Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Movement Disorders with Dementia in Older Adults

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook on the Neuropsychology of Aging and Dementia

Part of the book series: Clinical Handbooks in Neuropsychology ((CHNEURO))

  • 5292 Accesses

Abstract

Dementias associated with movement disorders are the second most common form of dementia in old age after Alzheimer’s disease. This chapter outlines the key neurological, neuropathological, neuroimaging, and neuropsychological features of two synucleinopathies (Parkinson’s disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies) and two tauopathies (corticobasal syndrome and progressive supranuclear palsy). Neuropsychological evaluation of patients with movement disorders can be challenging, and some common pitfalls and suggestions for avoiding them are presented. Particular attention is paid to the type of information that must be elicited from medical records and the interview to plan an effective evaluation. Recommended instruments for the assessment and screening of cognition and psychiatric conditions, such as apathy and depression, are identified, and some compensatory techniques are described. A case study is presented to illustrate the application of such instruments in the clinical setting.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Tröster AI. Neuropsychological characteristics of dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease with dementia: differentiation, early detection, and implications for “mild cognitive impairment” and biomarkers. Neuropsychol Rev. 2008;18(1):103–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Kowal SL, Dall TM, Chakrabarti R, Storm MV, Jain A. The current and projected economic burden of Parkinson’s disease in the United States. Mov Disord. 2013;28(3):311–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Pringsheim T, Jette N, Frolkis A, Steeves TD. The prevalence of Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord. 2014;29(13):1583–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Perez F, Helmer C, Dartigues JF, Auriacombe S, Tison F. A 15-year population-based cohort study of the incidence of Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies in an elderly French cohort. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010;81(7):742–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Aarsland D, Zaccai J, Brayne C. A systematic review of prevalence studies of dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2005;20(10):1255–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Biggins CA, Boyd JL, Harrop FM, Madeley P, Mindham RH, Randall JI, et al. A controlled, longitudinal study of dementia in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992;55(7):566–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Marder K, Tang MX, Cote L, Stern Y, Mayeux R. The frequency and associated risk factors for dementia in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Arch Neurol. 1995;52(7):695–701.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Mayeux R, Chen J, Mirabello E, Marder K, Bell K, Dooneief G, et al. An estimate of the incidence of dementia in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 1990;40(10):1513–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Hogan DB, Fiest KM, Roberts JI, Maxwell CJ, Dykeman J, Pringsheim T, et al. The prevalence and incidence of dementia with Lewy bodies: a systematic review. Can J Neurol Sci. 2016;43(S1):S83–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Miech RA, Breitner JC, Zandi PP, Khachaturian AS, Anthony JC, Mayer L. Incidence of AD may decline in the early 90s for men, later for women: The Cache County study. Neurology. 2002;58(2):209–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Boot B. Letter to the Editor The incidence and prevalence of dementia with Lewy bodies is underestimated. Psychol Med. 2013;43(12):2687–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Jones SV, O’brien JT. The prevalence and incidence of dementia with Lewy bodies: a systematic review of population and clinical studies. Psychol Med. 2014;44(4):673–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Togasaki DM, Tanner CM. Epidemiologic aspects. Adv Neurol. 1999;82:53–9.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Morimatsu M. Diseases other than Parkinson’s disease presenting with parkinsonism. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. 2004;41(6):589–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Osaki Y, Morita Y, Kuwahara T, Miyano I, Doi Y. Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease and atypical parkinsonian syndromes in a rural Japanese district. Acta Neurol Scand. 2010;124:182–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Golbe LI. The epidemiology of PSP. In: Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: Diagnosis, Pathology, and Therapy. Vienna: Springer; 1994. p. 263–73.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  17. Schrag A, Ben-Shlomo Y, Quinn NP. Prevalence of progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy: a cross-sectional study. Lancet. 1999;354(9192):1771–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Winter Y, Bezdolnyy Y, Katunina E, Avakjan G, Reese JP, Klotsche J, et al. Incidence of Parkinson’s disease and atypical parkinsonism: Russian population-based study. Mov Disord. 2010;25(3):349–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Rinne JO, Lee MS, Thompson PD, Marsden CD. Corticobasal degeneration. A clinical study of 36 cases. Brain. 1994;117(Pt 5):1183–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Grimes DA, Lang AE, Bergeron CB. Dementia as the most common presentation of cortical-basal ganglionic degeneration. Neurology. 1999;53(9):1969–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Ludolph AC, Kassubek J, Landwehrmeyer BG, Mandelkow E, Mandelkow EM, Burn DJ, et al. Tauopathies with parkinsonism: clinical spectrum, neuropathologic basis, biological markers, and treatment options. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16(3):297–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Nath U, Ben-Shlomo Y, Thomson RG, Morris HR, Wood NW, Lees AJ, et al. The prevalence of progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome) in the UK. Brain. 2001a;124(Pt 7):1438–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Coyle-Gilchrist IT, Dick KM, Patterson K, Rodríquez PV, Wehmann E, Wilcox A, et al. Prevalence, characteristics, and survival of frontotemporal lobar degeneration syndromes. Neurology. 2016;86(18):1736–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Caslake R, Taylor K, Scott N, Harris C, Gordon J, Wilde K, et al. Age-, and gender-specific incidence of vascular parkinsonism, progressive supranuclear palsy, and parkinsonian-type multiple system atrophy in North East Scotland: the PINE study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20(8):834–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Bower JH, Maraganore DM, McDonnell SK, Rocca WA. Incidence of progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976 to 1990. Neurology. 1997;49(5):1284–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Brown RG, Lacomblez L, Landwehrmeyer BG, Bak T, Uttner I, Dubois B, et al. Cognitive impairment in patients with multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy. Brain. 2010;133(Pt 8):2382–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Emre M, Aarsland D, Brown R, Burn DJ, Duyckaerts C, Mizuno Y, et al. Clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2007;22(12):1689–707.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. IG MCK, Boeve BF, Dickson DW, Halliday G, Taylor JP, Weintraub D, et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: Fourth consensus report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology. 2017;89:88–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Hughes AJ, Ben-Shlomo Y, Daniel SE, Lees AJ. What features improve the accuracy of clinical diagnosis in Parkinson’s disease: a clinicopathologic study. Neurology. 1992;42(6):1142–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Noe E, Marder K, Bell KL, Jacobs DM, Manly JJ, Stern Y. Comparison of dementia with Lewy bodies to Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease with dementia. Mov Disord. 2004;19(1):60–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Caballol N, Marti MJ, Tolosa E. Cognitive dysfunction and dementia in Parkinson disease. Mov Disord. 2007;22(Suppl 17):S358–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Lang AE. Corticobasal degeneration: selected developments. Mov Disord. 2003;18(Suppl 6):S51–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Armstrong MJ, Litvan I, Lang AE, Bak TH, Bhatia KP, Borroni B, et al. Criteria for the diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration. Neurology. 2013;80(5):496–503.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Mahapatra RK, Edwards MJ, Schott JM, Bhatia KP. Corticobasal degeneration. Lancet Neurol. 2004;3(12):736–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Respondek G, Kurz C, Arzberger T, Compta Y, Englund E, Ferguson LW, et al. Which ante mortem clinical features predict progressive supranuclear palsy pathology? Mov Disord. 2017;32:995–1005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Burn DJ, Lees AJ. Progressive supranuclear palsy: where are we now? Lancet Neurol. 2002;1(6):359–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Jankovic J, Friedman DI, Pirozzolo FJ, McCrary JA. Progressive supranuclear palsy: motor, neurobehavioral, and neuro-ophthalmic findings. Adv Neurol. 1990;53:293–304.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Williams DR, de Silva R, Paviour DC, Pittman A, Watt HC, Kilford L, et al. Characteristics of two distinct clinical phenotypes in pathologically proven progressive supranuclear palsy: Richardson’s syndrome and PSP-parkinsonism. Brain. 2005;128(Pt 6):1247–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. O’Sullivan SS, Massey LA, Williams DR, Silveira-Moriyama L, Kempster PA, Holton JL, et al. Clinical outcomes of progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy. Brain. 2008a;131(Pt 5):1362–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Höglinger GU, Respondek G, Stamelou M, Kurz C, Josephs KA, Lang AE, et al. Clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy: The Movement Disorder Society criteria. Mov Disord. 2017;32:853–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Braak H, Tredici KD, Rüb U, de Vos RA, Jansen Steur EN, Braak E. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2003;24(2):197–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Halliday GM, McCann H. The progression of pathology in Parkinson’s disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1184:188–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Ballard C, Ziabreva I, Perry R, Larsen JP, O’Brien J, McKeith I, et al. Differences in neuropathologic characteristics across the Lewy body dementia spectrum. Neurology. 2006;67(11):1931–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Olanow CW, Prusiner SB. Is Parkinson’s disease a prion disorder? Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2009;106(31):12571–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Desplats P, Lee HJ, Bae EJ, Patrick C, Rockenstein E, Crews L, et al. Inclusion formation and neuronal cell death through neuron-to-neuron transmission of α-synuclein. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2009;106(31):13010–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Ibarretxe-Bilbao N, Tolosa E, Junque C, Marti MJ. MRI and cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2009;24(Suppl 2):S748–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Beyer MK, Larsen JP, Aarsland D. Gray matter atrophy in Parkinson disease with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology. 2007;69(8):747–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Lee JE, Park B, Song SK, Sohn YH, Park HJ, Lee PH. A comparison of gray and white matter density in patients with Parkinson’s disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies using voxel-based morphometry. Mov Disord. 2010a;25(1):28–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Borroni B, Premi E, Formenti A, Turrone R, Alberici A, Cottini E, et al. Structural and functional imaging study in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease dementia. Parkinsonism Relad Disord. 2015;21(9):1049–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Sanchez-Castaneda C, Rene R, Ramirez-Ruiz B, Campdelacreu J, Gascon J, Falcon C, et al. Correlations between gray matter reductions and cognitive deficits in dementia with Lewy Bodies and Parkinson’s disease with dementia. Mov Disord. 2009;24(12):1740–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Lee JE, Park HJ, Park B, Song SK, Sohn YH, Lee JD, et al. A comparative analysis of cognitive profiles and white-matter alterations using voxel-based diffusion tensor imaging between patients with Parkinson’s disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010b;81(3):320–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Edison P, Rowe CC, Rinne JO, Ng S, Ahmed I, Kemppainen N, et al. Amyloid load in Parkinson’s disease dementia and Lewy body dementia measured with [11C]PIB positron emission tomography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79(12):1331–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Gomperts SN, Rentz DM, Moran E, Becker JA, Locascio JJ, Klunk WE, et al. Imaging amyloid deposition in Lewy body diseases. Neurology. 2008;71(12):903–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Petrou M, Dwamena BA, Foerster BR, MacEachern MP, Bohnen NI, Müller ML, et al. Amyloid deposition in Parkinson’s disease and cognitive impairment: a systematic review. Mov Disord. 2015;30(7):928–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Maetzler W, Liepelt I, Reimold M, Reischl G, Solbach C, Becker C, et al. Cortical PIB binding in Lewy body disease is associated with Alzheimer-like characteristics. Neurobiol Dis. 2009;34(1):107–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Bohnen NI, Kaufer DI, Hendrickson R, Constantine GM, Mathis CA, Moore RY. Cortical cholinergic denervation is associated with depressive symptoms in Parkinson’s disease and parkinsonian dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(6):641–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Bohnen NI, Kaufer DI, Hendrickson R, Ivanco LS, Lopresti BJ, Constantine GM, et al. Cognitive correlates of cortical cholinergic denervation in Parkinson’s disease and parkinsonian dementia. J Neurol. 2006;253(2):242–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Klein JC, Eggers C, Kalbe E, Weisenbach S, Hohmann C, Vollmar S, et al. Neurotransmitter changes in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson disease dementia in vivo. Neurology. 2010;74(11):885–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Shimada H, Hirano S, Shinotoh H, Aotsuka A, Sato K, Tanaka N, et al. Mapping of brain acetylcholinesterase alterations in Lewy body disease by PET. Neurology. 2009;73(4):273–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Colloby SJ, McKeith IG, Burn DJ, Wyper DJ, O’Brien JT, Taylor JP. Cholinergic and perfusion brain networks in Parkinson disease dementia. Neurology. 2016;87(2):178–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Vernon AC, Ballard C, Modo M. Neuroimaging for Lewy body disease: is the in vivo molecular imaging of alpha-synuclein neuropathology required and feasible? Brain Res Rev. 2010;65(1):28–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Teune LK, Bartels AL, de Jong BM, Willemsen AT, Eshuis SA, de Vries JJ, et al. Typical cerebral metabolic patterns in neurodegenerative brain diseases. Mov Disord. 2010;25(14):2395–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Firbank MJ, Colloby SJ, Burn DJ, McKeith IG, O’brien JT. Regional cerebral blood flow in Parkinson’s disease with and without dementia. Neuroimage. 2003;20(2):1309–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Kamagata K, Motoi Y, Hori M, Suzuki M, Nakanishi A, Shimoji K, et al. Posterior hypoperfusion in Parkinson’s disease with and without dementia measured with arterial spin labeling MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2011;33(4):803–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Seppi K, Poewe W. Brain magnetic resonance imaging techniques in the diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2010;20(1):29–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Groschel K, Hauser TK, Luft A, Patronas N, Dichgans J, Litvan I, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-based volumetry differentiates progressive supranuclear palsy from corticobasal degeneration. Neuroimage. 2004;21(2):714–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Albrecht F, Bisenius S, Schaack RM, Neumann J, Schroeter ML. Disentangling the neural correlates of corticobasal syndrome and corticobasal degeneration with systematic and quantitative ALE meta-analyses. NPJ Parkinson’s Dis. 2017;3(1):12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Erbetta A, Mandelli ML, Savoiardo M, Grisoli M, Bizzi A, Soliveri P, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging shows different topographic involvement of the thalamus in progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration. Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(8):1482–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Tatsch K. Extrapyramidal syndromes: PET and SPECT. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2010;20(1):57–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Niethammer M, Tang CC, Feigin A, Allen PJ, Heinen L, Hellwig S, et al. A disease-specific metabolic brain network associated with corticobasal degeneration. Brain. 2014;137(11):3036–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Hirano S, Shinotoh H, Shimada H, Aotsuka A, Tanaka N, Ota T, et al. Cholinergic imaging in corticobasal syndrome, progressive supranuclear palsy and frontotemporal dementia. Brain. 2010;133(Pt 7):2058–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Owens E, Krecke K, Ahlskog JE, Fealey R, Hassan A, Josephs KA, et al. Highly specific radiographic marker predates clinical diagnosis in progressive supranuclear palsy. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016;28:107–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Cordato NJ, Pantelis C, Halliday GM, Velakoulis D, Wood SJ, Stuart GW, et al. Frontal atrophy correlates with behavioural changes in progressive supranuclear palsy. Brain. 2002;125(Pt 4):789–800.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Paviour DC, Price SL, Jahanshahi M, Lees AJ, Fox NC. Longitudinal MRI in progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy: rates and regions of atrophy. Brain. 2006;129(Pt 4):1040–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Eckert T, Barnes A, Dhawan V, Frucht S, Gordon MF, Feigin AS, et al. FDG PET in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonian disorders. Neuroimage. 2005;26(3):912–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Ishiki A, Harada R, Okamura N, Tomita N, Rowe CC, Villemagne VL, et al. Tau imaging with [18F] THK-5351 in progressive supranuclear palsy. Eur J Neurol. 2017;24(1):130–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Cho H, Choi JY, Hwang MS, Lee SH, Ryu YH, Lee MS, Lyoo CH. Subcortical 18F-AV-1451 binding patterns in progressive supranuclear palsy. Mov Disord. 2017;32(1):134–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Villemagne VL, Fodero-Tavoletti MT, Masters CL, Rowe CC. Tau imaging: early progress and future directions. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(1):114–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Metzler-Baddeley C. A review of cognitive impairments in dementia with Lewy bodies relative to Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease with dementia. Cortex. 