Abstract
Numbers are variously represented by symbols in decimal, binary, and hexadecimal notation, and by ASCII codes. Decimal representation is what humans habitually use; binary and hexadecimal representations are what most computers use; and ASCII code links human to computer representations. Any such representation can be converted to any of the others. A digital computer represents binary notation internally as binary hardware. A flowchart shows the flow of information input to, processed by, stored by, and output from a computer.
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Notes
- 1.
First developed by a committee of the American Standards Association (ASA) in 1963 as a voluntary standard agreed by the main manufacturers. Revisions were issued in 1967 (when ASA had become USASI), 1986 (when USASI had become ANSI), and 1992. It was made mandatory for computers bought by the US Government in 1969.
- 2.
Contraction of binary digit, originated about 1943 by John Wilder Tukey (1915–2000), Princeton University and Bell Laboratories.
- 3.
Half a byte.
- 4.
Term originated in 1956 by Werner Buchholz, IBM. Other lengths of byte have been used, but are now obsolete.
- 5.
Flowcharts for industrial motion study were used by Frank Gilbreth (1868–1924) and others from 1921. Flowcharts for computer processes were originated by Herman Goldstine (1913–2004) and John von Neumann (1903–1957).
- 6.
From IBM’s long experience with the Hollerith 80-column punched card, where a hole (\(=1\)) or no-hole (\(=0\)) is detected electro-mechanically.
- 7.
From teleprinter experience with 5-track tape, where a hole or no-hole is detected opto-mechanically.
References
Alt-Codes.net (2013) List of Alt-key Codes. http://www.alt-codes.net/. Accessed 1 Feb 2014
ANSI INCITS 4-1986 (R2007) 7-Bit American National Standard Code for Information Interchange (7-Bit ASCII). http://webstore.ansi.org/. Accessed 1 Feb 2014
ISO 5807:1985, Information processing—documentation symbols etc. http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards.htm. Accessed 1 Feb 2014
ISO/IEC10646:2012, Information technology—Universal Coded Character Set (UCS). http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/index.html. Accessed 1 Feb 2014
Kuhn M (2011) UTF-8 and unicode FAQ. http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html. Accessed 1 Feb 2014
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Parkin, A. (2016). Number Input. In: Digital Imaging Primer. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85619-1_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85619-1_2
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