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Application of Dynamic Features of the Pupil for Iris Presentation Attack Detection

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Handbook of Biometric Anti-Spoofing

Part of the book series: Advances in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ((ACVPR))

Abstract

This chapter presents a comprehensive study on the application of stimulated pupillary light reflex to presentation attack detection (PAD) that can be used in iris recognition systems. A pupil, when stimulated by visible light in a predefined manner, may offer sophisticated dynamic liveness features that cannot be acquired from dead eyes or other static objects such as printed contact lenses, paper printouts, or prosthetic eyes. Modeling of pupil dynamics requires a few seconds of observation under varying light conditions that can be supplied by a visible light source in addition to the existing near-infrared illuminants used in iris image acquisition. The central element of the presented approach is an accurate modeling and classification of pupil dynamics that makes mimicking an actual eye reaction difficult. This chapter discusses new data-driven models of pupil dynamics based on recurrent neural networks and compares their PAD performance to solutions based on the parametric Clynes–Kohn model and various classification techniques. Experiments with 166 distinct eyes of 84 subjects show that the best data-driven solution, one based on long short-term memory, was able to correctly recognize 99.97% of attack presentations and 98.62% of normal pupil reactions. In the approach using the Clynes–Kohn parametric model of pupil dynamics, we were able to perfectly recognize abnormalities and correctly recognize 99.97% of normal pupil reactions on the same dataset with the same evaluation protocol as the data-driven approach. This means that the data-driven solutions favorably compare to the parametric approaches, which require model identification in exchange for a slightly better performance. We also show that observation times may be as short as 3 s when using the parametric model, and as short as 2 s when applying the recurrent neural network without substantial loss in accuracy. Along with this chapter we also offer: (a) all time series representing pupil dynamics for 166 distinct eyes used in this study, (b) weights of the trained recurrent neural network offering the best performance, (c) source codes of the reference PAD implementation based on Clynes–Kohn parametric model, and (d) all PAD scores that allow the reproduction of the plots presented in this chapter. To our best knowledge, this chapter proposes the first database of pupil measurements dedicated to presentation attack detection and the first evaluation of recurrent neural network-based modeling of pupil dynamics and PAD.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Mr. Rafal Brize and Mr. Mateusz Trokielewicz, who collected the iris images in varying light conditions under the supervision of the first author. The application of Kohn and Clynes model was inspired by research of Dr. Marcin Chochowski, who used parameters of this model as individual features in biometric recognition. This author, together with Prof. Pacut and Dr. Chochowski, has been granted a US patent No. 8,061,842 which partially covers the ideas related to parametric model-based PAD and presented in this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research and Academic Computer Network (NASK), ul. Kolska 12, 01045, Warsaw, Poland

    Adam Czajka

  2. University of Notre Dame, 384 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA

    Adam Czajka & Benedict Becker

Authors
  1. Adam Czajka
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  2. Benedict Becker
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Correspondence to Adam Czajka .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland

    Sébastien Marcel

  2. University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

    Mark S. Nixon

  3. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

    Julian Fierrez

  4. EURECOM, Biot Sophia Antipolis, France

    Nicholas Evans

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Czajka, A., Becker, B. (2019). Application of Dynamic Features of the Pupil for Iris Presentation Attack Detection. In: Marcel, S., Nixon, M., Fierrez, J., Evans, N. (eds) Handbook of Biometric Anti-Spoofing. Advances in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92627-8_7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92627-8_7

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  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-92627-8

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