Primary vesicoureteral refl ux is the most common urological anomaly in children. It occurs in 1–2% of the paediatric population and in 30–50% of children who present with urinary tract infection. The association of vesicoureteral refl ux, urinary tract infection and renal damage is well known. Parenchymal injury in vesicoureteral refl ux occurs early, in most patients before age 3 years. Most renal scars are present when refl ux is discovered at initial evaluation for urinary tract infection.
The hereditary and familial nature of vesicoureteral refl ux is now well recognized and several studies have shown that siblings of children with vesicoureteral refl ux have a much higher incidence of refl ux than the general pediatric population. Prevalence rates of 27–51% in siblings of children with VUR and a 66% rate of VUR in offspring of parents with previously diagnosed refl ux have been reported.
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Further Reading
Menezes M, Puri P (2007) The role of endoscopic treatment in the management of Grade 5 primary Vesicoureteral Refl ux. Eur Urol 52:1505–1510
Puri P (2006) Endoscopic Treatment of Vesicoureteral Refl ux. In P Puri, ME Höllwarth (eds) Pediatric Surgery. Springer Surgery Atlas Series, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, New York, pp 493–498
Puri P, Pirker M, Mohanan M et al (2006) Subureteral dexra-nomer/hyaluronic acid injection as fi rst line treatment in the management of high grade vesicoureteral refl ux. J Urol 176:1856–1860
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Puri, P. (2009). Vesicoureteral Reflux. In: Puri, P., Höllwarth, M. (eds) Pediatric Surgery. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69560-8_87
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