Abstract
Schema evolution is the increasingly important ability to adapt deployed schemas to changing requirements. Effective support for schema evolution is challenging since schema changes may have to be propagated, correctly and efficiently, to instance data and dependent schemas, mappings, or applications. We introduce the major requirements for effective schema and ontology evolution, including support for a rich set of change operations, simplicity of change specification, evolution transparency (e.g., by providing and maintaining views or schema versions), automated generation of evolution mappings, and predictable instance migration that minimizes data loss and manual intervention. We then give an overview about the current state of the art and recent research results for the evolution of relational schemas, XML schemas, and ontologies. For numerous approaches, we outline how and to what degree they meet the introduced requirements.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Altova DiffDog (2010) http://www.altova.com/diffdog
Ambler SW, Sadalage PJ (2006) Refactoring databases: Evolutionary database design. Addison Wesley, MA
Bernstein PA (2003) Applying model management to classical meta data problems. In: Proceedings of Conference on Innovative Database Research (CIDR) 2003. ACM, NY, pp 209–220
Bernstein PA, Melnik S (2007) Model management 2.0: manipulating richer mappings. In: Proceedings of ACM SIGMOD conference. ACM, NY, pp 1–12
Beyer K, Oezcan F, Saiprasad S, Van der Linden B (2005) DB2/XML: Designing for evolution. In: Proceedings of ACM SIGMOD conference. ACM, NY, pp 948–952
Bonifati A, Mecca G, Papotti P, Velegrakis Y (2011) Discovery and correctness of schema mapping transformations. In: Bellahsene Z, Bonifati A, Rahm E (eds) Schema matching and mapping, Data-Centric Systems and Applications Series. Springer, Heidelberg
Cate BT, Kolaitis PG (2010) Structural characterizations of schema-mapping languages. Comm ACM 53(1):101–110
Curino CA, Moon HJ, Zaniolo C (2008) Graceful database schema evolution: The PRISM workbench. In: Proceedings of VLDB conference. VLDB Endowment. pp 761–772
Currim F, Currim S, Dyreson CE, Joshi S, Snodgrass RT, Thomas SW, Roeder E (2009) tXSchema: Support for data-and schema-versioned XML documents. TimeCenter Technical Report TR-91, Aalborg University, Denmark
Domínguez E, Lloret J, Rubio AL, Zapata, MA (2005) Evolving XML schemas and documents using UML class diagrams. In: Proceedings of DEXA conference. Springer, Heidelberg
Domínguez E, Lloret J, Rubio AL, Zapata MA (2008) MeDEA: A database evolution architecture with traceability. Data Knowl Eng 65(3):419–441
Fagin R, Kolaitis PG, Popa L, Tan W (2011) Schema mapping evolution through composition and inversion. In: Bellahsene Z, Bonifati A, Rahm E (eds) Schema matching and mapping, Data-Centric Systems and Applications Series. Springer, Heidelberg
Fernández-Moctezuma R, Terwilliger JF, Delcambre LML, Maier D (2009) Toward formal semantics for data and schema evolution in data stream management systems. In: Proceedings of ER workshops. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 85–94
Gruber TR (1993) A translation approach to portable ontology specifications. In: Knowledge acquisition, vol 5(2). Academic, London, pp 199–220
Guerrini G, Mesiti M (2009) XML schema evolution and versioning: current approaches and future trends. In: Open and novel Issues in XML database applications. Future directions and advanced technologies. IDEA Group, pp 66–87
Hartung M, Kirsten T, Rahm E (2008) Analyzing the evolution of life science ontologies and mappings. In: Proceedings of 5th international workshop data integration in the life sciences (DILS). LNCS, vol 5109. Springer, Heidelberg
Hartung M, Kirsten T, Gross A, Rahm E (2009) OnEX – Exploring changes in life science ontologies. BMC Bioinformatics 10:250
Hartung M, Gross A, Rahm E (2010) Rule-based determination of Diff evolution mappings between ontology versions. Technical report, University of Leipzig
Hick JM, Hainaut JL (2006) Database application evolution: a transformational approach. Data Knowl Eng 59(3):534–558
IBM (2009a) Database version control with IBM Optim Database Administrator V2.2. http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/data/library/techarticle/dm-0704henry/index.html
IBM (2009b) DB2 9.7: Online schema change. http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/data/library/techarticle/dm-0907db2outages/index.html
Jiang H, Ho H, Popa L, Han WS (2007) Mapping-driven XML transformation. In: Proceedings of WWW conference. ACM, NY, pp 1063–1072
Kirsten T, Hartung M, Gross A, Rahm E (2009) Efficient management of biomedical ontology versions. In: Proceedings on the move to meaningful internet systems (OTM) workshops. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 574–583
Klein M, Fensel D, Kiryakov A, Ognyanov D (2002) Ontology versioning and change detection on the web. In: Proceedings of 13th international conference on knowledge engineering and knowledge management. Ontologies and the semantic web. Springer, Heidelberg
Klettke M (2007) Conceptual XML schema evolution – the CoDEX approach for design and redesign. In: Proceedings of BTW workshops, pp 53–63
Kramer D (2001) XEM: XML evolution management. Master’s Thesis, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Lassila O, McGuinness, D (2001) The role of frame-based representation on the semantic web. Knowledge Systems Laboratory Report KSL-01-02, Stanford University
Leonardi E, Hoaia TT, Bhowmicka SS, Madria S (2007) DTD-Diff: A change detection algorithm for DTDs. Data Knowl Eng 61(2):384–402
Maule A, Emmerich W, Rosenblum DS (2008) Impact analysis of database schema changes. In: Proceedings of international conference on software engineering (ICSE). ACM, NY, pp 451–460
Mesiti M, Celle R, Sorrenti, MA, Guerrini G (2006) X-Evolution: A system for XML schema evolution and document adaptation. In: Proceedings of EDBT, 2006. Springer, Heidelberg
Microsoft SQL Server 2008 R2 Data-Tier Applications (2010) http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee240739(SQL.105).aspx
Miller R, Ioannidis YE, Ramakrishnan R (1994) Schema equivalence in heterogeneous systems: Bridging theory and practice. Inform Syst 19(1):3–31
Moto MM, Malaika S, Lim L (2007) Preserving XML queries during schema evolution. In: Proceedings of WWW conference. ACM, NY, pp 1341–1342
Noy NF, Klein M (2004) Ontology evolution: Not the same as schema evolution. Knowl Inform Syst 6(4):428–440
Noy NF, Musen MA (2002) PromptDiff: A fixed-point algorithm for comparing ontology versions. In: Proceedings of the national conference on artificial intelligence. American Association for Artificial Intelligence, CA, pp 744–750
Noy NF, Kunnatur S, Klein M, Musen, MA (2004) Tracking changes during ontology evolution. In: Proceedings of international semantic web conference (ISWC). Springer, Heidelberg,pp 259–273
Noy NF, Chugh A, Liu W, Musen, MA (2006) A framework for ontology evolution in collaborative environments. In: Proceedings of international semantic web conference (ISWC). Springer, Heidelberg, pp 544–558
Oracle Database 10g Release 2 (2005) Online data reorganization & redefinition, white paper. May 2005
Oracle Edition-Based Redefinition (2009) Whitepaper. Available at http://www.oracle.com/technology/deploy/availability/pdf/edition_based_redefinition.pdf
Oracle XML Schema Evolution (2008) Chapter 9 of Oracle XML DB, Developer’s Guide, 11g Release, May 2008
Pal S, Tomic D, Berg B, Xavier J (2006) Managing collections of XML schemas in Microsoft SQL Server 2005. In: Proceedings of EDBT conference. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 1102–1105
Papastefanatos G, Vassiliadis P, Simitsis A, Aggistalis K, Pechlivani F, Vassiliou Y (2008) Language extensions for the automation of database schema evolution. In: Proceedings of the 10th international conference on enterprise information systems (ICEIS). INSTICC, pp 74–81
Papastefanatos G, Vassiliadis P, Simitsis A, Vassiliou Y (2010) HECATAEUS: Regulating schema evolution. In: Proceedings of ICDE, pp 1181–1184
Papavassiliou V, Flouris G, Fundulaki I, Kotzinos D, Christophides V (2009) On detecting high-level changes in RDF/S KBs. In: Proceedings of 8th international semantic web conference (ISWC). Springer, Heidelberg, pp 473–488
Plessers P, De Troyer O (2005) Ontology change detection using a version log. In: Proceedings of 4th international semantic web conference (ISWC). Springer, Heidelberg, pp 578–592
Rahm E (2011) Towards large-scale schema and ontology matching. In: Bellahsene Z, Bonifati A, Rahm E (eds) Schema matching and mapping, Data-Centric Systems and Applications Series. Springer, Heidelberg
Rahm E, Bernstein PA (2001) A survey of approaches to automatic schema matching. VLDB J 10(4):334–350
Rahm E, Bernstein PA (2006) An online bibliography on schema evolution. SIGMOD Rec 35(4):30–31
Smith B, Ashburner M, Rosse C et al (2007) The OBO Foundry: coordinated evolution of ontologies to support biomedical data integration. Nat Biotechnol 25(11):1251–1255
Software AG (2006) Tamino XML schema user guide 4.4.1. http://www.documentation.softwareag.com/crossvision/ins441_j/print/tsl.pdf
Stojanovic L, Maedche A, Motik B, Stojanovic N (2002) User-driven ontology evolution management. In: Proceedings of 13th international conference on knowledge engineering and knowledge management. Springer, London, pp 285–300
Su H, Rundensteiner E, Kramer D, Chen L, Claypool K (2001) XEM: Managing the evolution of XML documents. In: Proceedings international workshop on research issues in data engineering (RIDE). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC
Türker C (2000) Schema evolution in SQL-99 and commercial (object-) relational DBMS. Database schema evolution and meta-modeling. LNCS, vol 2065. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 1–32
W3C (2006) XML schema versioning use cases. Framework for discussion of versioning, 2006. http://www.w3.org/XML/2005/xsd-versioning-use-cases
W3C (2010) XML component designators, 2010 http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-ref/
Yu C, Popa L (2005) Semantic adaptation of schema mappings when schemas evolve. In: Proceedings VLDB conference. VLDB Endowment, pp 1006–1017
Yu C, Popa L (2005) Semantic adaptation of schema mappings when schemas evolve. In: Proceedings VLDB conference. VLDB Endowment, pp 1006–1017
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hartung, M., Terwilliger, J., Rahm, E. (2011). Recent Advances in Schema and Ontology Evolution. In: Bellahsene, Z., Bonifati, A., Rahm, E. (eds) Schema Matching and Mapping. Data-Centric Systems and Applications. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16518-4_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16518-4_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-16517-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-16518-4
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)