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Empirical Study: The Development of Space Policy in Europe

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Theorising Institutional Change: The Impact of the European Integration Process on the Development of Space Activities in Europe

Part of the book series: Springer Theses ((Springer Theses))

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Abstract

This chapter provides an updated overview of the development of space policy in Europe to qualify to what extent ESA has changed institutionally in a subsequent fourth chapter. The development of space activities in Europe is considered a case study of institutional change. In line with Campbell (2004, p. 40) if we want to determine, how much institutional change has occurred in a particular setting, we need to examine all the relevant institutional dimensions over time. Thus, the development of European space activities is considered from the beginning of European space collaboration in 1959 until 2014. This is in line with Dudley and Richardson (1999), who perceive long-term historical policy studies as the only way to understand the development of institutional change (Hörber, 2016b, p. 254). Moreover, in line with Thelen (1999, p. 400); Hall and Taylor (1996a); Conner (2010, p. iiix), the process of institutional foundation and selection can be linked to the process of institutional change. Accordingly, knowing how institutions were constructed “provides insights into how they might come apart” (Thelen, 1999, p. 400).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    This section is largely based on Krige and Russo (2000, p. 9–11).

  2. 2.

    This section is based on Krige (1992, pp. 6–9).

  3. 3.

    For a detailed discussion on the role of Britain in the development of European space activities cf. Massey (1986).

  4. 4.

    For more information on the details of this letter refer to Krige and Russo (2000, p. 15). They are not in detail relevant for the analysis.

  5. 5.

    This section is based on Madders (1997, p. 30).

  6. 6.

    This section is based on Krige (1992, pp. 2–7).

  7. 7.

    The International Geophysical Year (IGY) in 1957 was proposed by the US government with the objective to establish global cooperation in space research through special IGY events (Suzuki, 2003, pp. 40–1).

  8. 8.

    This is particularly striking as Amaldi’s previous article in L’Expansion de la Recherche Scientifique was warmly welcomed by European science figures except by the British.

  9. 9.

    For more details on these early developments and the drafting of the ESRO Convention cf. Krige (1993, p. 1).

  10. 10.

    For more information on these geographical choices, consult Krige (1993).

  11. 11.

    For a more detailed account on these developments refer to Krige (1994a, p. 2), Krige and Russo (2000).

  12. 12.

    According to Krige (1993c) there is no single or simple reason for this change. Perhaps the French always intended to join and were simply bargaining, which finally proved too difficult (Krige, 1993c, p. 16).

  13. 13.

    For more information on the difficulties Britain was facing during the Strasbourg conference, refer to Krige (1993c, p. 19ff).

  14. 14.

    For more details refer to Krige (1993, p. 28ff).

  15. 15.

    Without German support, the proposed organization would not be truly “European” cf. Madders 1997, p. 24).

  16. 16.

    The three stages of the European launcher were to be built by Britain (on the basis of Blue Streak), France (on the basis of Véronique) and Germany. The decision to do so was made on the basis of political considerations and not according to technical merit, cost or another independent criterion. While ignoring Blue Streak’s advanced stage of development, the second stage’s thrust and weight requirements became negotiable resulting in very demanding requirements places on the newcomer to rocketry—Germany—who built the third stage (Madders, 1997, p. 23).

  17. 17.

    This section is based on Suzuki (2003, pp. 58–61).

  18. 18.

    For details on the agreement refer to Suzuki (2003, p. 65).

  19. 19.

    For more information refer to Krige (1993, p. 37ff).

  20. 20.

    For further information on the history of ELDO consult De Maria (1993).

  21. 21.

    Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Ireland.

  22. 22.

    This section is largely based on Madders (1997, p. 180).

  23. 23.

    This section is largely based on Suzuki (2003, p. 185).

  24. 24.

    In 1979 the Committee on Energy and Research of the European Parliament and its Rapporteur Camillo Ripamonti issued a report entitled “Community participation in space research” cf. Hobe, Kunzmann & Reuter, 2006, p. 65.

  25. 25.

    For a detailed description about the main events affecting R&D in general from 1971 consult Madders (1997, pp. 568–9).

  26. 26.

    “Europe’s efforts remain in some respects selective: Europe holds a strong position in the areas it has targeted but it is less active and more dependent in others. Europe depends on the US for some operations in space and it has not yet embarked on the development of very heavy or recoverable launch vehicles, a factor which may restrict its autonomy of exploitation of space in the future: Europe is still neither active enough nor sufficiently well organised when it comes to exploiting the applications of space technology.” (p. 8).

  27. 27.

    i.e. Earth observation and the environment, telecommunications, research and technological development (R&TD), industrial competitiveness and the internal market, external/ international relations and commercial policy.

  28. 28.

    The subsequent European Parliaments resolution (European Parliament, 1991b) deals with the international dimension of European space research and does not touch the question of cooperation with ESA.

  29. 29.

    For further information on Europe as an actor in space and security cf. Rathgeber and Remuss (2009), Remuss (2010, 2011b).

  30. 30.

    This section is based on Suzuki (2003, p. 197).

  31. 31.

    Cf. Davara (2000).

  32. 32.

    For more information on the role of space in the CFSP cf. Rathgeber and Remuss (2009), Remuss (2010, 2011b).

  33. 33.

    The joint document has been released as an annex to the Three-Wise-Men-Report.

  34. 34.

    Further workshops were suspended given the pending outcome of the Green paper consultation process. Thus, the third workshop on human spaceflight took place on 8 September 2003. Cf. Madders and Wouters, (2004).

  35. 35.

    i.e. industry, science, commercial applications, government etc.

  36. 36.

    “As a key component of the European space policy, ESA must eventually acquire legitimacy in the EU framework.” Cf. Commission of the European Communities, 2003, p. 36.

  37. 37.

    According to the White Paper the implementation “of a European Space Policy would come in two phases: the first (2004–2007) will consist of implementing the activities covered by the recently agreed FA between the European Community and ESA; and the second (2007 onwards) will start after the coming into force of the European Constitutional Treaty”.

  38. 38.

    For further information on Europe as an actor in space and security cf. Rathgeber and Remuss (2009), Remuss (2010, 2011b).

  39. 39.

    i.e. the ESA–EC JTF and the Joint Space Strategy Advisory Group) with the introduction of the Space Council.

  40. 40.

    For more information on the use of space applications in maritime surveillance cf. Remuss (2010b, c, 2011c, d, 2014).

  41. 41.

    This was a necessary step in order to make it a binding policy for the Member States. (cf. Mazurelle, Wouters, & Thiebaut, 2009, pp. 18–9).

  42. 42.

    The resolution was jointly drafted by the European Commission and ESA’s Director General, Jean-Jacques Dordain and was adopted by the “Space Council”.

  43. 43.

    i.e. ESA: development agency, EU: user needs and political will.

  44. 44.

    For more information on Europe and space exploration cf. Landfester, Worms, Remuss and Schrogl (2010).

  45. 45.

    This section is based on the following information documents ESA (2008c), European Commission (2009).

  46. 46.

    This section is based on Wörner (2013).

  47. 47.

    i.e. the High Level Space Policy Group and Space Policy Expert Group.

  48. 48.

    For further information on Europe as an actor in space and security cf. Rathgeber and Remuss (2009), Remuss (2010, 2011b).

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Remuss, NL. (2018). Empirical Study: The Development of Space Policy in Europe. In: Theorising Institutional Change: The Impact of the European Integration Process on the Development of Space Activities in Europe. Springer Theses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95978-8_3

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