tetrathiomolybdate: III. Initial therapy in a total of 55 neurologically affected patients and follow-up with zinc therapy. Arch Neurol 60: 379–385

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer GJ, Askari F, Lorincz MT et al. (2006) Treatment of Wilson Disease with ammonium tetrathiomolybdate. IV. Comparison of tetrathiomolybdate and trientine in a double-blind study of treatment of the neurological presentation of Wilson disease. Arch Neurol 63: 521–527

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks DJ, Seppi K (2009) Proposed neuroimaging criteria for the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord 24: 949–964

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burke RE, Fahn S, Jankovic J et al. (1982) Tardive dystonia: Late-onset and persistent dystonia caused by antipsychotic drugs. Neurology 32: 1335–1346

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burke RE, Kang UJ, Jankovic J et al. (1989) Tardive akathisia: an analysis of clinical features and response to open thera peutic trials. Mov Disord 4: 157–175

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burn D, Emre M, McKeith I et al. (2006) Effects of rivastigmine in patients with and without visual hallucinations in dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 21: 1899–1907

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campos-Sousa RN, Quagliato E, Silva BBda, Carvalho RMde Jr, Ribeiro SC, Carvalho DFde (2003) Urinary symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: Prevalence and associated factors. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 61: 359–363

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cardoso FE, Jankovic J (1993) Cocaine-related movement disorders. Mov Disord 8: 175–178

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castelon Konkiewitz E, Trender-Gerhard I, Kamm C et al. (2002) Service-based survey of dystonia in Munich. Neuroepidemiology 21: 202–206

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos-Baumann AO (1994) Klinik und Therapie der Dystonien. Akt Neurol 21: 99–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos-Baumann AO (1996) Dystonien. In: Conrad B, Ceballos-Baumann AO (Hrsg) Bewegungsstörungen in der Neurologie. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 89–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos-Baumann AO (2001) Evidence-based medicine in botulinum toxin therapy for cervical dystonia. J Neurol 248 (Suppl 1): 14–20

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos-Baumann AO (2003) Die Rolle der EMG-Steuerung bei der Botulinumtoxin-Therapie. Klin Neurophysiol 34: 1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos-Baumann AO (2005) Idiopathisches Parkinson-Syndrom: Grundlagen, Medikamente, Therapieeinleitung. In: Ceballos-Baumann AO, Conrad B (Hrsg) Bewegungsstörungen in der Neurologie. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 33–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos-Baumann AO, Boecker H (2000) Tremor – new therapy options. Internist (Berl) 41: 1353–1362

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos-Bauman A, Conrad B (2005) Bewegungsstörungen. Thieme, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos-Bauman A, Ebersbach G (2008) Aktivierende Therapien bei Parkinson-Syndromen. Thieme, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos-Baumann A, Gündel H (2006) Bewegungsstörungen. In: Henningsen P, Gündel H, Ceballos-Baumann A (Hrsg) Neuropsychosomatik. Schattauer, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos-Baumann AO, Lemke MR (2004) Parkinson-Syndrom und Depression. Nervenheilkunde 23: 143–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos-Baumann AO, Konstanzer A, Dengler R, Conrad B (1990a) Lokale Injektionen von Botulinum-Toxin A bei zervikaler Dystonie: Verlaufsbeobachtungen an 45 Patienten. Akt Neurol 17: 139–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos-Baumann AO, Kummer R von, Eckert W, Weicker H (1990b) Controlled-release levodopa/benserazide (Madopar HBS): Clinical observations and levodopa and dopa mine plasma concentrations in fluctuating parkinsonian patients. J Neurol 237: 24–28

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos-Baumann AO, Böhme G, Konstanzer A et al. (1992) Spasmodische Dysphonie: Klinik und Erfahrungen mit laryngealen Injektionen von Botulinum-Toxin. Otorhinolaryngologia nova 2: 33–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos-Baumann AO, Obeso JA, Vitek JL et al. (1994) Restoration of thalamocortical activity following posteroventral pallidotomy in Parkinson’s disease. Lancet 344: 814–814

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos-Baumann AO, Passingham RE, Marsden CD, Brooks DJ (1995a) Motor reorganisation in acquired hemidystonia: a PET activation study. Ann Neurol 37: 746–757

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos-Baumann AO, Passingham RE, Warner T et al. (1995b) Overactivity of prefrontal and underactivity of motor cortical areas in idiopathic dystonia: a PET activa tion study. Ann Neurol 37: 363–372

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos-Baumann AO, Kupsch A, Naumann M, Volkmann J (2002) Dystonie. Leitlinien der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurologie. In: http://www.dgn.org/leitl.shtml

  • Chan PL, Nutt JG, Holford NH (2007) Levodopa slows progression of Parkinson‘s disease: External validation by clinical trial simulation. Pharm Res 24: 791–802

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colosimo C, Osaki Y, Vanacore N, Lees AJ (2003) Lack of association between progressive supranuclear palsy and arterial hypertension: A clinicopathological study. Mov Disord 18: 694–697.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Comella CL, Jankovic J, Shannon KM, Tsui J, Swenson M, Leurgans S, Fan W (2005) Comparison of botulinum toxin serotypes A and B for the treatment of cervical dystonia. Neurology 65 (9): 1423–1429

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deep-Brain-Stimulation-Study-Group (2001) Deep-brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus or the pars interna of the globus pallidus in Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 345: 956–963

    Google Scholar 

  • Derost PP, Ouchchane L, Morand D et al. (2007) Is DBS-STN appropriate to treat severe Parkinson disease in an elderly population? Neurology 68: 1345–1355

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deuschl G, Köster B (1996) Diagnose und Behandlung des Tremors. In: Conrad B, Ceballos-Baumann AO (Hrsg) Bewegungsstörungen in der Neurologie. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 222–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Deuschl G, Toro C, Matsumoto J, Hallett M (1995) Movement related cortical potentials in writer’s cramp. Ann Neurol 38: 862–868

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deuschl G, Schade-Brittinger C, Krack P et al. (2006) A randomized trial of deepbrain stimulation for Parkinson‘s disease. N Engl J Med 355: 896–908

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dorsey ER, Constantinescu R, Thompson JP et al. (2007) Projected number of people with Parkinson disease in the most populous nations, 2005 through 2030. Neurology 68: 384–386

