Abstract
Chronic pain in the midline of the low back, posterior neck, or less often, the dorsal spine, is a common disability that is difficult to treat. The belief that facet joint disease might be responsible for such pain goes back many years [1–4]. Currently, pain of facet origin is thought to be steady, felt over a variable number of vertebrae, extending laterally as far as the proximal limb, but not associated with radicular pain or neurological deficit [5–13]. Occasionally it is not midline or bilateral, but rather strictly unilateral. It is often said to be aggravated by spinal extension. Attempts to ameliorate it surgically appear to have begun in the 1970s, first with Rees’ [14] attempts to cut the facet nerves with a hooked knife and then with Shealy’s [15,16] work with a radio frequency (RF) lesioning electrode. The latter procedure attracted much interest [17–37].
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Goldthwait JE. The lumbosacral articulation. An explanation of many cases of “lumbago, sciatica and paraplegia.” Boston Med Surg J 1911;164:356–72.
Putti V. New concepts in the pathogenesis of sciatic pain. Lancet 1927;2:53–60.
Ghormley RK. Low back pain with special reference to the articular facets, with presentation of an operative procedure. JAMA 1933;101:1773–7.
Badgley CEO. The articular facets in relationship to low back pain and sciatic radiation. J Bone Joint Surg 1941;23:481–96.
Stacey B, Colantonio A, Vookles JL, Sibell D, Kubawiak L. Management of pain by anesthetic techniques. In: Winn HR, editor. Youmans neurological surgery, Vol 3. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2004. p. 2970–86.
Fox JL, Rizzoli HV. Identification of radiological coordinates for the posterior articular nerve of Luschka in the lumbar spine. Surg Neuro1 1973;1:343–6.
Bogduk N, Marsland A. The cervical zygapophysial joints as a source of neck pain. Spine 1988;13:610–7.
Donovan WH, Dwyer AP, White BW, et al. A multidisciplinary approach to chronic low-back pain in western Australia. Spine 1981;6:591–7.
Lilius G, Laasonen EM, Myllynen P, Harilainen A, Groniund G. Lumbar facet joint syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1989;71:681–4
Mehta M, Parry CB. Mechanical back pain and the facet joint syndrome. Disabil Rehabil l994;16:2–12.
Mooney V, Robertson J. The facet syndrome. Clin Orthop 1976;115:149–56.
Snewing G. Facet joint syndrome: a review. Physiother Can 1984;36:141–4.
Wetzel FT. Chronic benign cervical pain syndrome: surgical considerations. Spine 1992;17:S367–74.
Rees WES. Multiple bilateral subcutaneous rhizolysis of segmental nerves in the treatment of the intervertebral disc syndrome. Ann Gen Pract 1971;26:126–7.
Shealy CN. Percutaneous radiofrequency denervation of spinal facet: treatment for chronic back pain and sciatica. J Neurosurg 1975;43:448–51.
Shealy CN. Facet denervation in the management of back and sciatic pain. Clin Orthop 1976;115:157–64.
Babur H. Facet rhizotomy for cervical radiculitis. Mt Sinai J Med 1994;61:265–71
Banerjee T, Pittman HH. Facet rhizotomy: another armamentarium for treatment of low backache. NCMH 1976;37:354–60.
Bogduk N, Long DM. Percutaneous lumbar medial branch neurotomy: a modification of facet denervation. Spine 1980;5:193–200.
Bogduk N, Macintosh J, Marsland A. Technical limitations to the efficacy of radiofrequency neurotomy for spinal pain. Neurosurgery 1987;20:529–35.
Burton C. Percutaneous radiofrequency facet denervation. Appl Neurophysiol 1976;39:80–6.
Florez G, Eiras J, Dcar S. Percutaneous rhhizotomy of the articular nerve of Luschka for low back and sciatic pain. Acta Neurochir (suppl) 1977;24:67–71.
Florez G. Eiras J. Ulcar S. Radiofrequency facet denervation in the treatment of persistent headache associated with chronic neck pain. J Neurol Orthop Surg 1980;1:127–30.
King JS. Randomized trial ofthe Rees and Shealy methods for the treatment of low back pain. In: Morley TP, editor. Current controversies in neurosurgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1976. p. 89–94.
Lord SM, Barnsley L, Bogduk N. Percutaneous radiofrequency neurotomy in the treatment of cervical zygapophysial joint pain: a caution. Neurosurgery 1995;36:732–9.
Lord M, Barnsley L, Wallis BJ, McDonald GJ, Bogduc N. Percutaneous radiofrequency neurotomy for chronic cervical zygapophyseal-joint pain. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1721–6.
McCulloch JA. Percutaneous radiofrequency lumbar rhizolysis (rhizotomy). Appl Neurophysiol 1976;39:87–96.
McCulloch JA, Organ LW. Percutaneous radiofrequency lumbar rhizolysis. CMAJ 1977;116:30–2.
Mehta M, Sluijter ME. The treatment of chronic back pain: a preliminary survey of the effect of radiofrequency denervation of the posterior vertebral joints. Anaesthesia 1979;34:768–75.
Ogsbury JS, Simon RH, Lehman RW. Facet “denervation” in the treatment of low back syndrome. Pain 1977;3:257–63.
Oudenhoven RC. Articular rhizotomy. Surg Neurol 1974;2:275–8.
Pawl RP. Results in the treatment of low back syndrome from sensory neurolysis of the lumbar facets (facet rhizotomy) by thennal coagulation. Proc Inst Med Chic 1974;30:151–2.
Rashbaum RF. Radiofrequency facet denervation: a treatment alternative in refractory low back pain with or without leg pain. Orthop Clin North Am 1983;14:569–75.
Schaerer JP. Radiofrequency facet rhizotomy in the treatment of chronic neck and low back pain. Int Surg 1978;63:53–9.
Schaerer JP. Treatment of prolonged neck pain by radiofrequency facet rhizotomy. J. Neural Orthop Med Surg1988;9:74–6.
Silvers HR. Lumbar percutaneous facet rhizotomy. Spine 1990;15:36–40.
Vervest ACM. Stoler RI. The treatment of cervical pain syndromes with radiofrequency procedures. Pain Clinic: 1991;4:103–12.
Tzaan, WC, Tasker RR.Percutaneous radiofrequency facet rhizotomy experience with 118 procedures and reappraisal of its value. Can Neuro Sci 2000;27(2):125–30.
Auteroche P. Innervation of the zygapophysial joints of the lumbar spine. Anat Clin 1983;5:17–28.
Bogduk N, Long DM. The anatomy of the so-called “articular nerves” and their relationship to facet denervation in the treatment of low back pain. J Neurosurg 1979;51:172–7.
Bogduk N. The clinical anatomy ofthe cervical dorsal rami. Spine 1982;7:319–30.
Bogduk N, Wilson AS, Tynan W. The human lumbar dorsal rami. J Anat 1982;134:383–97.
Edgar MA, Ghadially LA.Innervation of the lumbar spine. Clin Orthop 1976;115:35–41.
Groen GJ, Baljet B, Drukker L.Nerves and nerve plexuses of the human vertebral column. Am J Anat 1990;188:282–96.
Lewin T, Moffett B, Viidik A. The morphology of the lumbar synovial interveretebral joints. Acta Morphol Neerl Scand 1962;4:299–319.
Pedersen HE, Blunck CFJ, Gardner E. The anatomy of lumbar posterior rami and meningeal branches of spinal nerves (sinu-vertebral nerves) with an experimental study of their function. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1956;38:377–91.
Bradley KC. The anatomy of backache. Aust NZ J Surg 1974;44:227–32.
Mooney V. Facet Syndrome. In: Weinstein JN, Wiesle SW, editors. The lumbar spine: the international society for the study of the lumbar spine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders 1990; 422–41.
Lippitt AB. The facet joint and its role in spine pain: management with facet joint injections. Spine 1984;9:746–50.
Lord SM, Barnsley L, Bogduk N. The utility of comparative local anesthetic blocks versus placebo-controlled blocks for the diagnosis of cervical zygapophysial joint pain. Clin J Pain 1995;11:208–13.
Marks RC, Houston T, Thulboume T. Facet joint injection and facet nerve block: a randomized comparison in 86 patients with chronic low back pain. Pain 1992;49:325–8.
Revel ME, Listrat VM, Chevalier XJ, et al. Facet joint block for low back pain: identifying predictors of a good response. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992;73:824–8.
Stolker RJ, Vervest ACM, Groen GJ. The management of chronic spinal pain by blockades: a review. Pain 1994;58:1–20.
Wood L. Acute locked facet syndrome and its treatment by manipulation under local periarticular anaesthesia: Part 1. Clinical perspective and pilot study proposal. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1984;7:211–7.
Barnsley L, Lord S, Wallis B, Bogduk N. False-positive rates of cervical zygaphophyseal joint blocks. Clin J Pain 1993;9:124–30.
Kwan O, Fiel J. Critical appraisal of facet joints injections for chronic whiplash. Med Sci Monitor 2002;8(8):RA191–5.
van Suijlekom AA, Weber WE, et al. Radiofrequency cervical zygapophyseal joint neurotomy for cervicogenic headache: a short term follow-up study. Funct Neuro1 1998;13(1):82–3.
Blume HG. Treatment of cervicogenic headaches; radiofrequency neurotomy to the sinuvertebral nerves to the upper cervical disc and to the outer layer of the C3 nerve root or C4 nerve root respectively. Funct Neurol 1998;13(1):83–4.
Lord SM, Barnsley L, Wallis BJ, McDonald GJ, Bogduk N. Percutaneous radiofrequency neurotomy for chronic cervical zygaphophysea1 joint pain. N Eng1 J Med 1996;335:1721–6.
Koizuka S, Saito S, et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency lumbar facet rhizotomy guided by computed tomography fluoroscopy. J Anesthesia 2005;19(2):167–9.
Iwatsuki K, Yoshimine T, et al. Alternative denervation using laser irradiation in lumbar facet syndrome. Lasers Surg and in Med 2007;39(3):225–9.
Lord SM, Barnsley L, Bogduk N. Percutaneous radiofrequency neurotomy in the treatment of cervical zygapophyseal joint pain: a caution. Neurosurgery 1995;36:732–9.
Akatov AV, Dreval ON, et al. Transcutaneous radiofrequency destruction of the articular nerves in treating low back pains. Zhurnal Voprosy Neirokhirurgii Imeni N- N- Burdenko 1997;2:17–20.
Van Kleet M, Barendse GA. et al. Randomized trial of radiofrequency lumbar facet denervation for chronic low back pain. Spine 1999;24(18):1937–42.
Seres JL. Long-term follow-up of patients treated with cervical radiofrequency neurotomy for chronic neck pain [comment]. Neurosurgery 1999;45(6):1499–500.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this entry
Cite this entry
Tasker, R.R., Tzaan, W.C. (2009). Facet Denervation. In: Lozano, A.M., Gildenberg, P.L., Tasker, R.R. (eds) Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69960-6_135
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69960-6_135
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-69959-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-69960-6
eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine