Skip to main content

Assessment with Non-Cognitive Screening Instruments

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Dementia in Clinical Practice: A Neurological Perspective
  • 780 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter examines the diagnostic utility of various screening instruments examining functional, behavioural and psychiatric, neurovegetative, and informant scales, collectively termed (for want of a better nomenclature) non-cognitive screening instruments, in the diagnosis of cognitive disorders. These supplement the cognitive screening instruments discussed in the previous chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alexopoulos GS, Abrams RC, Young RC, Shamoian CA. Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia. Biol Psychiatry. 1988a;23:271–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexopoulos GS, Abrams RC, Young RC, Shamoian CA. Use of the Cornell scale in nondemented patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1988b;36:230–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed., text revison (DSM-IV-TR). Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arroll B, Khin N, Kerse N. Screening for depression in primary care with two verbally asked questions: cross sectional study. BMJ. 2003;327:1144–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Backhaus J, Junghanns K, Broocks A, Riemann D, Hohagen F. Test-retest reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in primary insomnia. J Psychosom Res. 2002;53:737–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ballard CG, O’Brien J, James I, Swann A. Dementia: management of behavioural and psychological symptoms. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barberger-Gateau P, Commenges D, Gagnon M, Letenneur L, Sauvel C, Dartigues JF. Instrumental activities of daily living as a screening tool for cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly community dwellers. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;40:1129–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bédard M, Molloy DW, Squire L, Dubois S, Lever JA, O’Donnell M. The Zarit Burden Interview: a new short version and screening version. Gerontologist. 2001;41:652–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berrios GE, Hodges JR, editors. Memory disorders in psychiatric practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boddy F, Rowan EN, Lett D, O’Brien JT, McKeith IG, Burn DJ. Subjectively reported sleep quality and excessive daytime somnolence in Parkinson’s disease with and without dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;22:529–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boeve BF, Silber MH, Saper CB, et al. Pathophysiology of REM sleep behaviour disorder and relevance to neurodegenerative disease. Brain. 2007;130:2770–88.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bozeat S, Gregory CA, Lambon Ralph MA, Hodges JR. Which neuropsychiatric and behavioural features distinguish frontal and temporal variants of frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer’s disease? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;69:178–86.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • British Medical Association. Revisions to the GMS contract 2006/07. Delivering investment in general practice. London: British Medical Association; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bubu OM, Brannick M, Mortimer J, et al. Sleep, cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep. 2017;40. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsw032.

  • Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF III, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28:193–213.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter CR, DesPain B, Keeling TN, Shah M, Rothenberger M. The Six-Item Screener and AD8 for the detection of cognitive impairment in geriatric emergency department patients. Ann Emerg Med. 2011;57:653–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cherbuin N, Jorm AF. The IQCODE: using informant reports to assess cognitive change in the clinic and in older individuals living in the community. In: Larner AJ, editor. Cognitive screening instruments. A practical approach. 2nd ed. London: Springer; 2017. p. 275–95.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Chung F, Yegneswaran B, Liao P, et al. STOP questionnaire: a tool to screen patients for obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiology. 2008;108:812–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung F, Subramanyam R, Liao P, et al. High STOP-Bang score indicates a high probability of obstructive sleep apnoea. Br J Anaesth. 2012;108:768–75.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cole JS, Motivala SJ, Buysse DJ, Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Irwin MR. Validation of a 3-factor scoring model for the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in older adults. Sleep. 2006;29:112–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cullen B, O’Neill B, Evans JJ, Coen RF, Lawlor BA. A review of screening tests for cognitive impairment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78:790–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Culshaw M, Larner AJ. Assessing the impact of sleep disorders on people with dementia and their caregivers. J Dement Care. 2009;17(5):38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummings JL, Mega MS, Gray K, et al. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology. 1994;44:2308–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies M, Larner AJ. Sleep-related disorders presenting in the Cognitive Function Clinic. 2009. www.acnr.co.uk/JA09/ACNRJA09_case%20report.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deakin JB, Rahman S, Nestor PJ, Hodges JR, Sahakian BJ. Paroxetine does not improve symptoms and impairs cognition in frontotemporal dementia: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Psychopharmacology. 2004;172:400–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dudas RB, Berrios GE, Hodges JR. The Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE) in the differential diagnosis of early dementias versus affective disorder. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;13:218–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrensperger MM, Berres M, Taylor KI, Monsch AU. Screening properties of the German IQCODE with a two-year time frame in MCI and early Alzheimer’s disease. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22:91–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engel GL. The need for a new medical model: a challenge to biomedicine. Science. 1977;196:129–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferman TJ, Smith GE, Boeve BF, et al. DLB fluctuations: specific features that reliably differentiate DLB from AD and normal aging. Neurology. 2004;62:181–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fictenberg NL, Putnam SH, Mann NR, Zafonte RD, Millard AE. Insomnia screening in postacute traumatic brain injury: utility and validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;80:339–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finkel SI, Silva JCE, Cohen G, Miller S, Sartorius N. Behavioural and psychological signs and symptoms of dementia: a consensus statement on current knowledge and implications for research and treatment. Int Psychogeriatr. 1996;8(Suppl3):497–500.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flicker L, Logiudice D, Carlin JB, Ames D. The predictive value of dementia screening instruments in clinical populations. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1997;12:203–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-Mental State.” A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12:189–98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galvin JE, Goodyear M. Brief informant interviews to screen for dementia: the AD8 and Quick Dementia Rating System. In: Larner AJ, editor. Cognitive screening instruments. A practical approach. 2nd ed. London: Springer; 2017. p. 297–312.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Galvin JE, Roe CM, Powlishta KK, et al. The AD8. A brief informant interview to detect dementia. Neurology. 2005;65:559–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galvin JE, Roe CM, Xiong C, Morris JE. Validity and reliability of the AD8 informant interview in dementia. Neurology. 2006;67:1942–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galvin JE, Roe CM, Coats MA, Morris JC. Patient’s rating of cognitive ability: using the AD8, a brief informant interview, as a self-rating tool to detect dementia. Arch Neurol. 2007;64:725–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gelinas I, Gauthier L, McIntyre M, Gauthier S. Development of a functional measure for persons with Alzheimer’s disease: the Disability Assessment for Dementia. Am J Occup Ther. 1999;53:471–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gentili A, Weiner DK, Kuchibhatla M, Edinger JD. Test-retest reliability of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index in nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995;43:1317–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghadiri-Sani M, Larner AJ. Cognitive screening instrument use in primary care: is it changing? Clin Pract. 2014;11:425–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbody S, Richards D, Barkham M. Diagnosing depression in primary care using self-completed instruments: UK validation of PHQ-9 and CORE-OM. Br J Gen Pract. 2007a;57:650–2.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbody S, Richards D, Brealey S, Hewitt C. Screening for depression in medical settings with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ): a diagnostic meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2007b;22:1596–602.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hancock P, Larner AJ. The diagnosis of dementia: diagnostic accuracy of an instrument measuring activities of daily living in a clinic-based population. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2007;23:133–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hancock P, Larner AJ. Cambridge Behavioural Inventory for the diagnosis of dementia. Prog Neurol Psychiatry. 2008;12(7):23–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hancock P, Larner AJ. Clinical utility of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) in memory clinics. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2009a;13:188–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hancock P, Larner AJ. Diagnostic utility of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in memory clinics. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009b;24:1237–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hancock P, Larner AJ. Diagnostic utility of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) and its combination with the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R) in a memory clinic-based population. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009c;21:526–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hancock P, Larner AJ. Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia: clinical utility in a memory clinic. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2015;19:71–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison JK, Fearon P, Noel-Storr AH, McShane R, Stott DJ, Quinn TJ. Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) for the diagnosis of dementia within a general practice (primary care) setting. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;CD010771.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison JK, Fearon P, Noel-Storr AH, McShane R, Stott DJ, Quinn TJ. Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) for the diagnosis of dementia within a secondary care setting. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;CD010772.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hebert R, Bravo G, Preville M. Reliability, validity and reference values of the Zarit Burden Interview for assessing informal caregivers of community-dwelling older persons with dementia. Can J Aging. 2000;19:494–507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodges JR, Larner AJ. Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examinations: ACE, ACE-R, ACE-III, ACEapp, and M-ACE. In: Larner AJ, editor. Cognitive screening instruments. A practical approach. 2nd ed. London: Springer; 2017. p. 109–37.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hokoishi K, Ikeda M, Maki N, et al. Interrater reliability of the Physical Self-Maintenance Scale and the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale in a variety of health professional representatives. Aging Ment Health. 2001;5:38–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins CD, Stanton BA, Niemcryk SJ, Rose RM. A scale for the estimation of sleep problems in clinical research. J Clin Epidemiol. 1988;41:313–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johns MW. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep. 1991;14:540–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jorm AF. The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): a review. Int Psychogeriatr. 2004;16:275–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jorm AF, Jacomb PA. The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): socio-demographic correlates, reliability, validity and some norms. Psychol Med. 1989;19:1015–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jorm AF, Scott R, Cullen JS, MacKinnon AJ. Performance of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) as a screening test for dementia. Psychol Med. 1991;21:785–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knapskog AB, Barca ML, Engedal K. Prevalence of depression among memory clinic patients as measured by the Cornell Scale of Depression in Dementia. Aging Ment Health. 2014;18:579–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knopman DS, DeKosky ST, Cummings JL, et al. Practice parameter: Diagnosis of dementia (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2001;56:1143–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knutson KL, Rathouz PJ, Yan LL, Liu K, Lauderdale DS. Stability of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Epworth Sleepiness Questionnaires over 1 year in early middle-aged adults: the CARDIA study. Sleep. 2006;29:1503–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Korner A, Lauritzen L, Abelskov K, Gulmann N, Marie Brodersen A, Wedervang-Jensen T, et al. The Geriatric Depression Scale and the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia. A validity study. Nord J Psychiatry. 2006;60:360–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16:606–13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome presenting in a neurology outpatient clinic. Int J Clin Pract. 2003;57:150–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Delirium: diagnosis, aetiopathogenesis, and treatment. Adv Clin Neurosci Rehabil. 2004;4(2):28–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. “Who came with you?” a diagnostic observation in patients with memory problems? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005a;76:1739.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Two simple questions in the identification of dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005b;76:1317. (abstract 023).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Cambridge Behavioural Inventory: diagnostic and differential diagnostic utility. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008a;79:351–2. (abstract 61).

    Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Delusion of pregnancy in frontotemporal lobar degeneration with motor neurone disease (FTLD/MND). Behav Neurol. 2008b;19:199–200.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. “Attended alone” sign: validity and reliability for the exclusion of dementia. Age Ageing. 2009;38:476–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Shift-work sleep disorder presenting in the cognitive disorders clinic. Eur J Neurol. 2010a;17(Suppl 3):213. (abstract P1359).

    Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Can IQCODE differentiate Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia? Age Ageing. 2010b;39:392–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Dementia in clinical practice: a neurological perspective. Studies in the dementia clinic. London: Springer; 2012a.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Can the informant Fluctuation Composite Score help in the diagnosis of synucleinopathies? A pragmatic study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012b;27:1094–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Delusion of pregnancy: a case revisited. Behav Neurol. 2013;27:293–4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Dementia in clinical practice: a neurological perspective. Pragmatic studies in the Cognitive Function Clinic. London: Springer; 2014a.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Screening utility of the “attended alone” sign for subjective memory impairment. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2014b;28:364–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. AD8 informant questionnaire for cognitive impairment: pragmatic diagnostic test accuracy study. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2015;28:198–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Cognitive screening instruments for the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment. Prog Neurol Psychiatry. 2016;20(2):21–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ, Culshaw M. Use of the Sleep Disorders Inventory in cohort of community-dwelling patients recruited through the Alzheimer’s society. Alzheimers Dement. 2008;4(Suppl 2):T523–4. (abstract P3–025).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ, Ghadiali EJ. Cognitive findings in central sleep apnoea syndrome. 2008. www.acnr.co.uk/SO08/ACNRSO08CaseReport.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ, Hancock P. Activities of daily living in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2008a;70:658.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ, Hancock P. The utility of the Cambridge Behavioural Inventory in neurodegenerative disease. 2008b. http://jnnp.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/79/5/500, Accessed 29 May 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ, Hancock P. Does combining cognitive and functional scales facilitate the diagnosis of dementia? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012;27:547–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ, Hancock P. ACE-R or MMSE? A weighted comparison. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;29:767–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ, Ziso B. Screening for obstructive sleep apnoea using the STOPBANG questionnaire. Clin Med. 2018;18:108–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ, Hart IK, Cresswell P, Doran M. REM sleep behaviour disorder in the cognitive function clinic. Eur J Neurol. 2005;12(Suppl 2):218. (abstract 2211).

    Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ, Ray PS, Doran M. The R269H mutation in presenilin-1 presenting as late-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Sci. 2007;252:173–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawton MP, Brody EM. Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist. 1969;9:179–86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lim R, Larner AJ. Obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea syndrome presenting in the neurology clinic: a prospective 5-year study. Int J Clin Pract. 2008;62:1886–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lipton AM, Marshall CD. The common sense guide to dementia for clinicians and caregivers. New York: Springer; 2013.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • LittleJohn J, Dennis G, Bianchi S, Harkness K, Thiyagesh S, Blackburn D. Prevalence of sleep disorders in a memory clinic population. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;85:e4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lo JC, Groeger JA, Cheng GH, Dijk DJ, Chee MW. Self-reported sleep duration and cognitive performance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med. 2016;17:89–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Löwe B, Kroenke K, Herzog W, Gräfe K. Measuring depression outcome with a brief self-report instrument: sensitivity to change of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). J Affect Disord. 2004;81:61–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Löwe B, Schenkel I, Carney-Doebbeling C, Göbel C. Responsiveness of the PHQ-9 to psychopharmacological depression treatment. Psychosomatics. 2006;47:62–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macedo AC, Balouch S, Tabet N. Is sleep disruption a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease? J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;58:993–1002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin A, Rief W, Klaiberg A, Braehler E. Validity of the Brief Patient Health Questionnaire Mood Scale (PHQ-9) in the general population. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2006;28:71–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mathuranath PS, Nestor PJ, Berrios GE, Rakowicz W, Hodges JR. A brief cognitive test battery to differentiate Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia. Neurology. 2000;55:1613–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menon R, Larner AJ. Use of cognitive screening instruments in primary care: the impact of national dementia directives (NICE/SCIE, National Dementia Strategy). Fam Pract. 2011;28:272–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mioshi E, Dawson K, Mitchell J, Arnold R, Hodges JR. The Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised: a brief cognitive test battery for dementia screening. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;21:1078–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mioshi E, Kipps CM, Dawson K, Mitchell J, Graham A, Hodges JR. Activities of daily living in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2007;68:2077–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moe KE, Vitiello MV, Larsen LH, et al. Cognitive processes and sleep disturbances: sleep/wake patterns in Alzheimer’s disease; relationship with cognition and function. J Sleep Res. 1995;4:15–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagahama Y, Okina T, Suzuki N, Matsuda M. The Cambridge Behavioral Inventory: validation and application in a memory clinic. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2006;19:220–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nygård L. Instrumental activities of daily living: a stepping stone towards Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis in subjects with mild cognitive impairment? Acta Neurol Scand. 2003;107(suppl179):42–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira FF, Smith MA, Bertolucci PH. Comparisons among tests of cognitive assessment and functional independence in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol. 2011;258(Suppl1):S237. (abstract P837).

    Google Scholar 

  • Osorio CD, Gallinaro AL, Lorenzi FG, Lage LV. Sleep quality in patients with fibromyalgia using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. J Rheumatol. 2006;33:1863–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osorio RS, Gumb T, Pirraglia E, et al. Sleep-disordered breathing advances cognitive decline in the elderly. Neurology. 2015;84:1964–71.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Panegyres PK, Frencham K. Course and causes of suspected dementia in young adults: a longitudinal study. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2007;22:48–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park KW, Pavlik VN, Rountree SD, Darby EJ, Doody RS. Is functional decline necessary for a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease? Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2007;24:375–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Payne JD. Learning, memory, and sleep in humans. Sleep Med Clin. 2011;6:15–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer RI, Kurosaki TT, Harrah CH, Chance JM, Filos S. Measurement of functional activities in older adults in the community. J Gerontol. 1982;37:323–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quinn TJ, McShane R, Fearon P, Young C, Noel-Storr AH, Stott DJ. IQCODE for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease dementia and other dementias within a community setting. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;CD010079.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawle M, Larner A. MoCA subscores to diagnose dementia subtypes: initial study. J Neurol Neursurg Psychiatry. 2014;85:e4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rockwood K, Cosway S, Carver D, et al. The risk of dementia and death following delirium. Age Ageing. 1999;28:551–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roose SP, Devanand DP. The interface between dementia and depression. London: Martin Dunitz; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savva GM, Zaccai J, Matthews FM, et al. Prevalence, correlates and course of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in the population. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;194:212–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schredl M, Weber B, Leins ML, Heuser I. Donepezil-induced REM sleep augmentation enhances memory performance in elderly, healthy persons. Exp Gerontol. 2001;36:353–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shastri A, Bangar S, Holmes J. Obstructive sleep apnoea and dementia: is there a link? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;31:400–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sikkes SAM, de Lange-de Klerk ESM, Pijnenburg YAL, Scheltens P, Uitdehaag BMJA. Systematic review of instrumental activities of daily living scales in dementia: room for improvement. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;80:7–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sikkes SA, Knol DL, Pijnenburg YA, et al. Validation of the Amsterdam IADL questionnaire©, a new tool to measure instrumental activities of daily living in dementia. Neuroepidemiology. 2013;41:35–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stagg B, Larner AJ. STOP-Bang: screening for obstructive sleep apnoea in a cognitive clinic. Eur J Neurol. 2015a;22(Suppl1):578. (abstract F1204).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stagg B, Larner AJ. Zarit Burden Interview: pragmatic study in a dedicated cognitive function clinic. Prog Neurol Psychiatry. 2015b;19(4):23–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stiasny-Kolster K, Mayer G, Schafer S, Moller JC, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Oertel WH. The REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire – a new diagnostic instrument. Mov Disord. 2007;22:2386–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stokholm J, Vogel A, Johannsen P, Waldemar G. Validation of the Danish Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination as a screening test in a memory clinic. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2009;27:361–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stratford JA, LoGiudice D, Flicker L, Cook R, Waltrowicz W, Ames D. A memory clinic at a geriatric hospital: a report on 577 patients assessed with the CAMDEX over 9 years. Aust NZ J Psychiatry. 2003;37:319–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tractenberg RE, Singer CM, Cummings JL, Thal LJ. The Sleep Disorders Inventory: an instrument for studies of sleep disturbance in persons with Alzheimer’s disease. J Sleep Res. 2003;12:331–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Waldemar G, Dubois B, Emre M, et al. Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer’s disease and other disorders associated with dementia. Eur J Neurol. 2007;14:e1–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wear HJ, Wedderburn CJ, Mioshi E, et al. The Cambridge Behavioural Inventory revised. Dement Neuropsychol. 2008;2:102–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wedderburn C, Wear H, Brown J, et al. The utility of the Cambridge Behavioural Inventory in neurodegenerative disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79:500–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yun CH, Lee HY, Lee SK, et al. Amyloid burden in obstructive sleep apnea. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;59:21–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zarit SH, Reever KE, Bach-Peterson J. Relatives of the impaired elderly: correlates of feelings of burden. Gerontologist. 1980;20:649–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zarit SH, Orr NK, Zarit JM. The hidden victims of Alzheimer’s disease: families under stress. New York: New York University Press; 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziso B, Larner AJ. STOP-Bang: screening for obstructive sleep apnoea in a cognitive disorders clinic. J Sleep Disord Ther. 2016a;5:223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziso B, Larner A. REM sleep behaviour screening questionnaire (RBDSQ): validation study. Eur J Neurol. 2016b;23(Suppl1):240. (abstract P11273).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziso B, Rawle M, Larner AJ. Accuracy of AD8 screening questionnaire for dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;85:e4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ziso B, Stagg B, Rawle M, Larner A. AD8 informant screening questionnaire for cognitive impairment: pragmatic diagnostic test accuracy study. Eur J Neurol. 2015;22(Suppl1):339. (abstract P3131).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Larner, A.J. (2018). Assessment with Non-Cognitive Screening Instruments. In: Dementia in Clinical Practice: A Neurological Perspective. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75259-4_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75259-4_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-75258-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-75259-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics