Product Design

Rather than merely referring to design, nowadays it is preferable to use the expression New Product Development (NPD — Clark and Fujimoto, 1991): this must not only process design, but also develop, update and integrate the product. For this purpose, it can also use parts of pre-existing product projects, or convert them from similar ones manufactured by competitors. In other words, these are designs characterized by a remarkable degree of carry-over (i.e. the percentage, in value, of the parts of a previous project that have been adapted and used for the new one).