Abstract
This chapter develops an analysis of the ways in which space, place and time have been theorised to explore the construction of cultural identity in visual culture. The construction of identity in visual culture constitutes ‘race surveillance’ and this chapter seeks to understand the ways in which the surveillance of ‘race’ problematizes the scopic regimes which define racial categorisation. By examining the construction of representational spaces it explores the construction of racialized identities in a specific example of contemporary British film and photography—Looking For Langston (Julien 1989). The chapter utilizes theories of subjectivity through a postcolonial theoretical lens to analyse the ways in which ‘race’, gender and sexuality are performed in different digetic (textual) locations.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
- 2.
This is a term Bhabha (1994a) uses to describe the processes through which cultural forms are constituted at the intersection between different cultures. This is not the only definition of this term, but is the one applied extensively in this area and in this chapter.
- 3.
See Looking for Langston (Julien 1989), 30 mins.
- 4.
See Looking for Langston (Julien 1989), 25 mins.
- 5.
See Looking for Langston (Julien 1989), 28 mins.
Bibliography
Amkpa, Awam (1999) “Floating Signification: Carnivals and the Transgressive Performance of Hybridity” in Joseph, May and Fink, Jennifer Natalya (eds.) Performing Hybridity, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Appiah, Kwämé Anthony (1995) “African Identity” in Nicholson, Linda and Seidman, Steven (eds.) Social Postmodernism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
——— (1997) “Is the ‘Post’- in ‘Postcolonial”’ the ‘Post’ in ‘Postmodernism’?” in Mcclintock, Anne, Mufti, Aamir and Shohat, Ella (eds.) Dangerous Liaisons: Gender, Nation, & Postcolonial Perspectives, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Arroyo, José (1991) “The Films of Isaac Julien: Look Black and Talk Black” in Martin, Michael (ed.) (1995) Cinema of the Black Diaspora: Diversity, Dependence and Oppositionality, Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
Barker, Chris (1997) Global Television: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell.
——— (2009) Cultural Studies Theory and Practice, 3rd edn, London: Sage.
Barthes, Roland (1975) S/Z [Translated by Richard Miller], London: Cape.
——— (1977) Image, Music, Text [Essays selected and translated by Stephen Heath], London: Fontana.
Bhabha, Homi K. (1983) “The Other Question: The Stereotype and Colonial Discourse” in Evans, Jessica and Hall, Stuart (eds.) (1999) Visual Culture: The Reader, London: The Open University Press and Sage.
——— (1986) “The Other Question: Difference, Discrimination, and the Discourse of Colonialism” in Baker, Houston A., Jr., Diawara, Manthia and Lindenbourg, Ruth H. (eds.) (1996) Black Cultural Studies: A Reader, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
——— (1990) “Interrogating Identity: The Post Colonial Prerogative” in Du Gay, Paul, Evans, Jessica and Redman, Peter (eds.) (2000) Identity: A Reader, London: The Open University and Sage.
——— (1991) “‘Race,’ Time and the Revision of Modernity” in Moore-Gilbert, Bart, Stanton, Gareth and Maley, Willy (eds.) (1997) Postcolonial Criticism, London: Longman.
——— (1992) “The World and the Home” in McClintock, Anne, Mufti, Aamir and Shohat, Ella (eds.) (1997) Dangerous Liaisons Gender, Nation, and Postcolonial Perspectives. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
——— (1994a) “Introduction: Narrating the Nation” in Bhabha, Homi K. (ed.) (1994) Nation and Narration, London: Routledge.
——— (1994b) The Location of Culture, London: Routledge.
——— (1994c) “Remembering Fanon: Self, Psyche and the Colonial Condition” in Williams, Patrick and Chrisman, Laura (eds.) (1994) Colonial Discourse and Post-colonial Theory: A Reader, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
——— (1995) “Frontlines/Borderposts” in Bammer, Angelika (ed.) (1995) Displacements: Cultural Identities in Question, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Braudy, Jean-Louis (1974) “Ideological Effects of the Basic Cinematographic Apparatus” from Film Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 2 (Winter), 39–47.
Brunt, Rosalind (1990) “The Politics of Identity” in Hall, Stuart and Jacques, Martin (eds.) (1990) New Times: The Changing Face of Politics in the 1990s, London: Lawrence & Wishart.
Chauncey, George (1994) Gay New York, Gender, Urban Culture and the Makings of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940, London: Basic Books.
Das, Saswat S. (2001) The Postcolonial Empire: Continuity of Colonial Discourse, Delhi: Universal Publishers.
Dawkins, Richard (1989) The Selfish Gene, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Derrida, Jacques (1972/1991) “Différance” in Du Gay, Paul, Evans, Jessica and Redman, Peter (eds.) (2000) Identity: A Reader, London: The Open University and Sage.
Diawara, Manthia (1990a) African Cinema: Politics and Culture, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
——— (1990b) Black American Cinema, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
——— (1990c) “Black British Cinema: Spectatorship and Identity Formation” in Baker, Houston A., Jr., Diawara, Manthia and Lindenbourg, Ruth H. (eds.) (1996) Black Cultural Studies: A Reader, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
——— (1991). “The Absent One: The Avant-Guards and the Black Imaginary Looking for Langston” from Wide Angle, Vol. 13, No. (3/4): July/October.
——— (2000) “The Iconography of West African Cinema” in Givanni, June (ed.) Symbolic Narratives/African Cinema Audiences, Theory and the Moving Image, London: BFI Publishing.
Diprose, Rosalyn and Ferrell, Robyn. (1991). “Introduction” in Diprose, Rosalyn and Ferrell, Robyn (eds.) Cartographies, Poststructuralism and the Mapping of Bodies and Spaces, North Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
Durrant, Russil and Ellis, Bruce J. (2003). “Evolutionary Psychology” in Michela, Gallagher and Randy J. Nelson (eds.) Comprehensive Handbook of Psychology, Vol. 3. Biological Psychology, New York: Wiley.
Dyer, Richard (1982) “Don’t Look Now—The Male Pin-up” from Screen, Vol. 23, No. (3–4): September/October.
——— (1993) A Matter of Images, Essays on Representation, London: Routledge.
——— (1997) White, London: Routledge.
Eagleton, Terry (1983) Literary Theory: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell.
——— (1987) “The Politics of Subjectivity” in Appignanesi, Lisa (ed.) Identity—The Real Me: ICA Documents 6, London: Institute of Contemporary Arts.
Ferro, Marc (1997) Colonization–A Global History, Routledge: London.
Foucault, Michel (1984a) “Domain” in Hall, Stuart and Evans, Jessica (eds.) (1999) Visual Culture: The Reader, London: Sage and Open University Press.
——— (1984b) “Nietzsche, Genealogy, History” in Rabinow, Paul (ed.) (1986) The Foucault Reader, New York: Pantheon.
Fusco, Coco (1988a) “Young British and Black: The Sankofa Film and Video Collective” Reprinted in Ferguson, Russell, Olander, William, Tucker, Marcia and Fiss, Karen (eds.) (1992) Discourses: Conversations in Postmodern Art and Culture, New York: Cambridge, MA and London, UK: The New Museum of Contemporary Art and The MIT Press.
——— (1988b) “Black Filmmaking in Britain’s Workshop Sector” in Martin, Michael (ed.) (1995) Cinema of the Black Diaspora: Diversity, Dependence and Oppositionality, Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
Gabriel, Teshome H. (1989a) “Towards a Critical Theory of Third World Films” in Williams, Patrick and Chrisman, Laura (eds.) (1994) Colonial Discourse and Post-colonial Theory: A Reader, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
——— (1989b) “Third Cinema as Guardian of Popular Memory: Towards a Third Aesthetics” in Pines, Jim (ed.) Questions of Third Cinema, London: BFI Publishing.
Gatens, Moira (1987) “Corporeal Representation in/and the Body Politic” in Diprose, Rosalyn and Ferrell, Robyn (ed.) (1991) Cartographies, Poststructuralism and the Mapping of Bodies and Spaces, North Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
Giddens, Anthony (1990) The Consequences of Modernity, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Gilroy, Paul (1987) There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack, London: Hutchinson.
——— (1989) “Cruciality and the Frog’s Perspective: An Agenda of Difficulties in the Black Arts Movement in Britain” from Third Text, No. 5 (Winter 1988/1989).
——— (1992) “Wearing Your Art on Your Sleeve in TEN·8” in Critical Decade: Black British Photography in the 80s, London: Ten·8 Photo Chapterback, 2, 3 (Spring).
——— (1993a) The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness, London: Verso.
——— (2000a) Between Camps Race Identity and Nationalism at the End of the Colour Line, London: Allen Lane and Penguin Press.
——— (2000b) Against Race Imagining: Political Culture Beyond the Color Line, Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Goldberg, Steven (1975) The Inevitability of Patriarchy, London: Temple Smith.
——— (2003) Fads and Fallacies in the Social Sciences, Amhest, NY: Humanity.
Hall, Stuart (1980) “Race, Articulation and Societies Structured in Dominance” in Baker, Houston A., Jr., Diawara, Manthia and Lindenbourg, Ruth H. (eds.) (1996) Black Cultural Studies: A Reader, Chicago and London: University of Chicago.
——— (1981) “The Whites of Their Eyes: Racist Ideologies and the Media” in Bridges, George and Brunt, Rosalind (eds.) Silver Linings: Some Strategies for the Eighties, London: Lawrence & Wishart.
——— (1984) “Reconstruction Work” from Ten·8, No. 16.
——— (1986) “Popular Culture and the State” in Bennett, Tony, Mercer, Colin and Wollacott, Janet (eds.) Popular Culture and Social Relations, Buckingham: Open University Press.
——— (1987a) “New Ethnicities” in Baker, Houston A., Jr., Diawara, Manthia and Lindenbourg, Ruth H. (eds.) (1996) Black Cultural Studies: A Reader, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
——— (1987b) “Minimal Selves” in Appignanesi, Lisa (ed.) Identity—The Real Me: ICA Documents 6, London: Institute of Contemporary Arts.
——— (1988) “New Ethnicities” in Williamson, Judith (ed.) Black Film/British Cinema, London: ICA Documents.
——— (1989) “Cultural Identity and Cinematic Representation” in Baker, Houston A., Jr., Diawara, Manthia and Lindenbourg, Ruth H. (eds.) (1996) Black Cultural Studies: A Reader, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
——— (1990) “Cultural Identity and Diaspora” in Rutherford, Jonathan (ed.) Identity, Community, Culture, Difference, London: Lawrence & Wishart.
——— (1991) “The Local and the Global: Globalization and Ethnicity” in McClintock, Anne, Mufti, Aamir and Shohat, Ella (eds.) (1997) Dangerous Liaisons: Gender, Nation, and Postcolonial Perspectives, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
——— (1992a) “Cultural Studies and Its Theoretical Legacies” in Grossberg, L., Nelson, F., and Treichler, P. (eds.) Cultural Studies, London: Routledge.
——— (1992b) “What Is This “Black” in Black Popular Culture?” in Smith, Valerie (ed.) (1997) Representing Blackness Issues in Film and Video, London: Althone Press.
——— (1992c) “Identity and the Black Photographic Image in TEN·8” in Critical Decade: Black British Photography in the 80s, London: Ten·8 Photo Chapterback, 2, 3 (Spring).
——— (1995) “Black and White in Television” in Givanni, June (ed.) Remote Control: Dilemmas of Black Intervention in British Film & TV, London and Suffolk: British Film Institute and St. Edmundsbury Press.
——— (1996a) “Race, Culture, and Communications: Looking Backward and Forward at Cultural Studies” in Storey, John (ed.) What Is Cultural Studies? A Reader, London: Arnold.
——— (1996b) “When Was ‘The Post-colonial’ Thinking at the Limit?” in Chambers, Iain and Curti, Lidia (eds.) The Post-colonial Question: Common Skies/Divided Horizons, London: Routledge.
——— (1997a) “Introduction to Media Studies at the Centre” in Hall, Stuart, Hobson, Dorothy, Lowe, Andrew and Willis, Paul (eds.) Culture Media, and Language, London: Routledge.
——— (1997b) “Cultural Studies and the Centre: Some Problematics and Problems” in Hall, Stuart, Hobson, Dorothy, Lowe, Andrew and Willis, Paul (eds.) Culture Media, and Language, London: Routledge.
——— (1997c) Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, London: Sage.
——— (1997d) “Who Needs ‘Identity’?” in Hall, Stuart and Du Gay, Paul (eds.) Questions of Cultural Identity, London: Sage.
Hemphill, Essex (1989) “Brother to Brother” from Black Film Review, Vol. 5, No. 3.
Hill Collins, Patricia and Bilge, Sirma (2016) Intersectionality, London: Polity Press.
hooks, bell (1982) Ain’t I a Woman? Women and Black Feminism, London: Pluto Press.
——— (1992a) Black Looks: Race and Representation, Boston, MA: South End Press.
——— (1992b) “Representing Whiteness in the Black Imagination” in Frankenberg, Ruth (ed.) (1997) Displacing Whiteness: Essays in Social and Cultural Criticism, Durham and London: Duke University Press.
——— (1994) Outlaw Culture: Resisting Representations, London: Routledge.
——— (1999) Reel to Real, Boston: South End Press.
Hughes, Langston (1926a) “The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain” from The Nation, 23 June.
——— (1926b) The Weary Blues, New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
——— (1927) Fine Clothes to the Jew, New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
——— (1940) The Big Sea, New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
——— (1956) I Wonder as I Wander, New York: Rinehart.
——— (1962) Fight for Freedom: The Story of the NAACP, New York: Norton.
Joseph, May (1999a) Nomadic Identities: The Performance of Citizenship, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
——— (1999b) “Introduction: New Hybrid Identities and Performance” in Joseph, May and Fink, Jennifer Natalya (eds.) Performing Hybridity, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Julien, Isaac (1989) Looking for Langston, London: British Film Institute.
——— (1992a) “Black Is, Black Ain’t: Notes on De-Essentialising Black Identities” in Dent, Gina and Wallace, Michele (eds.) Black Popular Culture, Seattle: Bay Press.
——— (1994) “Interview” in Klotman, Phyllis R., and Cutler, Janet K. (eds.) (2000) Struggles for Representation: African American Documentary Film and Video, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
——— (2013) “Mirror” in Isaac, Julien, et al. (eds.) Riot: Issace Julian, New York: MoMA.
Laclau, Ernesto (1977) Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory, London: New Left Books.
——— (1990) New Reflections on the Revolution of Our Time, London: Verso.
——— (2000) “Identity and Hegemony: The Role of Universality in Constitution of Political Logistics” in Butler, Judith, Laclau, Ernesto and Žižek, Slavoj (eds.) Contingency, Hegemony, Universality: Contemporary Dialogues on the Left. London: Verso.
——— (2005) On Populous Reason, London: Verso.
Lazarus, Neil (1994) “National Consciousness and the Specificity of (Post)Colonial Intellectualism” in Barker, Francis, Hulme, Peter and Iversen, Margaret (eds.) Colonial Discourse/Postcolonial Theory, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Mac An Ghaill, Máirtîn (1999) Contemporary Racisms and Ethnicities: Social and Cultural Transformation, Buckingham: Open University Press.
McClintock, Anne (1994) “The Angel of Progress: Pitfalls of the Term ‘Postcolonialism’” in Barker, Francis, Hulme, Peter and Iversen, Margaret (eds.) Colonial Discourse/Postcolonial Theory, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
——— (1995) Imperial Leather, Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest, New York and London: Routledge.
Mercer, Kobena (1986a) “Third Cinema at Edinburgh: Reflections on a Pioneering Event” from Screen, Vol. 27, No. 6: November–December.
——— (1986b) “Reading Racial Fetishism: The Photographs of Robert Mapplethorpe” in Evans, Jessica and Hall, Stuart (eds.) (1999) Visual Culture: The Reader, London, Thousand Oaks, and New Delhi: Open University Press and Sage.
——— (1988) “Diaspora Culture and the Dialogic Imagination: The Aesthetics of Black Independent Film in Britain” in Cham, Mbye B., and Andrade-Watkins, Claire (eds.) Black Frames Critical Perspectives on Black Independent Cinema, Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press.
——— (1989a) “Recoding Narratives of Race and Nation” from The Independent, Vol. 12, No. 1: January/Feburary.
——— (1989b). “General Introduction: The Colour Book” in Daniels, Therese and Gerson, Jane (eds.) The Colour Book: Black Images in British Television, London: British Film Institute.
——— (1990) “Black Art and the Burden of Representation” from Third Text, No. 10.
——— (1992a) “Back to My Routes: a Postscript to the 80s” in Critical Decade: Black British Photography in the 80s, London: Ten·8 Photo Chapterback, 2, 3 (Spring).
——— (1992b) “Just Looking For Trouble: Robert Mapplethorpe and Fantasies of Race” in McClintock, Anne, Mufti, Aamir and Shohat, Ella (eds.) (1997) Dangerous Liaisons: Gender, Nation, and Postcolonial Perspectives, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
——— (1993) “Gay Black Men in Independent Film” from Cineaction, No. 32 (Autumn).
——— (1994) Welcome to the Jungle: New Positions in Black Cultural Studies, London: Routledge.
——— (1996) Mirage, Enigmas of Race, Difference and Desire, London: Institute of Visual Arts and Institute of Contemporary Arts.
——— (2013) “Angelus Diasporae” in Issac, Julien, et al. (eds.) Isaac Julien: Riot, New York: MoMA.
Moore-Gilbert, Bart (1997) Postcolonial Theory: Contexts, Practices, Politics, London: Verso.
——— (2009) Postcolonial Life-Writing: Culture, Politics and Self-representation, London: Routledge.
Mulvey, Laura (1975) “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Camera” from Screen, Vol. 16, No. 3 (Autumn).
Murphy, Dudley (1929) St. Louis Blues, RKO Pictures.
Nero, Charles I. (1997) “Re/Membering Langston: Homophobic Textuality and Arnold Rampersad’s Life of Langston Hughes” in Duberman, Martin Bauml (ed.) Queer Representation: Reading Lives, Reading Cultures—A Centre for Lesbian and Gay Studies Book, New York: New York University Press.
Penny, James (2014) After Queer Theory: The Limits of Sexual Politics, London: Pluto Press.
Porter, Dennis (1994) “Orientalism and Its Problems from Colour Theory” in Williams, Patrick and Chrisman, Laura (eds.) Colonial Discourse and Post-colonial Theory: A Reader, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Rampersad, Arnold (1986a) “Hughes’s Fine Clothes to the Jew” in Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., and Appiah, Kwämé Anthony (eds.) (1993) Langston Hughes: Critical Perspectives Past and Present, New York: Amistad Press.
——— (1986b) Life of Langston Hughes, Vol. 1. I, Too, Sing America, New York: Oxford Press.
——— (1988) Life of Langston Hughes, Vol. II. I Dream a World, New York: Oxford Press.
Said, Edward W. (1978) Orientalism, London: Vintage.
——— (1979) “The Text, the World, the Critic” in Harari, Josué V. (ed.) Textual Strategies: Perspectives in Post-structuralist Criticism, London: Methuen.
——— (1987) Culture and Imperialism, London: Vintage.
——— (1991) The World, the Text, and the Critic, 2nd edn., London: Vintage.
Sarup, Madan (1994) “Home and Identity” in Robertson, George, Marsh, Melinda, Tickner, Lisa, Bird, Jon, Curtis, Barry and Putnam, Tim (eds.) (1994) Travellers Tales: Narratives of Home and Displacement, London: Routledge.
Spencer, Stephen (2006) Race and Ethnicity: Culture, Identity and Representation, London: Routledge.
Tooby, J., and Cosmides, L. (2005) “Conceptual Foundations of Evolutionary Psychology” in Buss, D. M. (ed.) The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology, Hoboken: Wiley.
Wilson, Edward (1970/1982) Socio-biology and the New Synthesis, Baltimore: John Hopkins Press.
——— (2006) Nature Revealed: Selective Writings, 1949–2006, Baltimore: John Hopkins Press.
Wollen, Peter (1993) Raiding the Icebox: Reflections on Twentieth-Century Culture, London: Verso.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wright, J. (2018). “Images of Black Identity: Spaces In-Between”. In: Flynn, S., Mackay, A. (eds) Surveillance, Race, Culture . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77938-6_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77938-6_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-77937-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-77938-6
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)