2007;43(5):583–600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Possin KL, Filoteo JV, Song DD, Salmon DP. Spatial and object working memory deficits in Parkinson’s disease are due to impairment in different underlying processes. Neuropsychology. 2008;22(5):585–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Mondon K, Gochard A, Marque A, Armand A, Beauchamp D, Prunier C, et al. Visual recognition memory differentiates dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(7):738–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Petrova M, Mehrabian-Spasova S, Aarsland D, Raycheva M, Traykov L. Clinical and neuropsychological differences between mild Parkinson’s disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2015;5(2):212–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Culbertson WC, Moberg PJ, Duda JE, Stern MB, Weintraub D. Assessing the executive function deficits of patients with Parkinson’s disease: utility of the Tower of London-Drexel. Assessment. 2004;11(1):27–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Aarsland D, Litvan I, Salmon D, Galasko D, Wentzel-Larsen T, Larsen JP. Performance on the dementia rating scale in Parkinson’s disease with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies: comparison with progressive supranuclear palsy and Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003a;74(9):1215–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Downes JJ, Priestley NM, Doran M, Ferran J, Ghadiali E, Cooper P. Intellectual, mnemonic, and frontal functions in dementia with Lewy bodies: a comparison with early and advanced Parkinson’s disease. Behavioural Neurol. 1999;11(3):173–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Ferman TJ, Smith GE, Boeve BF, Graff-Radford NR, Lucas JA, Knopman DS, et al. Neuropsychological differentiation of dementia with Lewy bodies from normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Neuropsychol. 2006;20(4):623–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Grossman M, Carvell S, Stern MB, Gollomp S, Hurtig HI. Sentence comprehension in Parkinson’s disease: the role of attention and memory. Brain Lang. 1992;42(4):347–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Breen EK. Recall and recognition memory in Parkinson’s disease. Cortex. 1993;29(1):91–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Bronnick K, Alves G, Aarsland D, Tysnes OB, Larsen JP. Verbal memory in drug-naive, newly diagnosed Parkinson’s disease. The retrieval deficit hypothesis revisited. Neuropsychology. 2011;25(1):114–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Filoteo JV, Rilling LM, Cole B, Williams BJ, Davis JD, Roberts JW. Variable memory profiles in Parkinson’s disease. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1997;19(6):878–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Berger HJ, van Es NJ, van Spaendonck KP, Teunisse JP, Horstink MW, van ‘t Hof MA, et al. Relationship between memory strategies and motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1999;21(5):677–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Massman PJ, Delis DC, Butters N, Levin BE, Salmon DP. Are all subcortical dementias alike? Verbal learning and memory in Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease patients. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1990;12(5):729–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Filoteo JV, Salmon DP, Schiehser DM, Kane AE, Hamilton JM, Rilling LM, et al. Verbal learning and memory in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies or Parkinson’s disease with dementia. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2009;31(7):823–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Huber SJ, Shuttleworth EC, Paulson GW. Dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Arch Neurol. 1986;43(10):987–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Leplow B, Dierks C, Herrmann P, Pieper N, Annecke R, Ulm G. Remote memory in Parkinson’s disease and senile dementia. Neuropsychologia. 1997;35(4):547–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Cormack F, Aarsland D, Ballard C, Tovee MJ. Pentagon drawing and neuropsychological performance in Dementia with Lewy Bodies, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and Parkinson’s disease with dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004;19(4):371–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Mosimann UP, Mather G, Wesnes KA, O’Brien JT, Burn DJ, McKeith IG. Visual perception in Parkinson disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology. 2004;63(11):2091–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Pub; 2013.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  99. Weintraub D, Moberg PJ, Duda JE, Katz IR, Stern MB. Recognition and treatment of depression in Parkinson’s disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2003;16(3):178–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Shulman LM, Taback RL, Rabinstein AA, Weiner WJ. Non-recognition of depression and other non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2002;8:193–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Aarsland D, Ballard C, Larsen JP, McKeith I. A comparative study of psychiatric symptoms in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease with and without dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001a;16(5):528–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Slaughter JR, Slaughter KA, Nichols D, Holmes SE, Martens MP. Prevalence, clinical manifestations, etiology, and treatment of depression in Parkinson’s disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2001;13(2):187–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. McDonald WM, Richard IH, DeLong MR. Prevalence, etiology, and treatment of depression in Parkinson’s disease. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54(3):363–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Schiffer RB, Kurlan R, Rubin A, Boer S. Evidence for atypical depression in Parkinson’s disease. A J Psychiatry. 1988;145(8):1020–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Walsh K, Bennett G. Parkinson’s disease and anxiety. Postgrad Med J. 2001;77(904):89–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Stein MB, Heuser IJ, Juncos JL, Uhde TW. Anxiety disorders in patients with Parkinson’s disease. A. J Psychiatry. 1990;147(2):217–20.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Vazquez A, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Garcia-Ruiz P, Garcia-Urra D. “Panic attacks” in Parkinson’s disease. A long-term complication of levodopa therapy. Acta Neurologica Scandanavica. 1993;87(1):14–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Borroni B, Agosti C, Padovani A. Behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia with Lewy-bodies (DLB): frequency and relationship with disease severity and motor impairment. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2008;46(1):101–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. Weintraub D, Koester J, Potenza MN, Siderowf AD, Stacy M, Voon V, et al. Impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease: a cross-sectional study of 3090 patients. Archives of neurology. 2010;67(5):589–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Mimura M, White RF, Albert ML. Corticobasal degeneration: neuropsychological and clinical correlates. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1997;9(1):94–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Murray R, Neumann M, Forman MS, Farmer J, Massimo L, Rice A, et al. Cognitive and motor assessment in autopsy-proven corticobasal degeneration. Neurology. 2007;68(16):1274–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. Pillon B, Blin J, Vidailhet M, Deweer B, Sirigu A, Dubois B, et al. The neuropsychological pattern of corticobasal degeneration: comparison with progressive supranuclear palsy and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology. 1995a;45(8):1477–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. Pillon B, Gouider-Khouja N, Deweer B, Vidailhet M, Malapani C, Dubois B, et al. Neuropsychological pattern of striatonigral degeneration: comparison with Parkinson’s disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995b;58(2):174–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Soliveri P, Monza D, Paridi D, Radice D, Grisoli M, Testa D, et al. Cognitive and magnetic resonance imaging aspects of corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology. 1999;53(3):502–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Frasson E, Moretto G, Beltramello A, Smania N, Pampanin M, Stegagno C, et al. Neuropsychological and neuroimaging correlates in corticobasal degeneration. Ital J Neurol Sci. 1998;19(5):321–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Beatty WW, Scott JG, Wilson DA, Prince JR, Williamson DJ. Memory deficits in a demented patient with probable corticobasal degeneration. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1995;8(2):132–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Huey ED, Goveia EN, Paviol S, Pardini M, Krueger F, Zamboni G, et al. Executive dysfunction in frontotemporal dementia and corticobasal syndrome. Neurology. 2009a;72(5):453–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Kertesz A, McMonagle P. Behavior and cognition in corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neurol Sci. 2010;289(1–2):138–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. Graham NL, Bak TH, Hodges JR. Corticobasal degeneration as a cognitive disorder. Mov Disord. 2003a;18(11):1224–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. Graham NL, Bak T, Patterson K, Hodges JR. Language function and dysfunction in corticobasal degeneration. Neurology. 2003b;61(4):493–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. Hohler AD, Ransom BR, Chun MR, Tröster AI, Samii A. The youngest reported case of corticobasal degeneration. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2003;10:47–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  122. Massman PJ, Kreiter KT, Jankovic J, Doody RS. Neuropsychological functioning in cortical-basal ganglionic degeneration: Differentiation from Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology. 1996;46(3):720–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Leiguarda R, Lees AJ, Merello M, Starkstein S, Marsden CD. The nature of apraxia in corticobasal degeneration. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994;57(4):455–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Pharr V, Uttl B, Stark M, Litvan I, Fantie B, Grafman J. Comparison of apraxia in corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology. 2001;56(7):957–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. Soliveri P, Piacentini S, Girotti F. Limb apraxia in corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology. 2005;64(3):448–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. Litvan I, Cummings JL, Mega M. Neuropsychiatric features of corticobasal degeneration. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;65(5):717–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. Srulijes K, Mallien G, Bauer S, Dietzel E, Groger A, Ebersbach G, et al. In vivo comparison of Richardson’s syndrome and progressive supranuclear palsy-parkinsonism. J Neural Transm. 2011;118:1191–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Rafal RD, Posner MI, Friedman JH, Inhoff AW, Bernstein E. Orienting of visual attention in progressive supranuclear palsy. Brain. 1988;111(Pt 2):267–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. Grafman J, Litvan I, Stark M. Neuropsychological features of progressive supranuclear palsy. Brain Cogn. 1995;28(3):311–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  130. Albert ML, Feldman RG, Willis AL. The ‘subcortical dementia’ of progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1974;37(2):121–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  131. Josephs KA, Whitwell JL, Eggers SD, Senjem ML, Jack CR Jr. Gray matter correlates of behavioral severity in progressive supranuclear palsy. Mov Disord. 2011;26:493–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. Monza D, Soliveri P, Radice D, Fetoni V, Testa D, Caffarra P, et al. Cognitive dysfunction and impaired organization of complex motility in degenerative parkinsonian syndromes. Arch Neurol. 1998;55(3):372–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. Millar D, Griffiths P, Zermansky AJ, Burn DJ. Characterizing behavioral and cognitive dysexecutive changes in progressive supranuclear palsy. Mov Disord. 2006;21(2):199–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  134. Soliveri P, Monza D, Paridi D, Carella F, Genitrini S, Testa D, et al. Neuropsychological follow up in patients with Parkinson’s disease, striatonigral degeneration-type multisystem atrophy, and progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;69(3):313–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  135. Kaat LD, Boon AJ, Kamphorst W, Ravid R, Duivenvoorden HJ, van Swieten JC. Frontal presentation in progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology. 2007;69(8):723–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  136. Dubois B, Slachevsky A, Pillon B, Beato R, Villalponda JM, Litvan I. “Applause sign” helps to discriminate PSP from FTD and PD. Neurology. 2005;64(12):2132–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  137. Cordato NJ, Halliday GM, Caine D, Morris JG. Comparison of motor, cognitive, and behavioral features in progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2006;21(5):632–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. Rosser A, Hodges JR. Initial letter and semantic category fluency in Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994;57(11):1389–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  139. Piatt AL, Fields JA, Paolo AM, Koller WC, Tröster AI. Lexical, semantic, and action verbal fluency in Parkinson’s disease with and without dementia. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1999;21(4):435–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. Cotelli M, Borroni B, Manenti R, Alberici A, Calabria M, Agosti C, et al. Action and object naming in frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration. Neuropsychology. 2006;20(5):558–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. Podoll K, Schwarz M, Noth J. Language functions in progressive supranuclear palsy. Brain. 1991;114(Pt 3):1457–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. Huey ED, Pardini M, Cavanagh A, Wassermann EM, Kapogiannis D, Spina S, et al. Association of ideomotor apraxia with frontal gray matter volume loss in corticobasal syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2009b;66(10):1274–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. Rohrer JD, Paviour D, Bronstein AM, O’Sullivan SS, Lees A, Warren JD. Progressive supranuclear palsy syndrome presenting as progressive nonfluent aphasia: a neuropsychological and neuroimaging analysis. Mov Disord. 2010;25(2):179–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  144. Boeve B, Dickson D, Duffy J, Bartleson J, Trenerry M, Petersen R. Progressive nonfluent aphasia and subsequent aphasic dementia associated with atypical progressive supranuclear palsy pathology. Eur Neurol. 2003;49(2):72–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  145. Mochizuki A, Ueda Y, Komatsuzaki Y, Tsuchiya K, Arai T, Shoji S. Progressive supranuclear palsy presenting with primary progressive aphasia–clinicopathological report of an autopsy case. Acta Neuropathologica (Berlin). 2003;105(6):610–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  146. Pillon B, Dubois B, Ploska A, Agid Y. Severity and specificity of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, and Parkinson’s diseases and progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology. 1991;41(5):634–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  147. Zarei M, Pouretemad HR, Bak T, Hodges JR. Autobiographical memory in progressive supranuclear palsy. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17(2):238–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  148. Bak TH, Caine D, Hearn VC, Hodges JR. Visuospatial functions in atypical parkinsonian syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77(4):454–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  149. Joel D. Open interconnected model of basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuitry and its relevance to the clinical syndrome of Huntington’s disease. Mov Disord. 2001;16(3):407–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  150. Litvan I, Mega MS, Cummings JL, Fairbanks L. Neuropsychiatric aspects of progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology. 1996;47(5):1184–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  151. Aarsland D, Litvan I, Larsen JP. Neuropsychiatric symptoms of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson’s disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2001b;13(1):42–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  152. O’Keeffe FM, Murray B, Coen RF, Dockree PM, Bellgrove MA, Garavan H, et al. Loss of insight in frontotemporal dementia, corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy. Brain. 2007;130(Pt 3):753–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  153. Tröster AI, Fields JA. Parkinson’s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, and related disorders of the frontostriatal system. In: Morgan JE, Ricker JH, editors. Textbook of clinical neuropsychology. New York: Psychology; 2008. p. 536–77.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Brown RG, MacCarthy B, Jahanshahi M, Marsden CD. Accuracy of self-reported disability in patients with parkinsonism. Arch Neurol. 1989;46(9):955–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  155. Sitek EJ, Soltan W, Wieczorek D, Robowski P, Slawek J. Self-awareness of memory function in Parkinson’s disease in relation to mood and symptom severity. Aging Ment Health. 2011;15:150–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  156. Naismith SL, Pereira M, Shine JM, Lewis SJ. How well do caregivers detect mild cognitive change in Parkinson’s disease? Mov Disord. 2011;26(1):161–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  157. Bak TH, Rogers TT, Crawford LM, Hearn VC, Mathuranath PS, Hodges JR. Cognitive bedside assessment in atypical parkinsonian syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76(3):420–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  158. Kulisevsky J, Pagonabarraga J. Cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: tools for diagnosis and assessment. Mov Disord. 2009;24(8):1103–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  159. Chou KL, Amick MM, Brandt J, Camicioli R, Frei K, Gitelman D, et al. A recommended scale for cognitive screening in clinical trials of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2010;25(15):2501–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  160. Miyasaki JM, Shannon K, Voon V, Ravina B, Kleiner-Fisman G, Anderson K, et al. Practice Parameter: evaluation and treatment of depression, psychosis, and dementia in Parkinson disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2006;66(7):996–1002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  161. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-mental state. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12(3):189–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  162. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, Fanjiang G. Mini-Mental State Examination clinical guide. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Mattis S. Dementia Rating Scale-2. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Mattis S. Dementia Rating Scale. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bedirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(4):695–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  166. Jefferson AL, Cosentino SA, Ball SK, Bogdanoff B, Leopold N, Kaplan E, et al. Errors produced on the Mini-Mental State Examination and neuropsychological test performance in Alzheimer’s disease, ischemic vascular dementia, and Parkinson’s disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002;14(3):311–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  167. Janvin C, Aarsland D, Larsen JP, Hugdahl K. Neuropsychological profile of patients with Parkinson’s disease without dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2003;15(3):126–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  168. Hoops S, Nazem S, Siderowf AD, Duda JE, Xie SX, Stern MB, et al. Validity of the MoCA and MMSE in the detection of MCI and dementia in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2009;73(21):1738–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  169. Hobson P, Meara J. The detection of dementia and cognitive impairment in a community population of elderly people with Parkinson’s disease by use of the CAMCOG neuropsychological test. Age Ageing. 1999;28(1):39–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  170. Aarsland D, Andersen K, Larsen JP, Perry R, Wentzel-Larsen T, Lolk A, et al. The rate of cognitive decline in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2004;61(12):1906–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  171. Paolo AM, Tröster AI, Glatt SL, Hubble JP, Koller WC. Differentiation of the dementias of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease with the Dementia Rating Scale. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1995;8(3):184–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  172. Brown GG, Rahill AA, Gorell JM, McDonald C, Brown SJ, Sillanpaa M, et al. Validity of the Dementia Rating Scale in assessing cognitive function in Parkinson’s disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1999;12(4):180–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  173. Zadikoff C, Fox SH, Tang-Wai DF, Thomsen T, de Bie R, Wadia P, et al. A comparison of the mini mental state exam to the Montreal cognitive assessment in identifying cognitive deficits in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2008;23(2):297–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  174. Dalrymple-Alford JC, MacAskill MR, Nakas CT, Livingston L, Graham C, Crucian GP, et al. The MoCA well-suited screen for cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2010;75(19):1717–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  175. Wang CSM, Pai MC, Chen PL, Hou NT, Chien PF, Huang YC. Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-Mental State Examination performance in patients with mild-to-moderate dementia with Lewy bodies, Alzheimer’s disease, and normal participants in Taiwan. Int Psychogeriatr. 2013;25(11):1839–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  176. Fiorenzato E, Weis L, Falup-Pecurariu C, Diaconu S, Siri C, Reali E, et al. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) performance in progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy. J Neural Transm. 2016;123(12):1435–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  177. Athey RJ, Porter RW, Walker RW. Cognitive assessment of a representative community population with Parkinson’s disease (PD) using the Cambridge Cognitive Assessment-Revised (CAMCOG-R). Age Ageing. 2005;34(3):268–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  178. Rothlind JC, Brandt J. A brief assessment of frontal and subcortical functions in dementia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1993;5(1):73–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  179. Dubois B, Slachevsky A, Litvan I, Pillon B. The FAB: a Frontal Assessment Battery at bedside. Neurology. 2000;55(11):1621–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  180. Mahieux F, Michelet D, Manifacier M-J, Boller F, Fermanian J, Guillard A. Mini-Mental Parkinson: first validation study of a new bedside test constructed for Parkinson’s disease. Behav Neurol. 1995;8:15–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  181. Marinus J, Visser M, Verwey NA, Verhey FR, Middelkoop HA, Stiggelbout AM, et al. Assessment of cognition in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 2003;61(9):1222–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  182. Kalbe E, Calabrese P, Kohn N, Hilker R, Riedel O, Wittchen HU, et al. Screening for cognitive deficits in Parkinson’s disease with the Parkinson neuropsychometric dementia assessment (PANDA) instrument. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2008;14(2):93–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  183. Pagonabarraga J, Kulisevsky J, Llebaria G, Garcia-Sanchez C, Pascual-Sedano B, Gironell A. Parkinson’s disease-cognitive rating scale: a new cognitive scale specific for Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2008a;23(7):998–1005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  184. Kulisevsky J, de Bobadilla RF, Pagonabarraga J, Martínez-Horta S, Campolongo A, García-Sánchez C, et al. Measuring functional impact of cognitive impairment: validation of the Parkinson’s disease cognitive functional rating scale. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2013a;19(9):812–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  185. Broen MP, Narayen NE, Kuijf ML, Dissanayaka NN, Leentjens AF. Prevalence of anxiety in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord. 2016;31(8):1125–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  186. Higginson CI, Fields JA, Koller WC, Tröster AI. Questionnaire assessment potentially overestimates anxiety in Parkinson’s disease. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2001;8(2):95–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  187. Marras C, Tröster AI, Kulisevsky J, Stebbins GT. The tools of the trade: a state of the art “How to Assess Cognition” in the patient with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2014;29(5):584–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  188. Pagonabarraga J, Kulisevsky J, Llebaria G, García-Sánchez C, Pascual-Sedano B, Gironell A. Parkinson’s disease-cognitive rating scale: A new cognitive scale specific for Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2008b;23(7):998–1005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  189. Weintraub D, Shea JA, Rubright JD, Karlawish J, Rick J, Gross RG, et al. Psychometric properties of the brief Penn Daily Activities Questionnaire (PDAQ) for Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2013;28:114.

    Google Scholar 

  190. Tröster AI, Williams RC. Progressive supranuclear palsy. In: Morgan JE, Baron IS, Ricker JH, editors. Casebook of clinical neuropsychology. New York: Oxford University; 2011. p. 596–605.

    Google Scholar 

  191. Lucas JA. A case of corticobasal syndrome. In: Morgan JE, Baron IS, Ricker JH, editors. Casebook of clinical neuropsychology. New York: Oxford University; 2011. p. 559–66.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Ferman TJ. Clinical and neuropathologic presentation of dementia with Lewy bodies. In: Morgan JE, Baron IS, Ricker JH, editors. Casebook of clinical neuropsychology. New York: Oxford University; 2011. p. 550–8.

    Google Scholar 

  193. Tröster AI, Woods SP. Neuropsychological aspects. In: Pahwa R, Lyons KE, editors. Handbook of Parkinson’s disease. 4th ed. New York: Informa; 2007. p. 109–31.

    Google Scholar 

  194. Schrag A, Barone P, Brown RG, Leentjens AF, McDonald WM, Starkstein S, et al. Depression rating scales in Parkinson’s disease: critique and recommendations. Mov Disord. 2007;22(8):1077–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  195. Leentjens AF, Dujardin K, Marsh L, Martinez-Martin P, Richard IH, Starkstein SE, et al. Anxiety rating scales in Parkinson’s disease: critique and recommendations. Mov Disord. 2008a;23(14):2015–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  196. Leentjens AF, Dujardin K, Marsh L, Martinez-Martin P, Richard IH, Starkstein SE, et al. Apathy and anhedonia rating scales in Parkinson’s disease: critique and recommendations. Mov Disord. 2008b;23(14):2004–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  197. Fernandez HH, Aarsland D, Fenelon G, Friedman JH, Marsh L, Troster AI, et al. Scales to assess psychosis in Parkinson’s disease: Critique and recommendations. Mov Disord. 2008;23(4):484–500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  198. Hogl B, Arnulf I, Comella C, Ferreira J, Iranzo A, Tilley B, et al. Scales to assess sleep impairment in Parkinson’s disease: critique and recommendations. Mov Disord. 2010;25(16):2704–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA

    Alexander I. Tröster & Angela Abbott

Authors
  1. Alexander I. Tröster
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Angela Abbott
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alexander I. Tröster .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

    Lisa D. Ravdin

  2. Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA

    Heather L. Katzen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Tröster, A.I., Abbott, A. (2019). Movement Disorders with Dementia in Older Adults. In: Ravdin, L.D., Katzen, H.L. (eds) Handbook on the Neuropsychology of Aging and Dementia. Clinical Handbooks in Neuropsychology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93497-6_34

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation