Abstract
Understanding the complexities and dynamics of family business groups starts with recognizing that intentions and actions of members of the business are at the same time actions and intentions of members of a family. This chapter contributes to portfolio entrepreneurship research, by showing that business groups can be the outcome of an emerging strategy that is aligned to family members’ identities as well as the context in which they operate in. Implementing identity theory into the study of portfolio entrepreneurship allows considering family business dynamics and provides new insights, by detailing how and why identity drives portfolio development in the family farming context.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Akhter, Naveed. 2016. Family Business Portfolio, Enduring Entrepreneurship and Exit Strategies. PhD diss., Jönköping University.
Akhter, Naveed, Philipp Sieger, and Francesco Chirico. 2016. If We Can’t Have It, Then No One Should: Shutting Down Versus Selling in Family Business Portfolios. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 10 (4): 371–394. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1237.
Alsos, Gry Agnete, and Sarah Carter. 2006. Multiple Business Ownership in the Norwegian Farm Sector: Resource Transfer and Performance Consequences. Journal of Rural Studies 22 (3): 313–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2005.09.003.
Alsos, Gry Agnete, and Lars Kolvereid. 1998. The Business Gestation Process of Novice, Serial, and Parallel Business Founders. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 22 (4): 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879802200405.
Alsos, Gry Agnete, Sara Carter, and Elisabet Ljunggren. 2014. Kinship and Business: How Entrepreneurial Households Facilitate Business Growth. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 26: 97–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2013.870235.
Ashforth, Blake E. 2001. Role Transitions in Organizational Life: An Identity-Based Perspective. London: LEA Publisher.
Ashforth, Blake E., and Fred Mael. 1989. Social Identity Theory and the Organization. Academy of Management Review 14 (1): 20–39. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1989.4278999.
Ashforth, Blake E., Glen E. Kreiner, and Mel Fugate. 2000. All in a Day’s Work: Boundaries and Micro Role Transitions. The Academy of Management Review 25 (3): 472–491. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2000.3363315.
Berrone, Pascual, Cristina Cruz, Luis R. Gómez-Mejía, and Martin Larraza-Kintana. 2010. Socioemotional Wealth and Corporate Responses to Institutional Pressures: Do Family-Controlled Firms Pollute Less? Administrative Science Quarterly 55 (1): 82–113. https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.2010.55.1.82.
Birley, Sue, and Paul Westhead. 1993. A Comparison of New Businesses Established by ‘Novice’ and ‘Habitual’ Founders in Great Britain. International Small Business Journal 12 (1): 38–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242693121003.
Brandth, Berit, and Marit S. Haugen. 2011. Farm Diversification into Tourism: Implications for Social Identity? Journal of Rural Studies 27: 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2010.09.002.
Breakwell, Glynis M. 1986. Coping with Threatened Identity. London: Methuen.
Burke, Peter J., and Jan E. Stets. 2009. Identity Theory. New York: Oxford University Press.
Burton, Robert J.F. 1998. The Role of Farmer Self-Identity in Agricultural Decision Making in the Marston Vale Community Forest. PhD diss., De Montfort University.
Cannella, Albert A., Carla D. Jones, and Michael C. Withers. 2015. Family- Versus Lone Founder-Controlled Public Corporations: Social Identity Theory and Boards of Directors. Academy of Management Journal 58 (2): 436–459. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2012.0045.
Carter, Sara. 1998. Portfolio Entrepreneurship in the Farm Sector: Indigenous Growth in Rural Areas. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 10 (1): 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985629800000002.
———. 1999. Multiple Business Ownership in the Farm Sector: Assessing the Enterprise and Employment Contributions of Farmers in Cambridgeshire. Journal of Rural Studies 15 (4): 417–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(99)00004-2.
Carter, Sara, and Monder Ram. 2003. Reassessing Portfolio Entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics 21 (4): 371–380. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026115121083.
Deephouse, David L., and Peter Jaskiewicz. 2013. Do Family Firms Have Better Reputations than Non-family Firms? An Integration of Socioemotional Wealth and Social Identity Theories. Journal of Management Studies 50 (3): 337–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12015.
Discua Cruz, Allan, Carole Howorth, and Eleanor Hamilton. 2013. Intrafamily Entrepreneurship: The Formation and Membership of Family Entrepreneurial Teams. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 37 (1): 17–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00534.x.
Fitz-Koch, Sarah, Mattias Nordqvist, Sara Carter, and Erik Hunter. 2017. Entrepreneurship in the Agriculture Sector: A Literature Review and Future Research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 42 (1): 129–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258717732958.
Gasson, Ruth, and Andrew Errington. 1993. The Farm Family Business. Wallingford: CAB International.
Gersick, Kelin E., John A. Davis, Marion McCollum Hampton, and Ivan Lansberg. 1997. Generation to Generation: Life Cycles of the Family Business. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Glover, Jane L., and Trish Reay. 2015. Sustaining the Family Business with Minimal Financial Rewards: How Do Family Farms Continue? Family Business Review 28 (2): 163–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486513511814.
Goffman, Enzing. 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: The Overlook Press.
Gómez-Mejía, Luis R., Katalin T. Haynes, Manuek Nunez-Nickel, K.J.L. Jacobson, and J. Moyano-Fuentes. 2007. Socioemotional Wealth and Business Risks in Family-Controlled Firms: Evidence from Spanish Olive Oil Mills. Administrative Science Quarterly 52 (1): 106–137. https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.52.1.106.
Gómez-Mejía, Luis R., Cristina Cruz, Pascual Berrone, and Julio De Castro. 2011. The Bind that Ties: Socioemotional Wealth Preservation in Family Firms. Academy of Management Annals 5 (1): 653–707. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2011.593320.
Hall, Annika, Leif Melin, and Mattias Nordqvist. 2001. Entrepreneurship as Radical Change in the Family Business: Exploring the Role of Cultural Patterns. Family Business Review 14 (3): 193–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2001.00193.x.
Haslam, S. Alexander, and Naomi Ellemers. 2005. Social Identity in Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Concepts, Controversies and Contribution. In International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, ed. Gerard P. Hodgkinson and J. Kevin Ford, 39–118. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hogg, Michael A., Deborah J. Terry, and Katherine M. White. 1995. A Tale of Two Theories: A Critical Comparison of Identity Theory with Social Identity Theory. Social Psychology Quarterly 58: 255–269 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2787127.
Iacobucci, Donato, and Peter Rosa. 2005. Growth, Diversification, and Business Group Formation in Entrepreneurial Firms. Small Business Economics 25 (1): 65–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-005-4258-8.
———. 2010. The Growth of Business Groups by Habitual Entrepreneurs: The Role of Entrepreneurial Teams. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 34 (2): 351–377. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00378.x.
Jackson, Jay W., and Eliot R. Smith. 1999. Conceptualizing Social Identity: A New Framework and Evidence for the Impact of Different Dimensions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 25: 120–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167299025001010.
Jervell, Anne Mocnes. 1999. Changing Patterns of Family Farming and Pluriactivity. Sociologica Ruralis 39: 100–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9523.00095.
———. 2011. The Family Farm as a Premise for Entrepreneurship. In The Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurship in Agriculture and Rural Development, ed. Gry Agnete Alsos, Sara Carter, Elisabet Ljunggren, and Friederike Welter, 54–73. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Markus, Hazel, and Ziva Kunda. 1986. Stability and Malleability of the Self-Concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (4): 858–866. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.4.858.
Masulis, Ronald W., Peter Kien Pham, and Jason Zein. 2011. Family Business Groups Around the World: Financial Advantages, Control Motivations and Organizational Choices. Review of Financial Studies 24 (11): 3556–3600. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhr052.
McKinnon, Neil J., and David R. Heise. 2010. Self, Identity, and Social Institutions. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Mead, George Herbert. 1934. Mind, Self and Society: From the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mulholland, Kate. 1997. The Family Enterprise and Business Strategies. Work, Employment & Society 11 (4): 685–711. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017097114005.
Nordqvist, Mattias, and Leif Melin. 2010. The Promise of the Strategy as Practice Perspective for Family Business Research. Journal of Family Business Strategy 1 (1): 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2009.12.001.
Nordqvist, Mattias, Timothy G. Habbershon, and Leif Melin. 2010. Transgenerational Entrepreneurship: Exploring Entrepreneurial Orientation in Family Firms. In Transgenerational Entrepreneurship: Exploring Growth and Performance in Family Firms across Generations, ed. Mattias Nordqvist and Thomas M. Zellweger, 93–116. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Owens, Timothy J., Dawn T. Robinson, and Lynn Smith-Lovin. 2010. Three Faces of Identity. Annual Review of Sociology 36: 477–499. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.34.040507.134725.
Parker, Simon C. 2014. Who Become Serial and Portfolio Entrepreneurs? Small Business Economics 43 (4): 887–898. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-014-9576-2.
Powell, E. Erin, and Ted Baker. 2014. It’s What You Make of It: Founder Identity and Enacting Strategic Responses to Adversity. Academy of Management Journal 57: 1406–1433.
———. 2017. In the Beginning: Identity Processes and Organizing in Multi-Founder Nascent Ventures. Academy of Management Journal. Published online before print. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2015.0175.
Ram, Monder, and Ruth Holliday. 1993. Relative Merits: Family Culture and Kinship in Small Firms. Sociology 27 (4): 629–648. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038593027004005.
Reay, Trish. 2009. Family-Business Meta-Identity, Institutional Pressures, and Ability to Respond to Entrepreneurial Opportunities. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 33 (6): 1265–1270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00345.x.
Rosa, Peter. 1998. Entrepreneurial Processes of Business Cluster Formation and Growth by “Habitual” Entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 22 (4): 43–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879802200403.
Rosa, Peter, Sarath Kodithuwakku, Jimmy A. Young, and David Little. 2013. Differential Entrepreneurial Response by Scottish Rural Farmers to Defensive and Offensive Diversification. Manuscript Draft.
Rosa, Peter, Carole Howorth, and Allan Discua Cruz. 2014. Habitual and Entrepreneurship and the Family in Business. In The Sage Handbook of Family Business, ed. L. Melin, M. Nordqvist, and P. Sharma, 364–882. Los Angeles: SAGE.
Schmidts, Torsten, and Deborah Shepherd. 2013. Social Identity Theory and the Family Business: A Contribution to Understanding Family Business Dynamics. Small Enterprise Research 20 (2): 76–86. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFBM-04-2015-0018.
Shepherd, Dean, and J. Michael Haynie. 2009. Family Business, Identity Conflict, and an Expedited Entrepreneurial Process: A Process of Resolving Identity Conflict. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 33 (6): 1245–1264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00344.x.
Sherif, Muzafer. 1966. In Common Predicament: Social Psychology of Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Sieger, Philipp, Thomas Zellweger, Robert S. Nason, and Eric Clinton. 2011. Portfolio Entrepreneurship in Family Firms: A Resource-Based Perspective. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 5 (4): 327–351. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.120.
Stryker, Sheldon. 1980. Symbolic Interactionism: A Social Structural Version. Menlo Park: Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co.
Stryker, Sheldon., and Peter J. Burke. 2000. The Past, Present, and Future of an Identity Theory. Social Psychology Quarterly 63: 284–297.
Suess-Reyes, Julia, and Elena Fuetsch. 2016. The Future of Family Farming: A Literature Review on Innovative Sustainable and Succession-Oriented Strategies. Journal of Rural Studies 47: 117–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.07.008.
Sundaramurthy, Chamu, and Glen E. Kreiner. 2008. Governing by Managing Identity Boundaries: The Case of Family Businesses. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 32 (3): 415–436. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2008.00234.x.
Tagiuri, Renato, and John A. Davis. 1992. On the Goals of Successful Family Companies. Family Business Review 5 (1): 43–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.1992.00043.x.
———. 1996. Bivalent Attributes of the Family Firm. Family Business Review 9 (2): 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.1996.00199.x.
Tajfel, Henri. 1982. Social Identity and Intergroup Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tajfel, Henri, and John C. Turner. 1979. An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict. In The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, ed. W.G. Austin and S. Worchel, 38–43. Monterey: Brooks/Cole.
———. 2004. The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior. In Key Readings in Social Psychology. Political Psychology: Key Readings, ed. J.T. Jost and J. Sidanius, 276–293. New York: Psychology Press.
Thorgren, Sara, and Joakim Wincent. 2015. Passion and Habitual Entrepreneurship. International Small Business Journal 33 (2): 216–227. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242613487085.
Turner, John C. 1984. Social Identification and Psychological Group Formation. In The Social Dimension: European Developments in Social Psychology, ed. H. Tajfel, 518–538. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ucbasaran, Deniz, Gry Agnete Alsos, Paul Westhead, and Mike Wright. 2008. Habitual Entrepreneurs. Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship 4 (4): 309–450. https://doi.org/10.1561/0300000014.
Vesala, Hannu T., and Kari Mikko Vesala. 2010. Entrepreneurs and Producers: Identities of Finnish Farmers in 2001 and 2006. Journal of Rural Studies 26 (1): 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2009.06.001.
Westhead, Paul, Deniz Ucbasaran, and Mike Wright. 2005. Decisions, Actions, and Performance: Do Novice, Serial, and Portfolio Entrepreneurs Differ? Journal of Small Business Management 43 (4): 393–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2005.00144.x.
Wiklund, Johan, and Dean A. Shepherd. 2008. Portfolio Entrepreneurship: Habitual and Novice Founders, New Entry, and Mode of Organizing. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 32 (4): 701–725. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2008.00249.x.
Zellweger, Thomas M., Robert S. Nason, and Mattias Nordqvist. 2012. From Longevity of Firms to Transgenerational Entrepreneurship of Families: Introducing Family Entrepreneurial Orientation. Family Business Review 25 (2): 136–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486511423531.
Zellweger, Thomas M., Robert S. Nason, Mattias Nordqvist, and Candida G. Brush. 2013. Why Do Family Firms Strive for Nonfinancial Goals? An Organizational Identity Perspective. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 37 (2): 229–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2011.00466.x.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fitz-Koch, S., Cooper, S., Discua Cruz, A. (2019). Entrepreneurship and Rural Family Identity: Understanding Portfolio Development in a Family Farm Business. In: Rautiainen, M., Rosa, P., Pihkala, T., Parada, M.J., Cruz, A.D. (eds) The Family Business Group Phenomenon. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98542-8_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98542-8_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-98541-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-98542-8
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)