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ebersbach G, Ebersbach A, Edler D et al. (2010) Comparing exercise in Parkinson‘s disease – the Berlin LSVT(R)BIG study. Mov Disord 25 (12): 1902–1908

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emre M, Aarsland D, Albanese A et al. (2004) Rivastigmine for dementia associated with Parkinson‘s disease. N Engl J Med 351(24): 2509–2518

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Factor SA, Molho ES, Brown DL (1998) Acute delirium after withdrawal of amantadine in Parkinson‘s disease. Neurology 50: 1456–1458

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fahn S, Oakes D, Shoulson I et al. (2004) Levodopa and the progression of Parkinson‘s disease. N Engl J Med 351: 2498–2508

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farley BG, Koshland GF (2005) Training BIG to move faster: The application of the speed-amplitude relation as a rehabilitation strategy for people with Parkinson‘s disease. Exp Brain Res 167: 462–467

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fasano A, Romito LM, Daniele A, Piano C, Zinno M, Bentivoglio AR, Albanese A (2010) Motor and cognitive outcome in patients with Parkinson‘s disease 8 years after subthalamic implants. Brain 133(9): 2664–2676

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferraye MU, Debu B, Fraix V et al. (2008) Effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation and levodopa on freezing of gait in Parkinson disease. Neurology 70: 1431–1437

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fleischhacker WW, Miller CH, Bergmann KJ (1989) Die neuroleptikainduzierte Akathisie. Nervenarzt 60: 719–723

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Follett KA, Weaver FM, Stern M et al. (2010) Pallidal versus subthalamic deepbrain stimulation for Parkinson‘s disease. N Engl J Med 362: 2077–2091

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ford B, Greene P, Louis ED et al.(1996) Use of intrathecal bac lofen in the treatment of patients with dystonia. Arch Neurol 53: 1241 – 1246

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox CM, Ramig LO, Ciucci MR, Sapir S, McFarland DH, Farley BG (2006) The science and practice of LSVT/LOUD: Neural plasticity-principled approach to treating individuals with Parkinson disease and other neurological disorders. Semin Speech Lang 27: 283–299

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ganzini L, Casey DE, Hoffman WF, McCall AL (1993) The prevalence of metoclopramide-induced tardive dyskinesia and acute extra-pyramidal movement disorders. Arch Intern Med 153: 1469–1475

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • García-Ruiz PJ, Mena MA, Peñafiel N, García-de-Yebenes J (1992) Parkinsonism associated with calcium channel blockers: a prospective follow up study. Clin Neuropharmacol 15: 19–26

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geissler I, Heinemann K, Rohm S, Hauss J, Lamesch P (2003) Liver transplantation for hepatic and neurological Wilsons disease. Transplant Proc 35: 1445–1446

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Genever RW, Downes TW, Medcalf P (2005) Fracture rates in Parkinson‘s disease compared with age- and gender-matched controls: a retrospective cohort study. Age Ageing 4: 21–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghika J, Bogousslavsky J (1997) Presymptomatic hypertension is a major feature in the diagnosis of progressive supra nuclear palsy. Arch Neurol 54: 1104–1108

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gil JM, Rego AC (2008) Mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Huntington’s disease. Eur J Neurosci 27: 2803–2820

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilman S, Wenning GK, Low PA et al. (2008) Second consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. Neurology 71: 670–676

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Global-Parkinsons-Disease-Survey-Steering-Committee (2002) Factors impacting on quality of life in Parkinson‘s disease: Results from an international survey. Mov Disord 17: 60–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Goetz CG, Tanner CM, Klawans HL (1984) Bupropion in Parkinson‘s disease. Neurology 34: 1092–1094

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greene P, Fahn S, Diamond B(1994) Development of resistance to botulinum toxin type A in patients with torticollis. Mov Disord 9: 213–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunne LM, Haggstrom JE, Sjoquist B (1984) Association of persistent neuroleptic-induced dyskinesia with regional changes in the brain GABA-synthesis. Nature 309: 347–349

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harding AE (1982) The clinical features and clssification oft he late onset autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxis. A study of 11 families, including descendants oft the »Drew familiy of Walworth«. Brain 105 (Pt 1): 1–28

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haupt M, Karger A, Baumgartner D, Kuminoti D, Janner M, Schneider F (2000) Improvement of agitation and anxiety in dementia patients after psychoeducative training of their caregivers. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 68: 216–223

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haussermann P, Marczoch S, Klinger C, Landgrebe M, Conrad B, Ceballos-Baumann A (2004) Long-term follow-up of cervical dystonia patients treated with botulinum toxin A. Mov Disord 19: 303–308

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayflick SJ, Westaway SK, Levinson B et al. (2003) Genetic, clinical, and radiographic delineation of Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome. N Engl J Med 348: 33–40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hely MA, Morris JG, Reid WG, Trafficante R (2005) Sydney Multicenter Study of Parkinson‘s disease: Non-L-Dopa-responsive problems dominate at 15 years. Mov Disord 20: 190–199

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hely MA, Reid WG, Adena MA, Halliday GM, Morris JG (2008) The Sydney multicenter study of Parkinson‘s disease: The inevitability of dementia at 20 years. Mov Disord 23: 837–844

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hermann W, Villmann T, Wagner A (2003) Elektrophysiologisches Schädigungsprofil von Patienten mit einem Morbus Wilson. Nervenarzt 7: 881–887

    Google Scholar 

  • Hersch SM, Rosas HD (2008) Neuroprotection for Huntington’s disease: ready, set, slow. Neurotherapeutics 5: 226–236

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodges JR, Davies RR, Xuereb JH et al. (2004) Clinicopathological correlates in frontotemporal dementia. Ann Neurol 56: 399–406.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoehn MM (1992) The natural history of Parkinson’s disease in the pre-levodopa eras. Neurol Clin 10: 331–340

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes AJ, Lees AJ, Stern GM (1991) Challenge tests to predict the do-paminergic response in untreated Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 41: 1723–1725

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes AJ, Daniel SE, Kilford L, Lees AJ (1992) Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease: A clinico-pathological study of 100 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 55: 181–184

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes AJ, Bishop S, Kleedorfer B et al. (1993) Subcutaneous apomorphine in Parkinson’s disease: response to chronic administration for up to five years. Mov Disord 8: 165–170

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huntington Study Group (2006) Tetrabenazine as antichorea therapy in Huntington disease: A randomized controlled trial. Neurology 66: 366–372

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntington’s Disease Collaborative Research Group (1993) A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington’s disease chromosomes. Cell 72: 971–983

    Google Scholar 

  • Jankovic J, Orman J (1988) Tetrabenazine therapy of dystonia, chorea, tics, and other dyskinesias. Neurology 38: 391–394

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeste DV, Caligiuri MP (1993) Tardive dyskinesia. Schizophr Bull 19: 303–315

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jöbges M, Heuschkel G, Pretzel C, Illhardt C, Renner C, Hummelsheim H (2004) Repetitive training of compensatory steps: a therapeutic approach for postural instability in Parkinson‘s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75: 1682–1687

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kane JM, Smith JM (1982) Tardive dyskinesia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39: 473–481

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kappler J, Menges C, Ferbert A, Ebel H (1994) Schwere »Spät«dystonie nach »Neuroleptanxiolyse« mit Fluspirilen. Nervenarzt 65: 66–68

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katzenschlager R, Hughes A, Evans A et al. (2005) Continuous subcutaneous apomorphine therapy improves dyskinesias in Parkinson‘s disease: a prospective study using single-dose challenges. Mov Disord 20(2): 151–157

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler KR, Benecke RA (1997) The edb test: a clinical test for the detection of antibodies to botulinum toxin type a. Mov Disord 12: 95–99

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klinz C, Biesold K-H (1990) Familiäre paroxysmale dystone Choreoathetose. Nervenarzt 61: 507–509

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klockgether T, Wullner U, Steinbach JP, Petersen V, Turski L, Loschmann PA (1996) Effects of the antiparkinsonian drug budipine on central neurotransmitter systems. Eur J Pharmacol 301: 67–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Köllensperger M, Geser F, Seppi K et al. (2008) Red flags for multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord 23: 1093–1099

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koller WC, Hutton JT, Tolosa E, Capilldeo R (1999) Immediate-release and controlled-release carbidopa/levodopa in PD: a 5-year randomized multicenter study. Carbidopa/Levodopa Study Group. Neurology 53: 1012–1019

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Költgen D, Ceballos-Baumann AO, Franke C (1994) Botulinum toxin converts muscle acetylcholine receptors from adult to embryonic type. Muscle Nerve 17: 779–784

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber J (1989) Memantine displaces (3H) MK-801 at therapeutic concentrations in postmortem human frontal cortex. Eur J Pharmacol 166: 589–590

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krack P, Batir A, Van Blercom N et al. (2003) Five-year follow-up of bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 349: 1925–1934

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurlan R, Cummings J, Raman R, Thal L (2007) Quetiapine for agitation or psychosis in patients with dementia and parkinsonism. Neurology 68: 1356–1363.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lagalla G, Millevolte M, Capecci M, Provinciali L, Ceravolo MG (2006) Botulinum toxin type A for drooling in Parkinson’s disease: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord21(5): 704–707

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lang AE (1987) Restless legs syndrome and Parkinson’s disease: insights into pathophysiology. Clin Neuropharmacol 10: 474–478

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang AE (1994) Withdrawal akathisia: case reports and a proposed classification of chronic akathisia. Mov Disord 9: 188 – 192

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lange DJ, Rubin M, Greene PE et al. (1991) Distant effects of locally injected botulinum toxin: A double-blind study of single fiber EMG changes. Muscle Nerve 14: 672–675

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lazaro RP (1982) Involuntary movement disorders induced by anticonvulsant drugs. Mount Sinai J Med 49: 274–281

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lemke MR, Ceballos-Bauman AO (2002) Depression bei Parkinson-Patienten. Dtsch Arztebl 99: A2625–2631

    Google Scholar 

  • Leplow B (2007) Parkinson. Hogrefe, Basel

    Google Scholar 

  • Leube B, Rudnicki D, Ratzlaff T et al. (1996) Idiopathic torsion dystonia: assignment of a gene to chromosome 18p in a german family with adult onset, autosomal dominant inheritance and purely focal distribution. Human Molec Gen 5: 1673–1677

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman JA, Saltz BL, Johns CA et al. (1991) The effects of clozapine on tardive dyskinesia. Br J Psychiatry 158: 503–510

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Limousin P, Pollack P, Benazzouz A et al. (1995) Effect on parkinsonian signs and symptoms of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation. Lancet 91–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Liotti M, Ramig LO, Vogel D et al. (2003) Hypophonia in Parkinson‘s disease: neural correlates of voice treatment revealed by PET. Neurology 60(3): 432–440

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Litvan I, Agid Y, Calne D et al. (1996) Clinical research criteria for the diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome): report of the NINDS-SPSP international workshop. Neurology 47: 1–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Litvan I, Phipps M, Pharr VL, Hallett M, Grafman J, Salazar A (2001) Randomized placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology 57: 467–473

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez OL, Wisnieski SR, Becker JT et al. (1997) Extrapyramidal signs in patients with probable Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 54: 969–975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lou JS, Goldfarb L, McShane L, Gatev P, Hallett M (1995) Use of buspirone hydrochloride for treatment of cerebellar ataxia. An open-label study. Arch Neurol 52: 982–988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macht M, Ellgring H (2003) Psychologische Interventionen bei der Parkinson-Erkrankung. Ein Behandlungsmanual. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Maidment I, Fox C, Boustani M (2006) Cholinesterase inhibitors for Parkinson’s disease dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD004747

    Google Scholar 

  • Maltete D, Guyant-Marechal L, Mihout B, Hannequin D (2006) Movement disorders and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: A review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 12: 65–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marchetti A, Magar R, Findley L et al. (2005) Retrospective evaluation of the dose of dysport and BOTOX in the management of cervical dystonia and blepharospasm: The REAL DOSE study. Mov Disord 20 (8): 937–944

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marsden CD, Jenner P (1980) The pathophysiology of extrapyra midal sideeffects of neuroleptic drugs. Psychol Med 10: 55–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marsden CD, Quinn NP (1990) The dystonias. BMJ 300: 139–144

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews BR, Jones LK, Saad DA, Aksamit AJ, Josephs KA (2005) Cerebellar ataxia and central nervous system whipple disease. Arch Neurol 62: 618–620

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh GC, Brown SH, Rice RR, Thaut MH (1997) Rhythmic auditory-motor facilitation of gait patterns in patients with Parkinson‘s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 62: 22–26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKeith IG, Dickson DW, Lowe J et al. (2005) Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: Third report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology 65: 1863–1872

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mejia NI, Vuong KD, Jankovic J (2005) Long-term botulinum toxin efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity. Mov Disord 20: 592–597

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgenstern H, Glazer WM (1993) Identifying risk factors for tardive dyskinesia among long-term outpatients main tained with neuroleptic medications. Results of the Yale Tardive Dyskinesia Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50: 723–733

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris ME, Iansek R, Matyas TA, Summers JJ (1996) Stride length regulation in Parkinson‘s disease. Normalization strategies and underlying mechanisms. Brain 119 ( Pt 2): 551–568

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moshagen V, Moschner C, Wessel K (2003) Wertigkeit neurophysiologischer Verfahren bei der Differenzialdiagnose der Systematrophien. Klin Neurophysiol 34: 55–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Muslimovic D, Post B, Speelman JD, Schmand B, Haan RJde (2008) Determinants of disability and quality of life in mild to moderate Parkinson disease. Neurology 70: 2241–2247

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myers RH, MacDonald ME, Koroshetz WJ et al. (1993) De novo expansion of a (CAG)n repeat in sporadic Huntington’s disease. Nature Gen 5: 168–173

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • National CCfCC (2006) Parkinson’s disease: National clinical guideline for diagnosis and management in primary and secondary care. Royal College of Physicians, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Nitschke MF, Hahn C, Melchert UH, Handels H, Wessel K (1998) Activation of the cerebellum by sensory finger stimulation and by finger opposition movements: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neuroimaging 8: 127–131

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nitschke MF, Kleinschmidt A, Wessel K, Frahm J (1996) Somatotopic organization of the human anterior cerebellum as detected by functional magnetic resonance neuroimaging Brain 119: 1023–1029

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nomoto M, Thompson PD, Sheehy MP et al. (1987) Anticho linergicinduced chorea in the treatment of focal dystonia. Mov Disord 2: 53–56

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nutt JG, Muenter MD, Aronson A et al. (1988) Epidemiology of focal and generalized dystonia in Rochester, Minnesota. Mov Disord 3: 188–194

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nygaard TG, Marsden CD, Fahn S (1991) Dopa-responsive dystonia: longterm treatment response and prognosis. Neurology 41: 174–181

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oertel W, Poewe W, Wolters E et al. (2008) Effects of rivastigmine on tremor and other motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease dementia: A retrospective analysis of a double-blind trial and an open-label extension. Drug Saf 31: 79–94

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olanow CW, Rascol O, Hauser R et al. (2009) A double-blind, delayed-start trial of rasagiline in Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 361: 1268–12678

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ondo WG, Tintner R, Voung KD, Lai D, Ringholz G (2005) Double-blind, placebocontrolled, unforced titration parallel trial of quetiapinefordopaminergicinduced hallucinations in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 20: 958–963

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Onofrj M, Luciano AL, Thomas A, Iacono D, D’Andreamatteo G (2003) Mirtazapine induces REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) in parkinsonism. Neurology 60: 113–115

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oppenheim H (1911) Über eine eigenartige Krampfkrankheit des kindlichen und jugendlichen Alters (dysbasia lordotica progressiva, dystonia musculorum deformans). Neurologie Zentralblatt 30: 1090–1107

    Google Scholar 

  • Osaki Y, Ben-Shlomo Y, Lees AJ et al. (2004) Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy. Mov Disord 19: 181–189

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Padberg G, Bruyn GW (1986) Chorea: Differential diagnosis. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, Klawans HL (eds) Handbook of clinical neurology, Vol 49. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 549–564

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinto S, Ozsancak C, Tripoliti E, Thobois S, Limousin-Dowsey P, Auzou P (2004) Treatments for dysarthria in Parkinson‘s disease. Lancet Neurol 3: 547–556

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poewe W, Ceballos-Baumann AO, Conrad B (1996) Parkinson-Krankheit. In: Conrad B, Ceballos-Baumann AO (Hrsg) Bewegungsstörungen in der Neurologie. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 30–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Pontone G, Williams JR, Bassett SS, Marsh L (2006) Clinical features associated with impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease. Neurology 67: 1258–1261

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poulain B, Tauc L, Maisey EA, Wadsworth JD, Mohan PM, Dolly JO (1988) Neurotransmitter release is blocked intracellularly by botulinum neurotoxin, and this requires uptake of both toxin polypeptides by a process mediated by the larger chain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85: 4090–4094

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabey JM, Prokhorov T, Miniovitz A, Dobronevsky E, Klein C (2007) Effect of quetiapine in psychotic Parkinson‘s disease patients: A double-blind labeled study of 3 months‘ duration. Mov Disord 22: 313–318

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raffel DM, Koeppe RA, Little R et al. (2006) PET measurement of cardiac and nigrostriatal denervation in Parkinsonian syndromes. J Nucl Med 47: 1769–1777

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raja M (1995) Tardive dystonia. Prevalence, risk factors, and comparison with tardive dyskinesia in a population of 200 acute psychiatric patients. Eur Arch Psych Clin Neurosci 145–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramig LO, Sapir S, Countryman S et al. (2001) Intensive voice treatment (LSVT) for patients with Parkinson’s disease: A 2 year follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 71: 493–498

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ravina B, Romer M, Constantinescu R et al. (2008) The relationship between CAG repeat length and clinical progression in Hunrington’s disease. Mov Disord 23: 1223–1227

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rebeiz JJ, Kolodny EH, Richardson EP (1968) Corticodentatonigral degeneration with neuronal achromasia. Arch Neurol 18: 20–33

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reijnders JS, Ehrt U, Weber WE, Aarsland D, Leentjens AF (2008) A systematic review of prevalence studies of depression in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 23: 183–189; quiz 313

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Report NIH (1991) Clinical use of botulinum toxin. National Institutes of Health consensus development. Arch Neurol 48: 1294–1298

    Google Scholar 

  • Richard IH, Kurlan R (1997) A survey of antidepressant drug use in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson Study Group. Neurology 49: 1168–1170

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richard IH, Kurlan R, Tanner C et al. (1997) Serotonin syndrome and the combined use of deprenyl and an antidepressant in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson Study Group. Neurology 48: 1070–1077

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rijk MC de, Launer LJ, Berger K et al. (2000) Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in Europe: A collaborative study of population-based cohorts. Neurologic Diseases in the Elderly Research Group. Neurology 54: S21–23

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riley D, Lang AE, Blair RDG et al. (1988) Frozen shoulder and other shoulder abnormalities in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 52: 63–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Roggenkamper P, Jost WH, Bihari K, Comes G, Grafe S (2006) Efficacy and safety of a new botulinum toxin type A free of complexing proteins in the treatment of blepharospasm. J Neural Transm 113(3): 303–312

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothdach A, Trenkwalder C, Haberstock J et al. (2000) Prevalence and risk factors of RLS in an elderly population: The MEMO study. Neurology 54: 1064–1068

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saint HM, Burke RE, Bressman SB et al. (1991) Delayed-onset dystonia due to perinatal or early childhood asphyxia. Neurology 41: 216–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakakibara R, Shinotoh H, Uchiyama T et al. (2001) Questionnaire-based assessment of pelvic organ dysfunction in Parkinson‘s disease. Auton Neurosci 92: 76–85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salih AM, Gray RES, Mills KR, Webley M (1994) A clinical, serological and neurophysiological study of restless-legs syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 33: 60–63

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saudou F, Finkbeiner S, Devys D, Greenberg M (1998) Huntingtin acts in the nucleus to induce apoptosis but death does not correlate with the formation of intranuclear inclusions. Cell 95: 55–66

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schanz EJ, Johnson EA (1992) Properties and use of botulinum toxin and other microbial neurotoxins in medicine. Microbiol Rev 1992: 80–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider SA, Walker RH, Bhatia KP (2007) The Huntington’s disease like syndromes: What to consider in patients with a negative Huntington’s disease gene test. Nature Clinical Practice 3: 517–525

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schocke MF, Seppi K, Esterhammer R et al. (2002) Diffusion-weighted MRI differentiates the Parkinson variant of multiple system atrophy from PD. Neurology 58: 575–580

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schoffer KL, Henderson RD, O’Maley K, O’Sullivan JD (2007) Nonpharmacological treatment, fludrocortisone, and domperidone for orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 22(11): 1543–1549

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schrag A, Quinn N (2000) Dyskinesias and motor fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease. A community-based study. Brain 2000; 123 (Pt 11): 2297–2305

    Google Scholar 

  • Schrag A, Jahanshahi M, Quinn N (2000) What contributes to quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69: 308–312

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeterler F, Ziegler K (2008) Physiotherapie bei Parkinson-Syndromen. In: Ceballos-Bauman A, Ebersbach G (Hrsg) Aktivierende Therapien bei Parkinson-Syndromen. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 46–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Schupbach WM, Maltete D, Houeto JL et al. (2007) Neurosurgery at an earlier stage of Parkinson disease: A randomized, controlled trial. Neurology 68: 267–271

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schuurman PR, Bosch DA, Bossuyt PM et al. (2000) A comparison of continuous thalamic stimulation and thalamotomy for suppression of severe tremor [comments]. N Engl J Med 342(7): 461–418

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sevin M, Lesca G, Baumann N, Millat G et al. (2007) The adult form of Niemann-Pick disease type C. Brain 130: 120–133

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shabnam GN et al. (2003) Therapies for depression in Parkinson’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD003465

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheehy MP, Marsden CD (1982) Writers’ cramp-a focal dystonia. Brain 105: 461–481

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimohata T, Hara K, Sanpei K et al. (2007) Novel locus for benign hereditary chorea with adult onset maps to chromosome 8q21.3–q23.3. Brain 130: 2302–2309

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siatkowski RM, Tyutyunikov A, Biglan AW et al. (1993) Serum antibody production to botulinum A toxin. Ophthalmology 100: 1861–1866

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simon-Sanchez J, Schulte C, Bras JM et al. (2009) Genome-wide association study reveals genetic risk underlying Parkinson‘s disease. Nat Genet 41: 1308–1312

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer W, Sandroni P, Opfer-Gehrking TL et al. (2006) Pyridostigmine treatment trial in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Arch Neurol 63: 513–518

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snider SR, Fahn S, Isgreen WP, Cote LJ (1976) Primary sensory symptoms in parkinsonism. Neurology 26: 423–429

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steele J, Faulds D, Sorkin EM (1993) Tiapride: A review of its pharmacodynamic properties and therpeutic potenzial in geriatric population. Drugs & Aging 3: 460–478

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steele JC, Richardson JC, Olszewski J (1964) Progressive supranuclear palsy. A heterogeneous degeneration involving the brain stem, basal ganglia and cerebellum with vertical gaze and pseudobulbar palsy, nuchal dystonia and dementia. Arch Neurol 10: 333–358

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Storch A, Odin P, Trender-Gerhard I et al. (2010) Non-motor Symptoms Questionnaire and Scale for Parkinson‘s disease. Cross-cultural adaptation into the German language. Nervenarzt 81: 980–985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suteerawattananon M, Morris GS, Etnyre BR, Jankovic J, Protas EJ (2004) Effects of visual and auditory cues on gait in individuals with Parkinson‘s disease. J Neurol Sci 219: 63–69

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sweet C (1975) Drug induced dystonia. Am J Psychiatry 132: 532–533

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanner CM (1994) Epidemiological clues to the cause of Parkinson’s disease. In: Marsden CD (eds) Movement disorders 3. Butterworths London, pp 124–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanzi RE, Petrukhin K, Chernov I (1993) The Wilson’s disease gene is a coppertransporting ATPase with homology to the Menkes disease gene. Nature Genet 5: 344–350

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas A, Iacono D, Luciano AL, Armellino K, Di Iorio A, Onofrj M (2004) Duration of amantadine benefit on dyskinesia of severe Parkinson‘s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75: 141–143

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tinazzi M, Del Vesco C, Fincati E et al. (2006) Pain and motor complications in Parkinson‘s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 77: 822–825

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Töpper R, Schwarz M, Noth J (1999) Klinik, Pathophysiologie und klinische Neurophysiologie der Chorea. Klin Neurophysiol 30: 81–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Trojanowski JQ, Revesz T; Neuropathology Working Group on MSA (2007) Proposed neuropathological criteria for the post mortem diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 33: 615–620

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ueno S, Maruki Y, Nakamura M et al. (2001) The gene encoding a newly discovered protein, chorein, is mutated in chorea-acanthocytosis. Nat Gen 2: 121–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Verhagen Metman L, Del Dotto P, van den Munckhof P et al. (1998) Amantadine as treatment for dyskinesias and motor fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 50: 1323–1326

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vidailhet M, Vercueil L, Houeto JL et al. (2005) Bilateral deep-brain stimulation of the globus pallidus in primary generalized dystonia. N Engl J Med 352: 459–467

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volkmann J, Ceballos-Bauman A (2009) Wann ist der richtige Zeitpunkt für eine tiefe Hirnstimulation bei Morbus Parkinson? Akt Neurologie 36 (S1): S7–S11

    Google Scholar 

  • Voon V, Thomsen T, Miyasaki JM et al. (2007) Factors associated with dopaminergic drug-related pathological gambling in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 64: 212–216

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waddy HM, Fletcher NA, Harding AE, Marsden CD (1991) A genetic study of idiopathic focal dystonias. Ann Neurol 29: 320–324

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner-Sonntag E (2008) Schluckstörungen bei Parkinson-Syndromen. In: Ceballos-Bauman A, Ebersbach G (Hrsg) Aktivierende Therapien bei Parkinson-Syndromen. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 31–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Walshe JM, Yealland M (1992) Wilson’s disease: The problem of delayed diagnosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 55: 692–696

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walter U, Dressler D, Probst T et al. (2007) Transcranial brain sonography findings in discriminating between Parkinsonism and idiopathic Parkinson Disease. Arch Neurol 64: 1635–1640

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver FM, Follett K, Stern M et al. (2009) Bilateral deep brain stimulation vs best medical therapy for patients with advanced Parkinson disease: A randomized controlled trial. Jama 301: 63–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wegen Evan, Goede Cde, Lim I et al. (2006) The effect of rhythmic somatosensory cueing on gait in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Sci 248(1–2): 210–214

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weindl A, Conrad B (2005) Chorea. In: Ceballos-Baumann AO, Conrad B (Hrsg) Bewegungsstörungen. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 195–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiner WJ, Minagar A, Shulman LM (1999) Pramipexole in progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology 52: 873–874

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weintraub D, Koester J, Potenza MN et al. (2010) Impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease: A cross-sectional study of 3090 patients. Arch Neurol 67: 589–595

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weintraub D, Siderowf AD, Potenza MN et al. (2006) Association of dopamine agonist use with impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 63: 969–973

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wessel K (2003) Transcranial magnetic brain stimulation and the cerebellum. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation. Clin Neuophysiol (Suppl) 56: 441–445

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wessel K, Diener HC, Dichgans J, Thron A (1988) Cerebellar dysfunction in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma: Clinical and posturographic findings. J Neurol 235: 290–296

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wessel K, Schroth G, Diener HC et al. (1989) Significance of MRI-confirmed atrophy of the cranial spinal cord in Fried reich’s ataxia. Eur Arch Psychiatr Neurol Sci 238: 225–230

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wessel K, Verleger R, Nazarenus D, Vieregge P, Kömpf D (1994) Movementrelated cortical potenzials preceding sequential and goal-directed finger movements in patients with cerebellar atrophy. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 92: 331–341

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wessel K, Hermsdörfer J, Deger K et al. (1995a) Double-blind cross over study with L-5-hydroxytryptophane in patients with degenerative cerebellar diseases. Arch Neurol 52: 451–455

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wessel K, Zeffiro T, Lou JS, Toro C, Hallet M (1995b) Regional cerebral blood flow during a self-paced sequential finger opposition task in patients with cerebellar degeneration. Brain 118: 379–393

    Google Scholar 

  • Wessel K, Tegenthoff M, Vorgerd M et al. (1996) Enhanced inhibitory mechanisms in the motor cortex of patients with cerebellar degeneration: A study with transcranial magnetic brain stimulation. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 101: 273–281

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willems AM, Nieuwboer A, Chavret F et al. (2007) Turning in Parkinson‘s disease patients and controls: The effect of auditory cues. Mov Disord 22: 187–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams A, Gill S, Varma T et al. (2010) Deep brain stimulation plus best medical therapy versus best medical therapy alone for advanced Parkinson‘s disease (PD SURG trial): a randomised, open-label trial. Lancet Neurol 9: 581–591

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams DR, de Silva R, Paviour DC et al. (2005) Characteristics of two distinct clinical phenotypes in pathologically proven progressive supranuclear palsy: Richardson‘s syndrome and PSP-parkinsonism. Brain 128: 1247–1258

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf SS, Jones DW, Knable MB et al. (1996) Tourette syndrome: prediction of phenotypic variation in monozygotic twins by caudate nucleus D2 receptor binding. Science 273: 1225–1227

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zimprich A, Grabowski M, Asmus F et al. (2001) Mutations in the gene encoding epsilon-sarcoglycan cause myoclonus-dystonia syndrome. Nat Genet 29: 66–69

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zomorrodi A, Wald ER (2006) Sydenham’s chorea in western Pennsylvania. Pediatrics 117: e675–e679

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zühlke C, Bernard V, Stricker S, Kreuz F, Gillessen-Kaesbach G (2009) Mutationen im Sentaxin-Gen: Ursache für Ataxie, amyotrophe Lateralsklerose oder Tremor. Akt Neurol 36: 532–535

    Google Scholar 

Weiterführende Literatur

  • Albin RL, Young AB, Penney JB (1989) The functional anatomy of disorders of the basal ganglia disorders. Trends Neurosc 12: 366–375

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alesch F, Pinter MM, Helscher RJ et al. (1995) Stimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus in tremor dominated Parkinson’s disease and essenzial tremor. Acta Neurochir Wien 136: 75–81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arendt G, Hefter H, Stremmel W, Strohmeyer G (1994) The diagnostic value of multi-modality evoked potenzials in Wilson’ s disease. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 34: 137–148

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Assadi M, Campellone JV, Janson CG, Veloski JJ, Schwartzman RJ, Leone P (2007) Treatment of spinocerebellar ataxia with buspirone. J Neurol Sci 260 (1–2): 143–146

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bain PG (1993) A combined clinical and neurophysiological approach to the study of patients with tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69: 839–844

    Google Scholar 

  • Bannister R, Mathias CJ (1992) Clinical features and investigation of the primary autonomic failure syndromes. In: Bannister R, Mathias CJ (eds) Autonomic failure. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 531–547

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatia KP, Brown P, Gregory R et al. (1995) Progressive myo clonic ataxia associated with coeliac disease. Brain 118: 1087–1093

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boecker H, Wills A, Ceballos-Baumann AO et al. (1996) The functional effect of ethanol on alcohol-responsive essenzial tremor. Ann Neurol 39: 650–658

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonelli RM, Wenning GK, Kapfhammer HP (2004) Huntington’s disease: present treatments and future therapeutic modalities. Int Clin Psychophamacol 19: 51–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Braune S, Reinhardt M, Schnitzer R et al. (1999) Cardiac uptake of [123J]MIBG separates Parkinson’s disease from multiple system atrophy. Neurology 53: 1020–1025

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breedveld GJ, Percy AK, MacDonald ME et al. (2002) Clinical and genetic heterogeneity in benign hereditary chorea. Neurology 59: 579–584

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer GJ, Yuzbasian-Gurkan V (1992) Wilson’s disease. Medicine 71: 139–164

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer GJ, Johnson V, Dick RD (1996) Treatment of Wilson disease with ammonium tetrathiomolyb-date. Arch Neurol 53: 1017–1025

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer GJ, Hedera P, Kluin KJ et al. (2003) Treatment of Wilson disease with ammonium tetrathiomolybdate: III. Initial therapy in a total of 55 neurologically affected patients and follow-up with zinc therapy. Arch Neurol 60: 379–385

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruyn GW, Went LN (1986) Huntington’s chorea. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, Klawans HL (eds) Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol 49, Elsevier, Amsterdam New York, pp 267–314

    Google Scholar 

  • Bürk K, Abele M, Fetter M et al. (1996) Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia typ I. Clinical features and MRI in families with SCA1, SCA2 and SCA3. Brain 119: 1497–1505

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos-Baumann AO (1995) Medikamentös induzierte Dyskinesien. Akt Neurol 22: 245–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos-Baumann AO (1996a) Dystonien. In: Conrad B, Ceballos-Baumann AO (Hrsg) Bewegungsstörungen in der Neurologie. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 89–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos-Baumann AO (1996b) Medikamentös induzierte Bewegungsstörungen. In: Conrad B, Ceballos-Baumann AO (Hrsg) Bewegungsstörungen in der Neurologie. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 308–332

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos-Baumann AO, Conrad B (1994a) Essenzieller Tremor. Münch Med Wochenschr 136: 196–198

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos-Baumann AO, Conrad B (1994b) Tourette-Syndrom und Tic-Störungen. Münch Med Wschr 136: 277–280

    Google Scholar 

  • Cha JH (2000) Transcriptional dysregulation in Huntington’s disease. Trends Neurosci 23: 387–392

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Church AJ, Dale RC, Cardoso F et al. (2003) CSF and serum immune parameters in Sydenham’s chorea: evidence of an autoimmune syndrome? J Neuroimmunol 136: 148–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Colosimo C, Albanese A, Hughes AJ, de Bruin VMS, Lees AJ (1995) Some specific clinical features differentiate multiple system atrophy (striatonigral variety) from Parkinson’s disease. Arch Neurol 52: 294–298

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conrad B (1996) Tics/Tourette-Syndrom. In: Conrad B, Ceballos-Baumann AO (Hrsg) Bewegungsstörungen in der Neurologie. Thieme, Stuttgart New York, S 186–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Conrad B (2005) Wilson-Krankheit. In: Ceballos-Baumann AO, Conrad B (Hrsg) Bewegungsstörungen in der Neurologie. Thieme, Stuttgart New York, S181–S194

    Google Scholar 

  • Constantinescu R, Richard I, Kurlan R (2007) Levodopa responsiveness in disorders with Parkinsonism: A review of the literature. Mov Disord 15: 2141–2148

    Google Scholar 

  • Danek A (1998) Restless-legs-Syndrom. In: Brandt T, Dichgans J, Diener HC (Hrsg) Therapie und Verlauf neurologischer Erkrankungen, 3. Aufl. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart Berlin Köln, S 935–940

    Google Scholar 

  • Danek A (2002) Fortschritte in der molekularen Choreadiagnostik: McLeod-Syndrom und Chorea-Akanthozytose. Nervenarzt 73: 564–569

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diener HC, Dichgans J, Bacher M, Guschlbauer B (1984) Improvement of ataxia in alcoholic cerebellar atrophy through alcohol abstinence. J Neurol 231: 258–262

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fahn S (1994) The paroxysmal dyskinesias. In Marsden CD, Fahn S (eds) Movement Disorders 3. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp 310–345

    Google Scholar 

  • Geissler I, Heinemann K, Rohm S, Hauss J, Lamesch P (2003) Liver transplantation for hepatic and neurological Wilsons disease. Transplant Proc 35: 1445–1446

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilman S et al. (1999) Consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Sci 163: 94–98

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hardie RJ, Pullon HWH, Harding AE et al. (1991) Neuroacanthocytosis. A clinical, haematological and pathological study of 19 cases. Brain 114: 13–49

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harding A (1995) Inherited ataxias. Curr Opin Neurol 8: 306–309

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huntington Study Group (2001) A randomised, placebo-controlled trial of coenzyme Q10 and remacemide in Huntington’s disease. Neurology 57: 397–404

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntington’s Disease Collaborative Research Group (1993) A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington’s disease chromosomes. Cell 72: 971–983

    Google Scholar 

  • Janavs JL, Aminoff MA (1998) Dystonia and chorea in acquired systemic disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 65: 436–445

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khoshnan A, Ko J, Patterson PH (2002) Effects of intracellular expression of antihuntington antibodies of various specificities on mutant Huntington aggregation and toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 1002–1007

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kimber JR, Watson L, Mathias CJ (1997) Distinction of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease from multiple-system atrophy by stimulation of growth-hormone release with clonidine. Lancet 349: 1877–1881

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleiner-Fisman G, Lang AE (2007) Benign hereditary chorea revisited: A journey to understanding. Mov Disord 22: 2297–2305

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klockgether T, Döller G, Wüllner U, Petersen D, Dichgans J (1993a) Cerebellar encephalitis in adults. J Neurol 240: 17–20

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klockgether T, Wüllner U, Dichgans J et al. (1993b) Clinical and imaging correlations in inherited ataxias. Adv Neurol 61: 77–96

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lajonchere C, Nortz M, Finger S (1996) Gilles de la Tourette and the discovery of Tourette syndrome. Arch Neurol: 567–574

    Google Scholar 

  • Landwehrmeyer GB, Dubois B, de Yebenes JG et al. (2007) Riluzole in Huntington’s disease: A 3-year, randomized controlled study. Ann Neurol 62: 262–272

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lees AJ (1985) Tics and related disorders. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  • Leitlinien (2008) Chorea. In: Diener HC u. Putzki N (Hrsg) Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie, 4. Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 113–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Leitlinien (2008) Morbus Wilson. In: Diener HC, Putzki N (Hrsg) Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie, 4. Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 654 ff

    Google Scholar 

  • Leitlinien (2008) Parkinson-Syndrome: Diagnostik und Therapie. In: Diener HC u. Putzki N (Hrsg) Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie, 4. Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 82–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Menkes JH (1995) Disorders of mental metabolism. In: Rowland LP (ed) Merrits’s Textbook of Neurology. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 584–589

    Google Scholar 

  • Merl U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W (2007) Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson’s disease: A cohort study. Gut 56: 115–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitra S, Finkbeiner S (2008) The Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in Huntington’s disease. Scientific World Journal 8: 421–433

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Müller N, Putz A, Straube A, Kathmann N (1995) Zwangsstörung und das Gilles-de-la-Tourette-Syndrom. Über die Differenzialdiagnose von organischen und psychogenen Symptomen. Nervenarzt 66: 372–378

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oertel WH, Möller JC (2005) Multisystematrophie. In: Ceballos-Baumann AO, Conrad B (Hrsg) Bewegungsstörungen. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 86–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Padberg G, Bruyn GW (1986) Chorea: differential diagnosis. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, Klawans HL (eds) Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol 49. Elsevier, Amsterdam New York, pp 549–555

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips W, Shannon KM, Barker RA (2008) The current clinical management of Huntington’s disease. Mov Disord 23: 1491–1504

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ranen NG, Stine OC, Abbott MH et al. (1995) Anticipation and instability of IT-15 (CAG)n repeats in parent-offspring pairs with Huntington Disease. Am J Hum Genet 57: 593–602

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg RN (1995) Autosomal dominant cerebellar phenotypes. The genotype has settled the issue. Neurology 45: 1–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross (2004) Huntington’s disease: a new paths to pathogenesis. Cell 118: 4–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sambrook MA, Crossmann AR, Mitchell IJ (1994) Experimental models of basal ganglia disease. Mov Disord 3: 28–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt HH-J (2003) Diagnostik und Therapie des Morbus Wilson. Dtsch Ärztebl 100: A192–A197

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharp AH, Ross CA (1996) Neurobiology of Huntington’s disease. Neurobiol Disease 3: 3–15

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stracciari A, Tempestini A, Borghi A, Guarino M (2000) Effect of liver transplantation on neurological manifestations in Wilson disease. Arch Neurol 57: 384–386

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanzi RE, Petrukhin K, Chernov I (1993) The Wilson’s disease gene is a coppertransporting ATPase with homology to the Menkes disease gene. Nature Genet 5: 344–350

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker RH, Jung HH, Dobson-Stone C et al. (2007) Neurologic phenotypes associated with acanthocytosis. Neurology 68: 92–98

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walshe JM (1986) Wilson’s disease. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, Klawans HL (eds) Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol 49. Elsevier, Amsterdam New York, pp 549–555

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe H, Saito Y, Terao S (2002) Progression and prognosis in multiple system atrophy: an analysis of 230 Japanese patients. Brain 125: 1070–1083

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiland T, Wessel K (2005) Ataxien. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 73: 286–299

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weindl A, Conrad B (1996) Chorea und choreatische Bewegungsstörungen. In: Conrad B, Ceballos-Baumann AO (Hrsg) Bewegungsstörungen in der Neurologie, Thieme, Stuttgart, S 155–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenning GK, Stefanova N (2009) Recent developments in multiple system atrophy. J Neurol 256, 1791–1808

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wenning GK, Tison F, Ben Shlomo Y, Daniel SE, Quinn NP (1997) Multiple system atrophy: a review of 203 pathologically proven cases. Mov Disord 12: 133–147

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wenning GK, Colosimo C, Geser F et al. (2004) Multiple system atrophy. Lancet Neurol 3: 93–103

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wessel K, Huss HP, Brückmann H, Kömpf D (1993) Follow-up of neurophysiological tests and CT in late-onset cerebellar ataxia and multiple system atrophy. J Neurol 240: 168–176

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wessel K, Kömpf D (1988) Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Prog Clin Neurosci 2: 43–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Wessel K, Moschner C, Wandinger KP, Kömpf D, Heide W (1998) Oculomotor testing in the differential diagnosis of degenerative ataxic disorders. Arch Neurol 55: 949–956

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winkelmann MD, Hines JD (1983) Cerebellar degeneration caused by highdose cytosine arabinoside: A clinicopa thological study. Ann Neurol 14: 520–527

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittkämper A, Wessel K, Brückmann H, Kömpf D (1993) CT-morphology in patients with autosomal dominant or idiopathic cerebellar ataxia. Neuroradiology 35: 520–524

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu LL, Zhou X-F (2009) Huntington associated protein 1 and its functions. Cell Adhesion Migration 3: 71–76

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ceballos-Baumann, A., Schwarz, M., Wessel, K., Weiland, T. (2011). Bewegungsstörungen. In: Berlit, P. (eds) Klinische Neurologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16920-5_41

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16920-5_41

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-16919-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-16920-5

  • eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics