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Malformation and Identity

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Head and Neck

Abstract

One human live birth in fifty demonstrates an external malformation. Anomalies in the human central nervous system are 60%, while for bones muscles and skin it is 10%. The teratological aspects of the morphogenesis of the neuraxis, and thus also of head and neck, are inevitable. This chapter concentrates on conjoined twins, the relation of malformations to mythology, and treats acardiacus. The aspect of identity in relation to conjoined twins is part of this chapter. Neural crest malformations and the cephalic and trunk migration pathway are discussed together with the placode contributions for the production of ganglia. The chapter ends with craniofacial malformations, especially holoprosencephaly and its aberrant signalling pathway.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, MIRA, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

    Enrico Marani & Ciska Heida

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  1. Enrico Marani
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  2. Ciska Heida
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Marani, E., Heida, C. (2018). Malformation and Identity. In: Head and Neck. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92105-1_3

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