Skip to main content

“Am I a Good Man, or a Bad Man”? The Elephant Man (1980)

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Clinical Ethics on Film

Abstract

David Lynch’s The Elephant Man is the story of a patient, Joseph Merrick (1862–1890), who suffered from an extreme and rare deformity now understood to be caused by Proteus Syndrome, characterized by atypical growth of the bones, skin, head and a variety of other symptoms. This condition was first identified by Michael Cohen Jr. in 1979 (Cohen 1986; Cohen 1988a, Neurofibromatosis 1:260–280, b), inspired by a resurgence of medical interest in the Merrick case in the 1970s. The case history of Joseph Merrick was fully documented by Merrick’s physician, Sir Frederick Treves, in his memoir 45. Treves (1923).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ablon, Joan. 1995. The Elephant Man as self and other: The psychosocial costs of a misdiagnosis. Social Science and Medicine 40: 1481–1489.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aguirre, Robert. 2010. Review of the spectacle of deformity: Freak shows and modern british culture. The American Historical Review 115: 1530–1531.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, Caroline. 2007. Faces of war. Smithsonian 37: 72–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • A remarkable case of double monstrosity in an adult. 1866. The London Lancet. 1:71–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biesecker, Leslie G., R. Happle, John B. Mulliken, Rosanna Weksberg, John M. Graham Jr., Denis L. Viljoien, and Michael Cohen Jr. 1999. Proteus syndrome: Diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis and patient evaluation. American Journal of Medical Genetics 84: 389–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Canby, Victor. 1980. The Elephant Man (Review). New York Times, October 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carswell, Heather. 1982. Elephant Man had more than neurofibromatosis. Journal of the American Medical Association 248: 1032–1033.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen Jr., Michael M. 1986. The Elephant Man did not have neurofibromatosis. Proceedings of the Greenwood Genetic Center 6: 187–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Michael M. Jr. 1988a. Further diagnostic thoughts about the Elephant Man. American Journal of Medical Genetics 29: 777–782.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Michael M. Jr. 1988b. Understanding Proteus syndrome, unmasking the Elephant Man, and stemming elephant fever. Neurofibromatosis 1: 260–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Michael.M. Jr., and Patricia.W. Hayden. 1979. Penetrance and variability in malformation syndromes. Birth Defects 15: 291–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darke, Paul.A. 1994. The Elephant Man: An analysis from a disabled perspective. Disability & Society 9: 327–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dow, K. 2017. ‘The men who made the breakthrough’: How the British press represented Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards in 1978. Reproductive Biomedicine and Society Online 4: 59–67. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405661817300199.

  • Durbach, Nadja. 2009. The Spectacle of Deformity: Freak Shows and Modern British Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elof, C. 2018. Eugenics Archive. Dolan DNA Learning Center, Cold Springs Harbor Labarotory. http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/html/eugenics/essay2text.html. Accessed 25 Feb 2018.

  • Fiedler, Leslie. 1996. Preface. In Freakery: Cultural Spectacles of the Extraordinary Body, ed. Rosemarie Garland Thomson, xiii–xiv. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, Lester D. 2000. Medicine and the arts. Academic Medicine 75: 448–449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garland Thomson, Rosemarie (ed.). 1996. Freakery: Cultural Spectacles of the Extraordinary Body. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerber, David A. 2003. Disabled veterans, the state, and the experience of disability in western societies, 1914–1950. Journal of Social History 36: 899–915.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gomm, Francis C. 1886. The Elephant Man. The Times, December 4th (Note: The original letter from the newspaper can be seen at the following link. https://blackcablondon.net/2012/03/13/joseph-merrick-the-elephant-man-part-two/. The letter text is also preserved here: http://www.lettersofnote.com/2016/08/the-elephant-man.html).

  • Highfield, Roger. 2003. Science uncovers handsome side o elephant man. The Telegraph, July 22. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1436744/Science-uncovers-handsome-side-of-the-Elephant-Man.html.

  • Howell, Michael, and Peter Ford. 1980. The True Story of the Elephant Man. London: Allison and Busby.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard, Ruth. 1997. Abortion and Disability: Who should and should not inhabit the world In The Disability Studies Reader, ed. Lennard J. Davis, 74-86. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huddelston, Tom. 2008. Interview with David Lynch. Time Out. http://www.timeout.com/film/features/show-feature/5443/david-lynch-interview.html. Accessed 24 Feb 2018.

  • Johnson, Jeff. 2003. Pervert in the pulpit: The puritanical impulse in the films of David Lynch. Journal of Film and Video 55: 3–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kochanek, Lisa A. 1997. Reframing the freak: From sideshow to science. Victorian Periodicals Review 30: 227–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Legendre, C.M., C. Charpentier-Cote, R. Drouin, and C. Bouffard. 2011. Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and the ‘Elephant Man’s” disease: The confusion persists: An Ethnographic Study. PLoS ONE https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3036577/.

  • MacKenzie, Donald. 1975. Eugenics in Britain. Social Studies of Science 6: 499–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Medical News. 1890. Death of the Elephant Man. British Medical Journal 1: 916–917.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meet Louise, the world’s first test tube baby. 1978. Evening News, July 27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montagu, Ashley. 1971. The Elephant Man: A Study in Human Dignity. New York: Outerbridge and Dienstfrey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paramount Pictures. 2001. The Elephant Man Revealed. December 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Proteus Syndrome Foundation. 2018. What is Proteus Syndrome? https://www.proteus-syndrome.org/newly-diagnosed.html. Accessed 25 Feb 2018.

  • Randell, Karen. 2003. Masking the horror of trauma: The hysterical body of Lon Chaney. Screen 44: 216–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Resta, Robert G. 1997. The first prenatal diagnosis of a fetal abnormality. Journal of Genetic Counseling 6: 8184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, Christine. 1980. The Elephant Man. New York: Ballantine Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spring, Paul. 2001. The improbable Elephant Man. Biologist 48: 104.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Mutter Museum. 2018. History of the Mutter Museum. http://muttermuseum.org/about/history/. Accessed 25 Feb 2018.

  • Tibbles John, A.R., and Michael M. Cohen. 1986. The Proteus syndrome: The Elephant Man diagnosed. British Medical Journal 293: 683–685.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toulmin, Vanessa. 2009. Review of Victorian Freaks: The social context of Freakery in Britain. Victorian Studies 51: 740–741.

    Google Scholar 

  • Treves, Frederick. 1884. Congenital deformity. British Medical Journal 2: 1140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Treves, Frederick. 1885a. A case of congenital deformity. British Medical Journal 1: 595.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Treves, Frederick. 1885b. A case of congenital deformity. Proceedings of the Pathalogical Society of London 36: 494–498.

    Google Scholar 

  • Treves, Frederick. 1923. The Elephant Man and Other Reminiscences. London: Cassell and Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waldron, Gillian. 1980. Sir Frederick Treves and the Elephant Man. (Letter to the Editor). The Lancet 316: 42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, F. Parkes. 1909. Cutaneous Pigmentation as an incomplete form of Recklinghausen disease. British Journal of Dermatology 21: 49–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, F. Parkes. 1930. Periosteal neurofibromatosis, with a short consideration of the whole subject of neurofibromatosis. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 23: 151–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkie, Theodore F., and J. Milton Rabson. 1979. The Elephant Man—A tragic syndrome. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 3: 327–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, Karina. 2001. On Tod Browning’s Freaks. Horror Film History. http://www.horrorfilmhistory.com/index.php?pageID=freaks. Accessed 24 Feb 2018.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Sara Rosenthal .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Rosenthal, M.S. (2018). “Am I a Good Man, or a Bad Man”? The Elephant Man (1980). In: Clinical Ethics on Film. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90374-3_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics