Abstract
In the 19th century, lubrication, one of humankind's oldest engineering disciplines, gained a theoretical base from Reynolds's classical hydrodynamic description that was unmatched by most of the theories developed in tribology to date. In the 20th century, however, increasing demands on lubricants shifted attention from bulk films to ultra-thin film lubrication. Finite-size limitations imposed constraints on the lubrication process that were not considered in the bulk phenomenological treatments introduced by Reynolds. At this point, as is common in many engineering applications, empiricism took over. Functional relationships derived from the classical theories were tweaked to accommodate the new situation of reduced scales by introducing effective or apparent properties.
With the inception of nanorheological tools of complementary nature in the later decades of the 20th century (e.g., the surface forces apparatus and scanning force microscopy), tribology entered the realm of nanoscience. Through an increasing confidence in experimental findings on the nanoscale, kinetic and energetic theories incorporated interfacial and molecular constraints.
The very fundamentals have been challenged in recent years. Researchers have realized that bulk perceptions, such as solid and liquid are defied on the nanoscale. The reduction in dimensionality of the nanoscale imposes constraints that bring into question the use of classical statistical mechanics of decoupled events. The diffusive description of lubrication is failing in a system that is thermodynamically not well-equilibrated. The challenge any nanotechnological endeavor encounters is the development of a theoretical framework based on an appropriate statistics. In tribology this is met with spectral descriptions of the dynamic sliding process. Statistical kernels are being developed for probability density functions to explain anomalous transport processes that involve long-range spatial or temporal correlations. With such theoretical developments founded in nanorheological experiments, a more realistic foundation will be laid to describe the behavior of lubricants in the confined geometries of the nanometer length scale.
Abbreviations
- PFPE:
-
perfluoropolyether
- SFA:
-
surface force apparatus
- SFM:
-
scanning force microscopy
References
F. P. Bowden, D. Tabor: The Friction and Lubrication of Solids (Clarendon, Oxford 1951)
D. Tabor, R. H. S. Winterton: The direct measurement of normal and retarded van der Waals forces, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 312, 435–450 (1969)
G. Binnig, C. F. Quate, C. Gerber: Atomic force microscope, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 930–933 (1986)
N. P. Petrov: Friction in Machines and the Effect of the Lubricant, Vol. 1 (Inzh. Zh. St. Petersburgo, St. Petersburg 1883) pp. 71–140
N. P. Petrov: Friction in Machines and the Effect of the Lubricant, Vol. 2 (Inzh. Zh. St. Petersburgo, St. Petersburg 1883) pp. 227–279
N. P. Petrov: Friction in Machines and the Effect of the Lubricant, Vol. 3 (Inzh. Zh. St. Petersburgo, St. Petersburg 1883) pp. 377–463
N. P. Petrov: Friction in Machines and the Effect of the Lubricant, Vol. 4 (Inzh. Zh. St. Petersburgo, St. Petersburg 1883) pp. 535–564
B. Tower: First report on friction experiments (friction of lubricated bearings), Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., 632–659 (November 1883)
O. Reynolds: On the theory of lubrication and its application to Mr. Beauchamp Tower's experiments, including an experimental determination of the viscosity of olive oil, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 177, 157–234 (1886)
J. P. Israelachvili, G. M. McGuiggan, M. Gee, A. Homola, M. Robbins, P. Thompson: Liquid dynamics in molecularly thin films, J. Phys. 2, 89–98 (1990)
W. B. Hardy, I. Doubleday: Boundary lubrication—The paraffin series, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 100, 550–574 (1922)
A. Dorinson, K. C. Ludema: Mechanics and Chemistry in Lubrication (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1985)
B. J. Briscoe, D. C. B. Evans: The shear properties of Langmuir–Blodgett layers, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 380, 389–407 (1982)
C. Buenviaje, S. Ge, M. Rafailovich, J. Sokolov, J. M. Drake, R. M. Overney: Confined flow in polymer films at interfaces, Langmuir 19, 6446–6450 (1999)
S. Blunier, H. Zogg, A. N. Tiwari, R. M. Overney, H. Haefke, P. Buffat, G. Kostorz: Lattice and thermal misfit dislocations in epitaxial CaF2/Si(111) and BaF2/CaF2/Si(111) structures, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 3599–3602 (1992)
G. Reiter, A. L. Demirel, J. Peanasky, L. L. Cai, S. Granick: Stick to slip transition and adhesion of lubricated surfaces in moving contact, J. Chem. Phys. 101, 2606–2615 (1994)
S. Glasstone, K. J. Laidler, H. Eyring: Theory of Rate Processes (McGraw-Hill, New York 1941)
M. He, A. Szuchmacher Blum, G. Overney, R. M. Overney: Effect of interfacial liquid structuring on the coherence length in nanolubrication, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(15), 154302/1–4 (2002)
K. L. Johnson: Contact Mechanics (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge 1987)
E. Meyer, R. M. Overney, K. Dransfeld, T. Gyalog: Nanoscience: Friction and Rheology on the Nanometer Scale (World Scientific, Singapore 1998)
H. K. Christenson, D. W. R. Gruen, R. G. Horn, J. N. Israelachvili: Structuring in liquid alkanes between solid-surfaces—Force measurements and mean-field theory, J. Chem. Phys. 87(3), 1834–1841 (1987)
C. Drummond, J. Israelachvili: Dynamic behavior of confined branched hydrocarbon lubricant fluids under shear, Macromolecules 33(13), 4910–4920 (2000)
R. M. Overney, H. Takano, M. Fujihira, W. Paulus, H. Ringsdorf: Anisotropy in friction and molecular stick–slip motion, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 3546–3549 (1994)
R. M. Overney, H. Takano, M. Fujihira: Elastic compliances measured by atomic force microscopy, Europhys. Lett. 26(6), 443–447 (1994)
E. Gnecco, R. Bennewitz, T. Gyalog, C. Loppacher, M. Bammerlin, E. Meyer, H.-J. Güntherodt: Velocity dependence of atomic friction, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84(6), 1172–1175 (2000)
Y. Sang, M. Dube, M. Grant: Thermal effects on atomic friction, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(17), 174301/1–4 (2001)
O. K. Dudko, A. E. Filippov, J. Klafter, M. Urbakh: Dynamic force spectroscopy: A Fokker–Planck approach, Chem. Phys. Lett. 352, 499–504 (2002)
F. Heslot, T. Baumberger, B. Perrin, B. Caroli, C. Caroli: Creep, stick–slip, and dry-friction dynamics: Experiments and a heuristic model, Phys. Rev. E 49, 4973–4988 (1994)
S. Sills, R. M. Overney: Creeping friction dynamics and molecular dissipation mechanisms in glassy polymers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 095501(1–4) (2003)
W. D. Luedtke, U. Landman: Slip diffusion and Levy flights of an adsorbed gold nanocluster, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3835–3838 (1999)
I. M. Sokolov: Levy flights from a continuous-time process, Phys. Rev. E 63, 011104/1–10 (2000)
R. Metzler, J. Klafter: The random walks guide to anomalous diffusion: A fractional dynamics approach, Phys. Rep. 339, 1–77 (2000)
R. Metzler, J. Klafter: Levy meets Boltzmann: Strange initial conditions for Brownian and fractional Fokker–Planck equations, Physica A 302, 290–296 (2001)
R. G. Palmer, D. L. Stein, E. Abrahams: Models of hierarchically constrained dynamics for glass relaxation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 958–961 (1984)
N. W. Ashcroft, N. D. Mermin: Solid State Physics (CBS Asia, Philadelphia 1976)
R. Becker: Theorie der Wärme (Springer, Berlin 1985)
F. Heslot, N. Fraysse, A. M. Cazabat: Molecular layering in the spreading of wetting liquid drops, Nature 338, 640–642 (1989)
T. E. Karis, G. W. Tyndall: Calculation of spreading profiles for molecularly-thin films from surface energy gradients, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 82, 287–302 (1999)
S. F. Burlatsky, G. Oshanin, A. M. Cazabat, M. Moreau: Microscopic model of upward creep of an ultrathin wetting film, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 86–89 (1996)
T. M. O'Connor, Y. R. Back, M. S. Jhon, B. G. Min, D. Y. Yoon, T. E. Karis: Surface diffusion of thin perfluoropolyalkylether films, J. Appl. Phys. 79, 5788–5790 (1996)
X. Ma, J. Gui, L. Smoliar, K. Grannen, B. Marchon, C. L. Bauer, M. S. Jhon: Complex terraced spreading of perfluoropolyalkylether films on carbon surfaces, Phys. Rev. E 59, 722–727 (1999)
A. Plonka, J. Bednarek, K. Pietrucha: Reaction dynamics in glass transition region: propagating radicals in ultraviolet-irradiated poly(methyl methacrylate), J. Chem. Phys. 104, 5279–5283 (1996)
R. M. Overney, C. Buenviaje, R. Luginbuehl, F. Dinelli: Glass and structural transitions measured at polymer surfaces on the nanoscale, J. Therm. Anal. Calorimetry 59, 205–225 (2000)
S. Ge, Y. Pu, W. Zhang, M. Rafailovich, J. Sokolov, C. Buenviaje, R. Buckmaster, R. M. Overney: Shear modulation force microscopy study of near surface glass transition temperature, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85(11), 2340–2343 (2000)
H. Yoshizawa, P. McGuiggan, J. N. Israelachvili: Identification of a second dynamic state during stick–slip motion, Science 259, 1305–1308 (1993)
M. G. Rozman, M. Urbakh, J. Klafter: Stick–slip motion and force fluctuations in a driven two-wave potential, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 683–686 (1996)
J. M. Carlson, A. A. Batista: Constitutive relation for the friction between lubricated surfaces, Phys. Rev. E 53, 4153–4164 (1996)
Y. Braiman, F. Family, H. G. E. Hentschel: Array-enhanced friction in the periodic stick–slip motion of nonlinear oscillators, Phys. Rev. E 53, R3005–R3008 (1996)
M. G. Rozman, M. Urbakh, J. Klafter: Controlling chaotic frictional forces, Phys. Rev. E 57, 7340–7343 (1998)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer-Verlag
About this entry
Cite this entry
Overney, R., Tyndall, G., Frommer, J. (2007). Kinetics and Energetics in Nanolubrication. In: Bhushan, B. (eds) Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29857-1_45
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29857-1_45
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-29855-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-29857-1
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics