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Pathophysiology of Dystonia

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Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery

Abstract

First coined by Hermann Oppenheim in 1911, dystonia is a neurological disorder which manifests as sustained muscle contractions that frequently cause twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures. Dystonia can be classified by etiology (primary and secondary), age (early and late onset), and affected body region (focal, multi-focal, segmental, hemidystonia and generalized). When the cause is genetic or not recognized, the dystonia is considered to be primary but when the cause is identifiable (as in the case of stroke, brain trauma, or metabolic disease), it is referred to as secondary [1,2]. The majority of people with generalized dystonia first exhibit symptoms in childhood and adolescence that progressively worsen within the first 5 years after onset, and then remain affected throughout their lifetime [3]. Patients with cervical dystonia or spasmodic torticollis tend to develop the disorder later in life and while it may spread to adjacent body parts in some patients it is more likely not to generalize.

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Authors
  1. J. A. Bajwa
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  2. M. D. Johnson
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  3. J. L. Vitek
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Canadian Research Chair in Neuroscience (Tier 1), 399 Bathurst St. WW 4-447, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada

    Andres M. Lozano (Professor of Surgery and RR Tasker Chair in Functional Neurosurgery University of Toronto Senior Scientist, Toronto Western Research Institute President, World Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery) (Professor of Surgery and RR Tasker Chair in Functional Neurosurgery University of Toronto Senior Scientist, Toronto Western Research Institute President, World Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery)

  2. Houston Stereotactic Concepts, Inc., 2260 West Holcombe Boulevard Suite 309, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA

    Philip L. Gildenberg

  3. University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst St. WW 4-447, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada

    Ronald R. Tasker

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© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Bajwa, J.A., Johnson, M.D., Vitek, J.L. (2009). Pathophysiology of Dystonia. In: Lozano, A.M., Gildenberg, P.L., Tasker, R.R. (eds) Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69960-6_107

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69960-6_107

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-69959-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-69960-6

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