Abstract
The first systematic clarification of the cellulose structure began in 1837 with investigations of the French agricultural chemist Anselme Payen and finally the French Academy named the carbohydrate “Cellulose”.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Payen ACR (1838) Mémoir sur la composition du tissue propre des plantes et du ligneux. Hebd Seances Acad Sci 7:1052
Payen ACR (1838) Hebd Seances Acad Sci 7:1125
Rao VSR, Sundararajan PR, Ramakrishnan C, Ramachandran GN (1957) In: Ramachandran GN (ed) Conformation of biopolymers, vol 1. Academic Press, New York, p 721
Krässig HA (1993) Cellulose: structure, accessibility and reactivity. Gordon and Breach, Yverdon
Pérez S, Mazeau K (2005) In: Dumitriu S (ed) Polysaccharides: structural diversity and functional versatility, vol 1. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 41
Fardim P, Holmbom B (2003) Fast determination of anionic groups in different pulp fibers by methylene blue sorption. Tappi J 2:28–32
Klemm D, Philipp B, Heinze T et al (1998) Comprehensive cellulose chemistry, vol I. Wiley–VCH, Weinheim, p 236
Roehrling J, Potthast A, Rosenau T, Lange T, Ebner G, Sixta H, Kosma P (2002) A novel method for the determination of carbonyl groups in cellulosics by fluorescence labeling. 1. Method development. Biomacromolecules 3:959–968
Bohrn R, Potthast A, Schiehser S, Rosenau T, Sixta H, Kosma P (2006) The FDAM method: determination of carboxyl profiles in cellulosic materials by combining group-selective fluorescence labeling with GPC. Biomacromolecules 7:1743–1750
Kamide K, Okajima K, Kowsaka K, Matsui T (1985) CP/MASS [cross-polarization/magic angle sample spinning] carbon-13 NMR spectra of cellulose solids: an explanation by the intramolecular hydrogen bond concept. Polym J 17:701–706 (Tokyo, Japan)
Liang CY, Marchessault RH (1959) Infrared spectra of crystalline polysaccharides. I. Hydrogen bonds in native celluloses. J Polym Sci 37:385–395
Michell AJ (1988) Second derivative FTIR spectra of celluloses I and II and related mono- and oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 173:185–195
Tashiro K, Kobayashi M (1991) Theoretical evaluation of three-dimensional elastic constants of native and regenerated celluloses: role of hydrogen bonds. Polymer 32:1516–1526
Gardner KH, Blackwell J (1974) Structure of native cellulose. Biopolymers 13:1975–2001
Nishiyama Y, Langan P, Chanzy H (2002) Crystal structure and hydrogen-bonding system in cellulose Iβ from synchrotron x-ray and neutron fiber diffraction. J Am Chem Soc 124:9074–9082
Irklei VM, Kleiner YY, Vavrinyuk OS, Gal’braikh LS (2005) Kinetics of degradation of cellulose in basic medium. Fibre Chem 37:452–458
El Seoud OA, Marson GA, Giacco GT, Frollini E (2000) An efficient, one-pot acylation of cellulose under homogeneous reaction conditions. Macromol Chem Phys 201:882–889
Zhang H, Wu J, Zhang J, He J (2005) 1-Allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride room temperature ionic liquid: a new and powerful nonderivatizing solvent for cellulose. Macromolecules 38:8272–8277
Fidale LC, Possidonio S, El Seoud OA (2009) Application of 1-allyl-3-(1-butyl)imidazolium chloride in the synthesis of cellulose esters: properties of the ionic liquid, and comparison with other solvents. Macromol Biosci 9:813–821
Heinze T, Dorn S, Schoebitz M, Liebert T, Koehler S, Meister F (2008) Interactions of ionic liquids with polysaccharides—2: cellulose. Macromol Symp 262:8–22
Barnes HA, Hutton JF, Walters K (1989) An introduction to rheology. Elsevier, Amsterdam chapter 2
Wu C-S (ed) (1995) Handbook of size exclusion chromatography. Marcel Dekker, New York
Elias H-G (1997) An introduction to polymer science. VCH, Weinheim
Hunt BJ, James MI (eds) (1997) Polymer characterization. Chapman and Hall, London
Hiemenz PC, Rajagopalan R (1997) Principles of colloid and surface chemistry, 3rd edn. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 145, 193
Mori S, Barth HG (1999) Size exclusion chromatography. Springer, Berlin
Campbell D, Pethrick RA, White JR (2000) Polymer characterization: physical techniques, 2nd edn. Stanley Thornes, Cheltenham
Wu C (2008) In: Characterization and analysis of polymers. Wiley, New York, p 211
Dawkins JV (2008) Characterization and analysis of polymers. Wiley, New York, p 230
Rosen MR (1979) Characterization of non-Newtonian flow. Polym-Plast Technol Eng 12:1–42
Aono H, Tatsumi D, Matsumoto T (2006) Scaling analysis of cotton cellulose/LiCl DMAc solution using light scattering and rheological measurements. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 44:2155–2160
Kasaai MR (2002) Comparison of various solvents for determination of intrinsic viscosity and viscometric constants for cellulose. J Appl Polym Sci 86:2189–2193
Haward SJ, Sharma V, Butts CP, McKinley GH, Rahatekar SS (2012) Shear and extensional rheology of cellulose/ionic liquid solutions. Biomacromolecules 13:1688–1699
Possidonio S, Fidale LC, El Seoud OA (2010) Microwave-assisted derivatization of cellulose in an ionic liquid: an efficient, expedient synthesis of simple and mixed carboxylic esters. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 48:134–143
Kadla JF, Korehei R (2010) Effect of hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions on the rheological behavior and microstructure of a ternary cellulose acetate system. Biomacromolecules 11:1074–1081
Tamai N, Aono H, Tatsumi D, Matsumoto T (2003) Differences in rheological properties of solutions of plant and bacterial cellulose in LiCl/N, N-dimethylacetamide. J Soc Rheol 31:119–130
Kuang Q-L, Zhao J-C, Niu Y-H, Zhang J, Wang Z-H (2008) Celluloses in an ionic liquid: the rheological properties of the solutions spanning the dilute and semidilute regimes. J Phys Chem B 112:10234–10240
Gericke M, Schlufter K, Liebert T, Heinze T, Budtova T (2009) Rheological properties of cellulose/ionic liquid solutions: from dilute to concentrated states. Biomacromolecules 10:1188–1194
Standard Test Methods for Intrinsics Viscosity of Cellulose (2001) ASTM D1795–94
Kamide K, Miyazaki Y, Abe T (1979) Mark-Houwink-Sakurada equations of cellulose triacetate in various solvents. Makromol Chem 180:2801–2805
Kuhn W, Kuhn H (1943) The coiling of fiber molecules in flowing solutions. Helv Chim Acta 26:1394–1465
Kuhn W, Kuhn H (1945) Significance of limited free rotation for the viscosity and flow birefringence of solutions of fiber molecules. I Helv Chim Acta 28:1553–1579
Kuhn W, Kuhn H (1947) Diffusion, Sedimentation und Viskositat bei Losungen verzweigter Fadenmolekel. Helv Chim Acta 30:1233–1256
Jolley LJ (1939) The solution of chemically modified cotton cellulose in alkaline solutions. V. The solvent action of solutions of cupric hydroxide in aqueous ethylenediamine. J Text Inst 30:T22–T41
Lovell EL (1944) Viscometric chain length of wood cellulose in Triton F solution. Ind Eng Chem Anal Ed 16:683–685
Henley D (1960) The cellulose solvent Cadoxen, its preparation, and a viscometric relationship with cupriethylenediamine. Sven Papperstidn 63:143–146
Claesson S, Bergmann W, Jayme G (1959) Solutions of cellulose in an alkaline iron-tartaric acid-sodium complex. Sven Papperstidn 62:141–155
Strlic M, Kolar J, Zigon M, Pihlar B (1998) Evaluation of size-exclusion chromatography and viscometry for the determination of molecular masses of oxidized cellulose. J Chromatogr A 805:93–99
Marx-Figini M (1987) Evaluation of the accessibility of celluloses by the intrinsic viscosity ratio [η]cellulose nitrate acetone/[η]unsubstituted cellulose ethylenediamine-copper II-complex. Polym Bull 17:225–229
Burchard W, Husemann E (1961) A comparative structure analysis of cellulose and amylose tricarbanilates in solution. Makromol Chem 44–46:358–387
Philipp B, Linow KJ (1970) Interpretation of the chain length differences in the cuoxam and nitrate degree of polymerization of cellulose on the basis of absolute molecular weight determinations of some cellulose derivatives. Faserforsch Textiltech 21:13–20
Danhelka J, Kossler I, Bohackova V (1976) Determination of molecular weight distribution of cellulose by conversion into tricarbanilate and fractionation. J Polym Sci Polym Chem Ed 14:287–298
Marx-Figini M (1978) Significance of the intrinsic viscosity ratio of unsubstituted and nitrated cellulose in different solvents. Angew Makromol Chem 72:161–171
Terbojevich M, Cosani A, Conio G, Ciferri A, Bianchi E (1985) Mesophase formation and chain rigidity in cellulose and derivatives. 3. Aggregation of cellulose in N, N-dimethylacetamide-lithium chloride. Macromolecules 18:640–646
Ciacco GT, Morgado DL, Frollini E, Possidonio S, El Seoud OA (2010) Some aspects of acetylation of untreated and mercerized sisal cellulose. J Braz Chem Soc 21:71–77
Kuzmina O, Sashina E, Troshenkowa S, Wawro D (2010) Dissolved state of cellulose in ionic liquids—the impact of water. Fibres Text East Eur 18:32–37
Ramos LA, Morgado DL, El Seoud OA, da Silva VC, Frollini E (2011) Acetylation of cellulose in LiCl-N, N-dimethylacetamide: first report on the correlation between the reaction efficiency and the aggregation number of dissolved cellulose. Cellulose 18:385–392
McCormick CL, Callais PA, Hutchinson BH Jr (1985) Solution studies of cellulose in lithium chloride and N, N-dimethylacetamide. Macromolecules 18:2394–2401
Terbojevich M, Cosani A, Camilot M, Focher B (1995) Solution studies of cellulose tricarbanilates obtained in homogeneous phase. J Appl Polym Sci 55:1663–1671
Röder T, Moslinger R, Mais U, Morgenstern B, Glatter O (2003) Characterization of the solution structure of technical cellulose solutions. Lenzinger Ber 82:118–127
Kim SO, Shin WJ, Cho H, Kim BC, Chung IJ (1999) Rheological investigation on the anisotropic phase of cellulose-MMNO/H2O solution system. Polymer 40:6443–6450
Tswett M (1906) Physicochemical studies over the chlorophyll. The adsorptions. Ber Dtsch Bot Ges 24:316–323
Martin AJP (1957) In: Desty DH (ed) Vapour phase chromatography (1956 London symposium) Butterworth, London, p 1
Golay MJE (1957) In: Desty DH (ed) Vapour phase chromatography (1956 London Symposium) Butterworth, London, p 36
Lathe GH, Ruthven CRJ Jr (1956) Separation of substances and estimation of their relative molecular sizes by the use of columns of starch in water. Biochem J 62:665–674
Porath J, Flodin P (1959) Gel filtration: a method for desalting and group separation. Nature 183:1657–1659
Moore JC (1964) Gel permeation chromatography. I. New method for molecular-weight distribution of high polymers. J Polym Sci Part B 2:835–843
Gallot-Grubisic Z, Rempp P, Benoit H (1967) Universal calibration for gel permeation chromatography. J Polym Sci Polym Lett Ed 5:753–759
Dawkins JV (1984) Calibration of separation systems. In: Janca J (ed) Steric exclusion liquid chromatography of polymers. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 53–116
Connor AH (1995) In: Wu C-S (ed) Handbook of size exclusion chromatography. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 331–352
Bikova T, Treimanis A (2002) Problems of the MMD analysis of cellulose by SEC using DMA/LiCl: a review. Carbohydr Polym 48:23–28
Eremeeva T (2003) Size-exclusion chromatography of enzymatically treated cellulose and related polysaccharides: a review. J Biochem Biophys Methods 56:253–264 and references cited therein
Sollinger S, Diamantoglou M (1996) Spectroscopical characterization of cellulose derivatives. Papier (Darmstadt) 12:691–700
Bao YT, Bose A, Ladisch MR, Tsao GT (1980) New approach to aqueous gel permeation chromatography of nonderivatized cellulose. J Appl Polym Sci 25:263–275
Sjöholm E, Gustafsson K, Kolar J, Pettersson B (1994) Characterization of chemical pulps by SEC. In: Proceedings of the 3rd European workshop on lignocellulosics and pulp, Stockholm, pp 246–250
Hortling B, Färm P, Sundquist J (1994) Investigations of pulp components (polysaccharides, residual lignins) using HP/SEC system with viscometric RI and UV detectors. In: Proceedings of the 3rd European workshop on lignocellulosics and pulp, Stockholm, pp 256–259
Rahkamo L, Viikari L, Buchert J, Paakkari T, Suortti T (1998) Enzymic and alkaline treatments of hardwood dissolving pulp. Cellulose 5:79–88
Timpa JD (1991) Application of universal calibration in gel permeation chromatography for molecular weight determinations of plant cell wall polymers: cotton fiber. J Agric Food Chem 39:270–275
Silva AA, Laver ML (1997) Molecular weight characterization of wood pulp cellulose: dissolution and size exclusion chromatographic analysis. Tappi J 80:173–180
Kennedy JF, Rivera ZS, White CA, Lloyd LL, Warner FP (1990) Molecular weight characterization of underivatized cellulose by GPC using lithium chloride-dimethylacetamide solvent system. Cellul Chem Technol 24:319–325
Sjöholm E, Gustafsson K, Eriksson B, Brown W, Colmsjö A (2000) Aggregation of cellulose in lithium chloride/N, N-dimethylacetamide. Carbohydr Polym 41:153–161
Berthold F, Gustafsson K, Berggren R, Sjöholm E, Lindström M (2004) Dissolution of softwood kraft pulps by direct derivatization in lithium chloride/N, N-dimethylacetamide. J Appl Polym Sci 94:424–431
Striegel AM, Timpa JD (1995) Molecular characterization of polysaccharides dissolved in N, N-dimethylacetamide-lithium chloride by gel-permeation chromatography. Carbohydr Res 267:271–290
Sjöholm E, Gustafsson K, Berthold F, Colmsjö A (2000) Influence of the carbohydrate composition on the molecular weight distribution of kraft pulps. Carbohydr Polym 41:1–7
Brewer RJ, Tanghe LJ, Baily S (1969) Gel-permeation chromatography of cellulose esters. Effect of average degree of polymerization, degree of substitution, substituent size, and primary hydroxyl content. J Polym Sci Part A-1 Polym Chem 7:1635–1645
Schurz J, Haas J, Kraessig H (1971) Gel permeation chromatography of cellulose trinitrate in tetrahydrofuran. II Cellul Chem Technol 5:269–284
Kulicke WM, Clasen C, Lohman C (2005) Characterization of water-soluble cellulose derivatives in terms of the molar mass and particle size as well as their distribution. Macromol Symp 223:151–174
Ramos L (2005) Correlation between the physic-chemical properties of cellulose and its derivatization in LiCl/DMAc and DMSO/TBAF.3H2O. Ph.D. thesis, University of São Paulo
Saake B, Horner S, Kruse T, Puls J, Liebert T, Heinze T (2000) Detailed investigation on the molecular structure of carboxymethyl cellulose with unusual substitution pattern by means of an enzyme-supported analysis. Macromol Chem Phys 201:1996–2002
Brown W, Henely D, Ohman J (1963) Studies on cellulose derivatives. I. The dimensions and configuration of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose in cadoxene and the influence of the degree of substitution. Makromol Chem 62:164–182
Eremeeva TE, Bykova TO (1998) SEC of mono-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in a wide range of pH; Mark-Houwink constants. Carbohydr Polym 36:319–326
Rinaudo M, Danhelka J, Milas MA (1993) A new approach to characterizing carboxymethylcelluloses by size-exclusion chromatography. Carbohydr Polym 21:1–5
Wittgren B, Wahlund KG (2000) Size characterization of modified celluloses in various solvents using flow FFF-MALS and MB-MALS. Carbohydr Polym 43:63–73
Yokoyama W, Renner-Nantz JJ, Shoemaker CF (1998) Starch molecular mass and size by size-exclusion chromatography in DMSO-LiBr coupled with multiple angle laser light scattering. Cereal Chem 75:530–535
Berry GC (1966) Thermodynamic and conformational properties of polystyrene. I. Light-scattering studies on dilute solutions of linear polystyrenes. J Chem Phys 44:4550–4564
Andersson M, Wittgren B, Wahlund KG (2001) Ultrahigh molar mass component detected in ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation coupled to multi-angle light scattering. Anal Chem 73:4852–4861
Evans DF, Wennerström A (1999) The colloidal domain, 2nd edn. Weinheim, Wiley-VCH
Saalwaechter K, Burchard W, Kluefers P, Kettenbach G, Mayer P, Klemm D, Dugarmaa S (2000) Cellulose solutions in water containing metal complexes. Macromolecules 33:4094–4107
Röder T, Morgenstern B, Schelosky N, Glatter O (2001) Solutions of cellulose in N, N-dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride studied by light scattering methods. Polymer 42:6765–6773
Isogai A, Yanagisawa M (2008) In: Hu TQ (ed) Characterization of lignocellulosic materials. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, pp 206–226
Fink HP, Weigel P, Purz HJ, Ganster J (2001) Structure formation of regenerated cellulose materials from NMMO-solutions. Prog Polym Sci 26:1473–1524 and references cited therein
Morgenstern B, Röder T (1998) Investigations on structures in the system cellulose/N-methylmorpholine N-oxide monohydrate by means of light scattering measurements. Papier (Heidelberg) 52:713–717
Röder T, Morgenstern B (1999) The influence of activation on the solution state of cellulose dissolved in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide-monohydrate. Polymer 40:4143–4147
Trulove PC, Reichert WM, De Long HC, Kline SR, Rahatekar SS, Gilman JW, Muthukumar M (2009) The structure and dynamics of silk and cellulose dissolved in ionic liquids. ECS Trans 16:111–117
El Seoud OA, Heinze T (2005) Organic esters of cellulose: new perspectives for old polymers. Adv Polym Sci 186:103–149
Schulz L, Burchard W, Dönges R (1998) Evidence of supramolecular structures of cellulose derivatives in solution. In: Heinze T, Glasser WG (eds) Cellulose derivatives: modification, characterization, and nanostructures, ACS Symposium SERIES 688, Washington DC, pp 218–238
Morgenstern B, Kammer H-W (1998) On the particulate structure of cellulose solutions. Polymer 40:1299–1304
Menger FM (1993) Enzyme reactivity from an organic perspective. Acc Chem Res 26:206–212
Tsunashima Y, Kawanishi H, Horii F (2002) Reorganization of dynamic self-assemblies of cellulose diacetate in solution: dynamical critical-like fluctuations in the lower critical solution temperature system. Biomacromolecules 3:1276–1285
Schulz L, Seger B, Burchard W (2000) Structures of cellulose in solution. Macromol Chem Phys 201:2008–2022
Nilsson S, Sundeloef L-O, Bedrich Porsch (1995) On the characterization principles of some technically important water-soluble nonionic cellulose derivatives. Carbohydr Polym 28:265–275
Wittgren B, Porsch B (2002) Molar mass distribution of hydroxypropyl cellulose by size exclusion chromatography with dual light scattering and refractometric detection. Carbohydr Polym 49:457–469
Wittgren B, Stefansson M, Porsch B (2005) Interactions between sodium dodecyl sulphate and non-ionic cellulose derivatives studied by size exclusion chromatography with online multi-angle light scattering and refractometric detection. J Chromatogr A 1082:166–175
Dupont A-L, Mortha G (2006) Comparative evaluation of size-exclusion chromatography and viscometry for the characterisation of cellulose. J Chromatogr A 1026:129–141
Fukasawa M, Obara S (2004) Molecular weight determination of hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) using size exclusion chromatography with a multi-angle laser light scattering detector. Chem Pharm Bull 52:1391–1393
Schagerlöf H, Richardson S, Momcilovic D, Brinkmalm G, Wittgren B, Tjerneld F (2006) Characterization of chemical substitution of hydroxypropyl cellulose using enzymatic degradation. Biomacromolecules 7:80–85
Schittenhelm N, Kulicke W-M (2000) Producing homologous series of molar masses for establishing structure-property relationships with the aid of ultrasonic degradation. Macromol Chem Phys 201:1976–1984
Clasen C, Kulicke W-M (2001) Determination of viscoelastic and rheo-optical material functions of water-soluble cellulose derivatives. Prog Polym Sci 26:1839–1919 and references cited therein
Elias H-G (1997) An introduction to polymer science. VCH, p 275
Scherrer P (1918) Estimation of the size and internal structure of colloidal particles by means of Roentgen rays. Nachr Ges Wiss Gottingen 96–100, CAN 13:13268
Watanabe S, Hayashi J, Akahori T (1974) Molecular chain conformation and crystallite structure of cellulose. I. Fine structure of rayon fibers. J Polym Sci Polym Chem Ed 12:1065–1087
Hattula T (1987) Crystallization and disordering of cellulose in dissolving pulp during heterogeneous acid hydrolysis. Pap Puu 69:92–95
Lenz J, Schurz J (1990) Fibrillar structure and deformation behavior of regenerated cellulose fibers. I. Methods of investigation and crystallite dimensions. Cellul Chem Technol 24:3–21
Lenz J, Schurz J, Wrentschur E, Geymayer W (1986) Dimensions of crystalline regions in regenerated cellulosic fibers. Angew Makromol Chem 138:1–19
Ioyelovich MY (1991) Supermolecular structure of native and isolated cellulose. Polym Sci 33:1670–1676
Bansal P, Hall M, Realff MJ, Lee JH, Bommarius AS (2010) Multivariate statistical analysis of X-ray data from cellulose: a new method to determine degree of crystallinity and predict hydrolysis rates. Bioresour Technol 101:4461–4471
Driemeier C, Calligaris GA (2011) Theoretical and experimental developments for accurate determination of crystallinity of cellulose I materials. J Appl Crystallogr 44:184–192
Lenz J, Schurz J, Wrentschur E (1988) The length of the crystalline domains in fibers of regenerated cellulose. Determination of the crystallite length of cellulose II by means of wide-angle X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Holzforschung 42:117–122
Krässig HA (1992) Cellulose: Structure, accessibility, and reactivity. Gordon and Breach, Yverdon, p 66
Ruland W (1961) X-ray determination of crystallinity and diffuse disorder scattering. Acta Crystallogr 14:1180–1185
Vonk CG (1973) Computerization of Ruland’s x-ray method for determination of the crystallinity in polymers. J Appl Crystallogr 6:148–152
Segal L, Creely JJ, Markin AE Jr, Conrad CM (1959) An empirical method for estimating the degree of crystallinity of native cellulose using the x-ray diffractometer. Text Res J 29:786–794
Ant-Wuorinen O, Visapaa OA (1962) X-ray diffractometric method for determination of the crystallinity of cellulose. Norelco Rep 9:47–52
Buschle-Diller G, Zeronian SH (1992) Enhancing the reactivity and strength of cotton fibers. J Appl Polym Sci 45:967–979
Krischner H (1980) Einführung in die Röntgenfeinstrukturanalyse, Friedr. Wieweg Sohn, Braunschweig, p 28, 29, 43
Hofmann D, Fink HP, Philipp B (1989) Lateral crystallite size and lattice distortions in cellulose II samples of different origin. Polymer 30:237–241
Kasai K, Kakudo M (2005) X-ray diffraction by macromolcules. Springer, Berlin, p 163
Chandrasekaran R (1997) Molecular architecture of polysaccharide helices in oriented fibers. In: Horton D (ed) Advances in carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 311–439
Atalla RH, VanderHart DL (1984) Native cellulose: a composite of two distinct crystalline forms. Science (Washington, DC, United States) 223(4633):283–285
VanderHart DL, Atalla RH (1984) Studies of microstructure in native celluloses using solid-state carbon-13 NMR. Macromolecules 17:1465–1472
Belton PS, Tanner SF, Cartier N, Chanzy H (1989) High-resolution solid-state carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of tunicin, an animal cellulose. Macromolecules 22:1615–1617
Nishiyama Y, Sugiyama J, Chanzy H, Langan P (2003) Crystal structure and hydrogen-bonding system in cellulose Iα from synchrotron X-ray and neutron fiber diffraction. J Am Chem Soc 125:14300–14306
Stipanovic A, Sarko A (1976) Packing analysis of carbohydrates and polysaccharides. 6. Molecular and crystal structure of regenerated cellulose II. Macromolecules 9:851–857
Kolpak FJ, Blackwell J (1976) Determination of the structure of cellulose II. Macromolecules 9:273–278
Dudley RL, Fyfe CA, Stephenson PJ, Deslandes Y, Hamer GK, Marchessault RH (1983) High-resolution carbon-13 CP/MAS NMR spectra of solid cellulose oligomers and the structure of cellulose II. J Am Chem Soc 105:2469–2472
Isogai A, Usuda M, Kato T, Uryu T, Atallah RH (1989) Solid-state CP/MAS carbon-13 NMR study of cellulose polymorphs. Macromolecules 22:3168–3172
Gessler K, Krauss N, Steiner T, Betzl C, Sarko A, Saenger W (1995) β-d-Cellotetraose hemihydrate as a structural model for cellulose II. An X-ray diffraction study. J Am Chem Soc 117:11397–11406
Raymond S, Henrissat B, Tran Qui D, Kvick A, Chanzy H (1995) The crystal structure of methyl β-cellotrioside monohydrate 0.25 ethanolate and its relationship to cellulose II. Carbohydr Res 277:209–229
Langan P, Nishiyama Y, Chanzy H (1999) A revised structure and hydrogen-bonding system in cellulose II from neutron fiber diffraction analysis. J Am Chem Soc 121:9940–9946
Wada M, Heux L, Isogai A, Nishiyama Y, Chanzy H, Sugiyama J (2001) Improved structural data of cellulose IIII prepared in supercritical ammonia. J Am Chem Soc 34:1237–1243
Takai M, Fukuda K, Murata M, Hayashi J (1987) Crystalline polymorphism of cellulose triacetate. In: Kennedy JF, Phillips GO, Williams PA (eds) Wood and cellulosics. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, pp 111–117
Kuppel A, Husemann E, Seifert E, Zugenmaier P (1973) Transformation of triacetyl cellulose I into triacetyl cellulose II and packing of cellulose in native fibers. Kolloid Z Z Polym 251:432–433
Zugenmaier P (2004) Characterization and physical properties of cellulose acetates. Macromol Symp 208:81–166
El Seoud OA, Fidale LC, Ruiz N, D’Almeida MLO, Frollini E (2008) Cellulose swelling by protic solvents: which properties of the biopolymer and the solvent matter? Cellulose 15:371–392
Shinouda HG, Kinawi A, Abdel-Moteleb MM (1978) X-ray diffraction and iodine adsorption of acid modified cellulose fibers. Makromol Chem 179:455–462
Revol JF, Dietrich A, Goring DAI (1987) Effect of mercerization on the crystallite size and crystallinity index in cellulose from different sources. Can J Chem 65:1724–1725
Sidiras DK, Koullas DP, Vgenopoulos AG, Koukios EG (1990) Cellulose crystallinity as affected by various technical processes. Cellul Chem Technol 24:309–317
Tang L-G, Hon DN-S, Pan S-H, Zhu Y-Q, Wang Z, Wag Z-Z (1996) Evaluation of microcrystalline cellulose. I. Changes in ultrastructural characteristics during preliminary acid hydrolysis. J Appl Polym Sci 59:483–488
Awadel-Karim S, Nazhad MM, Paszner L (1999) Factors affecting crystalline structure of cellulose during solvent purification treatment. Holzforschung 53:1–8
Chen Y, Stipanovic AJ, Winter WT, Wilson DB, Kim Y-J (2007) Effect of digestion by pure cellulases on crystallinity and average chain length for bacterial and microcrystalline celluloses. Cellulose 14:283–293
Liu Y, Hu H (2008) X-ray diffraction study of bamboo fibers treated with NaOH. Fibers Polym 9:735–739
Kim J, Chen Y, Kang K-S, Park Y-B, Schwartz M (2008) Magnetic field effect for cellulose nanofiber alignment. J Appl Phys. 104:096104/1–096104/3
Park S, Johnson DK, Ishizawa CI, Parilla PA, Davis MF (2009) Measuring the crystallinity index of cellulose by solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. Cellulose 16:641–647
Nishimura H, Sarko A (1987) Mercerization of cellulose. III. Changes in crystallite sizes. J Appl Polym Sci 33:855–866
Nishimura H, Sarko A (1987) Mercerization of cellulose. IV. Mechanism of mercerization and crystallite sizes. J Appl Polym Sci 33:867–874
Bober HL, Cuculo JA, Tucker PA (1987) Effects of ammonia/ammonium thiocyanate on cotton fabric. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 25:2025–2032
Pavlov P, Makaztchieva V, Lozanov E (1992) High reactivity of cellulose after high temperature mercerization. Cellul Chem Technol 26:151–160
Fink HP, Philipp B, Zschunke C, Hayn M (1992) Structural changes of LODP cellulose in the original and mercerized state during enzymatic hydrolysis. Acta Polym 43:270–274
Sao KP, Samantaray BK, Bhattacherjee S (1996) X-ray line profile analysis in alkali-treated ramie fiber. J Appl Polym Sci 60:919–922
Ramos LA, Assaf JM, El Seoud OA, Frollini E (2005) Influence of the supramolecular structure and physicochemical properties of cellulose on its dissolution in a lithium chloride/N, N-dimethylacetamide solvent system. Biomacromolecules 6:2638–2647
Günzler H, Gremlich H-U (2002) IR Spectroscopy: an introduction. Wiley-VCH, New York
Wartewig S (2003) IR and Raman spectroscopy: fundamental processing. Wiley-VCH, New York
Krasovskii AN, Polyakov DN, Gorodneva EN, Varlamov AV, Mnatsakanov SS, Iskhakov DM (1992) IR spectra and structure of cellulose triacetate with low content of mono- and disubstituted glucopyranose units. Russ J Appl Chem 65:1528–1534
Krasovskii AN, Polyakov DN, Mnatsakanov SS (1993) Determination of the degree of substitution in highly substituted cellulose esters (acetates). Russ J Appl Chem 66:918–924
Polyakov DN, Krasovskii AN, Gorodneva EN, Varlamov AV, Mnatsakonov SS (1993) Effect of activation and acylation of cellulose on distribution of primary and secondary hydroxyl groups in cellulose triacetate with small content of partially substituted glucopyranose. Russ J Appl Chem 66:1944–1948
Krasovskii AN, Plodistyi AB, Polyakov DN (1996) Distribution of primary and secondary functional groups in highly substituted cellulose acetates, acetomaleates, and acetophthalates based IR absorption spectroscopy data. Russ J Appl Chem 69:1048–1054
Dominguez de Maria P, Martinsson A (2009) Ionic-liquid-based method to determine the degree of esterification in cellulose fibers. Analyst 134:493–496
Sollinger S, Diamantoglou M (1997) Determination of the degree of sulfonation of sulfonated poly(aryl ether) sulfone. J Raman Spectrosc 28:811–817
Robert P, Marquis M, Barron C, Guillon F, Saulnier L (2005) FT-IR investigation of cell wall polysaccharides from cereal grains. Arabinoxylan infrared assignment. J Agric Food Chem 53:7014–7018
O’Connor RT, DuPre EF, McCall ER (1957) Infrared spectrophotometric procedure for analysis of cellulose and modified cellulose. Anal Chem 29:998–1005
Fengel D, Ludwig M (1991) Possibilities and limits of FTIR spectroscopy for the characterization of cellulose. Part 1. Comparison of various cellulose fibers and bacterial-cellulose. Papier (Bingen, Germany) 45:45–51
Fengel D (1991) Possibilities and limits of FTIR spectroscopy for the characterization of cellulose. Part 2. Comparison of various pulps. Papier (Bingen, Germany) 45:97–102
Fengel D (1991) Possibilities and limits of FTIR spectroscopy for the characterization of cellulose. Part 3. Effect of accompanying compounds on the IR spectrum of cellulose. Papier (Bingen, Germany) 46:7–11
Richter U, Krause T, Schempp W (1991) Alkali treatment of cellulose fibers. I. Changes in order evaluated by IR spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. Angew Makromol Chem 185/186:155–167
Marson GA, El Seoud OA (1999) Cellulose dissolution in lithium chloride/N, N-dimethylacetamide solvent system: relevance of kinetics of decrystallization to cellulose derivatization under homogeneous solution conditions. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 37:3738–3744
Khalil EMA, El-Wakil NA (2001) Infrared absorption spectra of cyanoethylated cellulose fibres. Cellul Chem Technol 34:473–479
Xiao D, Hu J, Zhang M, Li M, Wang G, Yao H (2004) Synthesis and characterization of camphorsulfonyl acetate of cellulose. Carbohydr Res 339:1925–1931
Oh SY, Yoo DI, Shin Y, Kim HC, Kim HY, Chung YS, Park WH, Youk JH (2005) Crystalline structure analysis of cellulose treated with sodium hydroxide and carbon dioxide by means of X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy. Carbohydr Res 340:2376–2391
Fuller MP, Griffiths PR (1978) Diffuse reflectance measurements by infrared Fourier transform spectrometry. Anal Chem 50:1906–1910
Kubelka P (1948) New contributions to the optics of intensely light-scattering materials. J Opt Soc Am 38:448–457
Schultz TP, McGinnis GD, Bertran MS (1985) Estimation of cellulose crystallinity using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and dynamic thermogravimetry. J Wood Chem Technol 5:543–557
Hulleman SHD, van Hazendonk JM, van Dam JEG (1994) Determination of crystallinity in native cellulose from higher plants with diffuse reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Carbohydr Res 261:163–172
Yang CQ, Wang X (1996) Infrared spectroscopy studies of the cyclic anhydride as the intermediate for the ester crosslinking of cotton cellulose by polycarboxylic acids. II. Comparison of different polycarboxylic acids. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 34:1573–1580
Yang CQ, Wang X (1997) Infrared spectroscopy studies of the cyclic anhydride as the intermediate for the ester crosslinking of cotton cellulose by polycarboxylic acids. III. Molecular weight of a crosslinking agent. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 35:557–564
Ogawa K, Hirai I, Shimasaki C, Yoshimura T, Ono S, Rengakuji S, Nakamura Y, Yamazaki I (1999) Simple determination method of degree of substitution for starch acetate. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 72:2785–2790
Jandura P, Kokta BV, Riedl B (2000) Fibrous long-chain organic acid cellulose esters and their characterization by diffuse reflectance FTIR spectroscopy, solid-state CP/MAS carbon-13 NMR, and x-ray diffraction. J Appl Polym Sci 78:1354–1365
Mao Z, Yang CQ (2001) IR spectroscopy study of cyclic anhydride as intermediate for ester crosslinking of cotton cellulose by polycarboxylic acids. V. Comparison of 1,2,4-butanetricarboxylic acid and 1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid. J Appl Polym Sci 81:2142–2150
Casarano R, Fidale LC, Lucheti CM, Heinze T, El Seoud OA (2010) Expedient, accurate methods for the determination of the degree of substitution of cellulose carboxylic esters: application of Uv-vis spectroscopy (dye solvatochromism) and FTIR. Carbohydr Polym 83:1285–1292
Crepy L, Chaveriat L, Banoub J, Martin P, Joly N (2009) Synthesis of cellulose fatty esters as plastics—influence of the degree of substitution and the fatty chain length on mechanical properties. Chemsuschem 2:165–170
El-Khouly AS, Kenawy E, Safaan AA, Takahashi Y, Hafiz YA, Sonomoto K, Zendo T (2011) Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of modified cellulose-graft-polyacrylonitrile with some aromatic aldehyde derivatives. Carbohydr Polym 83:346–353
Cheng HN, Biswas A (2011) Chemical modification of cotton-based natural materials: products from carboxymethylation. Carbohydr Polym 84:1004–1010
Kaur B, Gur IS, Bhatnagar HL (1987) Thermal degradation studies of cellulose phosphates and cellulose thiophosphates. Angew Makromol Chem 147:157–183
Pohl M, Heinze T (2008) Novel biopolymer structures synthesized by dendronization of 6-deoxy-6-aminopropargyl cellulose. Macromol Rapid Commun 29:1739–1745
Hasani M, Westman G, Potthast A, Rosenau T (2009) Cationization of cellulose by using N-oxiranylmethyl-N-methylmorpholinium chloride and 2-oxiranylpyridine as etherfication agents. J Appl Polym Sci 114:1449–1456
Zhang C, Price LM, Daly WH (2006) Synthesis and characterization of a trifunctional aminoamide cellulose derivative. Biomacromolecules 7:139–145
Kostag M, Koehler S, Liebert T, Heinze T (2010) Pure cellulose nanoparticles from trimethylsilyl cellulose. Macromol Symp 294-II:96–106
Kondo T, Sawatari C (1996) A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis of the character of hydrogen bonds in amorphous cellulose. Polymer 37:393–399
Schwanninger M, Rodrigues JC, Pereira H, Hinterstoisser B (2004) