Abstract
From the abacus to the adding machine to the supercomputer, for centuries humans have used aids to enable mathematical computations. As the mathematical tabulations grew in complexity, so did the ‘machines’ that enabled more complex calculations. This in turn presented the problem of implementing beautifully written formulas in a form a computer ‘aid’ could understand. Today statistics specifically has a huge variety of software implementations available to choose from, some of which focus on a specific subdiscipline of statistics, while others encompass statistics more broadly. SAS Institute, as did many specialized software companies, evolved from an academic background in partnership with IBM, and its statistical package is used widely in statistics as well as a plethora of disciplines that rely on statistical results. Here we describe some of the ways SAS has been used in the past for spatial statistics, and some of the more recent additions made to explicitly include spatial information and geographic visualization, and give two SAS implementation examples, the calculation of Moran’s I and the eigenvector spatial filtering spatial statistical technique.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Boudriault G (1987) Topology in the TIGER File. In Chrisman N (ed) Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Computer Assisted Cartography (Auto-Carto 8), Am Soc Photogramm Remote Sens and Am Congr Surv Mapp, Bethesda [MD], pp. 258–263
Cliff AD, Ord JK (1981) Spatial processes: models and applications. Pion, London
Griffith DA (1987) Spatial autocorrelation: a primer. Association of American Geographers, Washington [DC]
Griffith DA (1993) Spatial regression analysis on the PC: spatial statistics using SAS. Association of American Geographers, Washington [DC]
Griffith DA (2003) Spatial autocorrelation and spatial filtering: gaining understanding through theory and scientific visualization. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg and New York
Griffith DA (2009) Spatial filtering. In Fischer MM, Getis A (eds) Handbook of applied spatial analysis. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg and New York, pp. 301–318
Griffith DA, Layne LJ, Ord JK, Sone A (1999) A casebook for spatial statistical data analysis: A compilation of analyses of different thematic data sets. Oxford, New York
Moran PAP (1950) Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena. Biometrika 37(1):17
Moser EB (1987) The analysis of mapped spatial point patterns. In Smith P (ed) Proceedings of the 12th Annual SAS Users Group International Conference, SAS Institute, Cary [NC], pp. 1141–1145
Rura MJ (2008) Web based storage and downloads. http://melissa.rura.us
SAS (2008) SAS customer support. http://support.sas.com/index.html
SAS Institute Inc (2008a) SAS/GIS 9.2: spatial data and procedure guide. SAS Institute Inc., Cary [NC]
SAS Institute Inc (2008b) SAS/Graph 9.2 Reference. SAS Institute Inc., Cary [NC]
Tiefelsdorf M, Boots B (1995) The exact distribution of Moran's I. Environ Plann 27(6): 985–999
UCLA: Academic Technology Services (2008) Introduction to SAS. http://www.ats.ucla. edu/stat/sas/notes2/
Waller L, Gotway C (2004) Applied spatial statistics for public health data, chapter appendix. Wiley. http://www.sph.emory.edu/lwaller/WGindex.htm
Wang F (2006) Quantitative methods and applications in GIS. CRC Press (Taylor and Francis Group), Boca Raton [FL], London and New York
Yiannakoulias N (2008) SAS programming for spatial problems. http://www.ualberta.ca/nwy/
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rura, M.J., Griffith, D.A. (2010). Spatial Statistics in SAS. In: Fischer, M., Getis, A. (eds) Handbook of Applied Spatial Analysis. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03647-7_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03647-7_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-03646-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-03647-7
eBook Packages: Business and EconomicsEconomics and Finance (R0)