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Binomials in EU Competition Law

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Language and Law

Abstract

This chapter investigates binomial expressions in EU legal language from a bilingual corpus-based perspective, where one of the languages involved in the analysis is a language of lesser diffusion. By investigating binomial expressions in two parallel corpora of EU Competition Law (English and Croatian), the chapter focuses on the semantic relationship between the constituents so as to account for the deletions in the language which does not dispose of the same binomial structures. Since EU Law in general and EU legal translation in particular is characterised by hybridity, an attempt is made to detect non-typical binomials. The chapter also investigates whether these binomials, although some of them invented for the purpose of conveying the meaning of the concepts of EU Law, can still be considered more idiomatic in one language than in the other.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Danet (1980), p. 469.

  2. 2.

    Mellinkoff (1963), p. 363.

  3. 3.

    Kopaczyk (2017), p. 161.

  4. 4.

    Kopaczyk (2017), p. 174.

  5. 5.

    Kopaczyk (2017), p.173.

  6. 6.

    Schäffner and Adab (2001).

  7. 7.

    Monzó Nebot (2017), p. 114.

  8. 8.

    Cao (2007).

  9. 9.

    Šarčević (1997), p. 183.

  10. 10.

    The term Bad Simple English (BSE) was coined by German scientists to refer to the bad English used in science so as to encourage the abolition of “an English-only rule at meetings attended only by speakers of German” (German scientists fear BSE—Bad Simple English. https://www.expatica.com/de/news/country-news/German-scientists-fear-BSE-Bad-Simple-English_132114.html. Accessed 29 Mar 2018).

  11. 11.

    Trklja (2017), p. 90.

  12. 12.

    Malkiel (1959), p. 113 cited in Gustafsson (1984), p. 124.

  13. 13.

    Gustafsson (1984), Bhatia (1993) and Bukovčan (2009).

  14. 14.

    Bhatia (1993).

  15. 15.

    Gustafsson (1984).

  16. 16.

    Mellinkoff (1963).

  17. 17.

    Lewis and Mrčela (2016).

  18. 18.

    Mellinkoff (1963), p. 363.

  19. 19.

    Bukovčan (2009), p. 62.

  20. 20.

    Monzó Nebot (2017), p. 109.

  21. 21.

    Gabrovšek (2011), p. 21.

  22. 22.

    Ibid., p. 20.

  23. 23.

    Bukovčan (2009), p. 63.

  24. 24.

    Ibid., p. 74.

  25. 25.

    Gustafsson (1984).

  26. 26.

    Bukovčan (2009).

  27. 27.

    Gačić (2009).

  28. 28.

    Kopaczyk (2009).

  29. 29.

    Šarčević (1997), p. 55.

  30. 30.

    Cao (2007).

  31. 31.

    Koskinen (2008).

  32. 32.

    Picht (1987), p. 154.

  33. 33.

    Aguado de Cea (2007), p. 190.

  34. 34.

    Matulewska (2013), p. 96.

  35. 35.

    Biel (2014), p. 190.

  36. 36.

    Goźdź–Roszkowski and Pontrandolfo (2017), p. 4.

  37. 37.

    Ibid., p. 3.

  38. 38.

    Kjær (2007), p. 508.

  39. 39.

    Triebel (2009), p. 149.

  40. 40.

    Koskinen (2011), p. 57.

  41. 41.

    Trosborg (1997).

  42. 42.

    Gardner (2016), p. 3.

  43. 43.

    Alcaraz Varó and Hughes (2002), p. 40.

  44. 44.

    Cao (2007), p. 90.

  45. 45.

    Bowker and Pearson (2002), p. 3.

  46. 46.

    Sinclair (2005), p. 16.

  47. 47.

    Biel (2010), pp. 3–4.

  48. 48.

    Bowker and Pearson (2002), p. 48.

  49. 49.

    Chalmers et al. (2010), p. 98.

  50. 50.

    Kilgariff et al. (2014).

  51. 51.

    The smallest unit of a corpus; each word from and punctuation can be considered as a separate token (Sketch Engine Keywords. https://www.sketchengine.eu/my_keywords/token/. Accessed 21 Mar 2018).

  52. 52.

    Carvalho (2008), p. 10.

  53. 53.

    Ljubešić and Klubička (2014).

  54. 54.

    Gustafsson (1984), p. 132.

  55. 55.

    Kjær (2007), p. 514.

  56. 56.

    Gabrovšek (2011), p. 20.

  57. 57.

    Sinclair (2004).

  58. 58.

    Gabrovšek (2011), p. 24.

  59. 59.

    Sinclair (2004).

  60. 60.

    Guidelines on State aid for rescuing and restructuring non-financial undertakings in difficulty (2014/C 249/01).

  61. 61.

    The EU and the US advance work to promote open, transparent and non-discriminatory investment policies. http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id=837 (Accessed 26 Apr 2018).

  62. 62.

    Furse (2004), p. 2.

  63. 63.

    Although Table 1 suggests that the trinomial otvoren, transparentan i nediskriminirajući does not occur in hrwac 2.2., we must keep in mind that what is expressed in the table is relative frequency, which refers to how often we may assume “we will see the word per x words of running text” (Statistics in corpus linguistics. https://corpora.lancs.ac.uk/clmtp/2-stat.php (Accessed 26 Apr 2018)). In cases of large corpora, it may thus be the case that a word or word combination does occur in the corpus, but its relative frequency is negligible.

  64. 64.

    Sosoni (2012), p. 82.

  65. 65.

    Robertson (2014), p. 156.

  66. 66.

    Gardner (2016), p. 10.

  67. 67.

    Ibid., p. 4.

  68. 68.

    Collins Online Dictionary. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/goods. Accessed 27 Mar 2018.

  69. 69.

    Kopaczyk (2017).

  70. 70.

    UK Insurance Factsheet. https://www.ace-cae.eu/fileadmin/New_Upload/3._Area_2_Practice/Insurance_webpage/UK_Insurance_Factsheet_Edit_171018.pdf. Accessed 20 Mar 2018.

  71. 71.

    Adams (2012).

  72. 72.

    Butt and Castle (2006), p. 9.

  73. 73.

    Garner (2004), p. 3708.

  74. 74.

    Hudeček et al. (2011), p. 60.

  75. 75.

    Petrović (2005), p. 50.

  76. 76.

    Hudeček et al. (2011), p. 43.

  77. 77.

    Kopaczyk (2017), p. 166.

  78. 78.

    Mellinkoff (1963), p. 296.

  79. 79.

    Bajčić (2017), p. 98.

  80. 80.

    Robertson (2014), p. 156.

  81. 81.

    Kopaczyk (2017), p. 174.

  82. 82.

    Mellinkoff (1963), p. 398.

  83. 83.

    Sosoni (2012), p. 87.

  84. 84.

    Robertson (2014), p. 161.

  85. 85.

    Kjær (2007).

  86. 86.

    Pontrandolfo (2015), p. 153.

  87. 87.

    Kjær (2007).

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Rijeka, Faculty of Law, Department of Foreign Languages, Rijeka, Croatia

    Katja Dobrić Basaneže

Authors
  1. Katja Dobrić Basaneže
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Correspondence to Katja Dobrić Basaneže .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Law, Economics and Culture, University of Insubria, Como, Italy

    Silvia Marino

  2. Institute of Applied Linguistics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

    Łucja Biel

  3. Faculty of Law, Department of Foreign Languages, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia

    Martina Bajčić

  4. Department of Foreign Languages, Translation & Interpretation, Ionian University, Corfu, Greece

    Vilelmini Sosoni

Binomials in EU Competition Law

Binomials in EU Competition Law

Binomials in EnCompLaw joined by ‘and’

Translation equivalents in CroCompLaw

Nominal binomials

Research and development

istraživanje i razvoj

Fishery and aquaculture

ribarstvo i akvakultura

Agreements and practices

sporazumi i postupanja

Goods and services

roba i usluge

Culture and heritage

kultura i (kulturna) baština

Information and evidence

podatci i dokazi

Establishment and operation

osnivanje i djelovanje

uspostava i djelovanje

Fines and periodic penalty payments

novčane kazne i periodični penali

Rights and obligations

prava i obveze

Agreements and concerted practices

sporazumi i usklađena djelovanja

Heating and cooling

grijanje i hlađenje

Subject matter and purpose

predmet i svrha

Imports and exports

Export and import

uvoz i izvoz

izvoz i uvoz

Authorisations and approvals

dozvole i odobrenja

Land and buildings

Premises and land

zemljišta i zgrade

zgrade i zemljišta

Research and knowledge-dissemination

istraživanje i širenje (znanja)

Rules and practices

pravila i praksa

Costs and revenues

troškovi i prihodi

Conditions and obligations

Obligations and conditions

uvjeti i obveze

obveze i uvjeti

Supply and distribution

nabava i distribucija

Interpretation and application

tumačenje i primjena

(In the interests of) clarity and rationality

(radi/zbog/u svrhu) jasnoće i racionalnosti

Terms and conditions

uvjeti

Experience and testing

iskustvo i testiranje/ispitivanje

Effectiveness and equivalence

učinkovitost i jednakovrijednost

Secrecy and substantiality

tajnost i značajnost

Trade and competition

trgovina i tržišno natjecanje

Products and technologies

proizvodi i tehnologije

Undertakings and consumers

poduzetnici i potrošači

Rules and procedures

pravila i postupci

Rights and principles

prava i načela

Supply and demand

ponuda i potražnja

Nature and content

karakter i sadržaj

Adjectival binomials

Small and medium-sized (enterprises)

mala i srednja (poduzeća/poduzetnici)

Tangible and intangible (assests)

materijalna i nematerijalna (imovina)

Active and passive

aktivni i pasivni

Public and private

javni i privatni

Single and continuous (infringement)

jedinstvena i trajna (povreda)

Impartial and diligent

nepristrano i pažljivo

pažljivo i nepristrano

Economic and non-economic

ekonomski i neekonomski

Vague and generic

nejasno i općenito

New and innovative

nova i inovativna (tehnologija)

Neighbouring and separate (market)

susjedno i različito (tržište)

Unilateral and reciprocal

Reciprocal and non-reciprocal

jednostran i uzajaman

jednostran i recipročan

Significant and useful

bitan i koristan

Complete and correct

cjelovit i točan

potpun i točan

Joint and several (liability)

solidarna (odgovornost)

Immediate and effective

neposredno i stvarno (izvršenje odluke)

odmah i stvarno (vraćena)

Financial and organisational

financijska i organizacijska

General and specific

opći i posebni

Valid and enforceable

valjan i primjenjiv

Open and non-discriminatory

otvoren i nediskriminirajući

Clear and realistic (exit strategy)

jasna i ostvariva (izlazna strategija)

Fair and non-discriminatory

pošteni i nediskriminirajući

Reasonable and prudent (hypothesis)

razumna i promišljena (pretpostavka)

Technical and economic

tehnički i gospodarski

Insufficient and contradictory (statement of reasons)

nedostatno i proturječno (obrazloženje)

Artistic and cultural;

Cultural and artistic

umjetnički i kulturni

kulturni i umjetnički

Clear and precise

jasan i nedvosmislen

Adverbial binomials

Jointly and severally (liable)

solidarno (odgovoran)

Actively and passively

aktivno i pasivno

Clearly and unequivocally

jasno i nedvosmisleno

Verbal binomials

To record and compile

bilježiti i prikupljati

evidentirati i prikupljati

To record and transcribe

snimiti i zapisati

snimiti i prepisati

To rescue and restructure

sanacija i restrukturiranje

Binomials in EnCompLaw joined by ‘or’

Translation equivalents in CroCompLaw

Nominal binomials

Agreement(s) or practice(s)

sporazumi ili postupanja

Goods or services

A good or a service

roba ili usluge

roba ili usluga

Product(s) or service(s)

proizvodi ili usluge

Person(s) or undertaking(s)

poduzetnici ili udruženja poduzetnika

Rights or powers

prava ili ovlaštenja

prava ili ovlasti

Fine(s) or periodic penalty payment(s)

novčane kazne ili periodični penali

Project or activity

projekt ili djelatnost

Production or distribution

proizvodnja ili distribucija

Sectors or activities

sektori ili djelatnosti

Price or quantity

cijena ili količina

Books or records

poslovne knjige ili dokumentacija

Purchasers or providers

kupci ili dobavljači

Import(s) or export(s)

uvoz ili izvoz

Mergers or acquisitions

spajanja ili preuzimanja

Memorandum or articles of association

statut ili društveni ugovor

Creation or strengthening (of a dominat position)

stvaranje ili jačanje (vladajućeg položaja)

Adjectival binomials

One or more

jedan ili više

Direct or indirect

izravan ili neizravan

neposredan ili posredan

Natural or legal (person)

pravna ili fizička (osoba)

Actual or potential

stvaran ili potencijalan

stvaran ili mogući

Incorrect or misleading

netočan ili obmanjujući

netočan ili zavaravajući

Exclusive or special (right)

Special or exclusive (right)

isključivo ili posebno (pravo)

posebno ili isključivo (pravo)

New or improved

New or significantly improved

nov ili unaprijeđen

nov ili znatno poboljšan

Public or private

javni ili privatni

Judicial or administrative

sudski ili upravni

(In) written or electronic (form)

(u) pisanom ili elektroničkom obliku

(u) tiskanom ili elektroničkom obliku

Purchase or selling (prices)

nabavne ili prodajne (cijene)

proizvodne ili prodajne (cijene)

kupovne ili prodajne (cijene)

Full or partial

potpun ili djelomičan

Obsolete or uncompetitive

zastarjela ili nije više konkurentna

Continuous or periodic (activity)

trajna ili periodična (djelatnost)

National or regional

Regional or national

nacionalna ili regionalna

Adverbial binomials

Directly or indirectly

izravno ili neizravno

neposredno ili posredno

posredno ili neposredno

In whole or in part

Fully or partly

Partly or fully

Entirely or partly

Partly or entirely

Wholly or mainly

u cijelosti ili djelomično

djelomično ili potpuno

Upstream or downstream

uzlazno ili silazno

Inside or outside

unutar ili izvan

Intentionally or negligently

namjerno ili iz nehaja

namjerno ili nepažnjom

Individually or jointly

samostalno ili zajedno

samostalno ili zajednički

Jointly or individually

zajedno ili samostalno

pojedinačno ili zajednički

Verbal binomials

To indicate or impose (penalties)

navesti ili izreći (kazne)

To appoint or remove

imenovati ili smijeniti

postaviti ili smijeniti

To annul or suspend

poništiti ili ukinuti

To exclude or hinder

isključiti ili stvarati prepreku

Plan or put into effect

planirati ili provesti

Trinomials in EnCompLaw joined by ‘and’

Translation equivalents in CroCompLaw

Nominal trinomials

Agreements, decisions and practices

sporazumi, odluke i usklađena djelovanja

Production, processing and marketing

proizvodnja, prerada i stavljanje na tržište

(Aid for) research and development and innovation

(Aid for) research, development and innovation

(potpore za) istraživanje i razvoj i inovacije

(potpore za) istraživanje, razvoj i inovacije

Transparency, equal treatment and effective monitoring

transparentnost, jednaki tretman/postupanje i učinkoviti nadzor/praćenje

Adjectival binomials

Open, transparent and non-discriminatory

otvoren, transparentan i nediskriminirajući

Smart, sustainable and inclusive

Sustainable, smart and inclusive

pametan, održiv i uključiv

održiv, pametan i uključiv

Uniform, transparent and simple (application)

jedinstvena, transparentna i jednostavna (primjena)

Trinomials in EnCompLaw joined by ‘or’

Translation equivalents in CroCompLaw

Nominal trinomials

Products, services or technologies

proizvodi, usluge ili tehnologije

Products, processes or services

proizvodi, procesi ili usluge

Rectification, amendment or supplement

ispravak, izmjena ili dopuna

Prevention, restriction or distortion (of competition)

sprječavanje, ograničavanje ili narušavanje (tržišnog natjecanja)

Adjectival trinomials

Incorrect, incomplete or misleading

netočan, nepotpun ili zavaravajući/obmanjujući

Legislative, regulatory or administrative

zakonodavni, regulatorni ili upravni

Administrative, managerial or supervisory (body)

upravno, upravljačko ili nadzorno (tijelo)

Verbal trinomials

To improve, substitute or replace

poboljšati, nadomjestiti ili zamijeniti

Purchase, sell or resell

proizvoditi, prodavati ili preprodavati

kupovati, prodavati ili preprodavati

To cancel, reduce or increase

ukinuti/poništiti, smanjiti ili povećati

Enumerations in EnCompLaw joined by ‘and’

Translation equivalents in CroCompLaw

Nominal enumerations

Frameworks, guidelines, communications and notices

okviri, smjernice, komunikacije i obavijesti

Enumerations in EnCompLaw joined by ‘or’

Translation equivalents in CroCompLaw

Verbal enumerations

To manufacture, purchase, sell or resell

proizvoditi, kupovati, prodavati ili preprodavati

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Dobrić Basaneže, K. (2018). Binomials in EU Competition Law. In: Marino, S., Biel, Ł., Bajčić, M., Sosoni, V. (eds) Language and Law. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90905-9_13

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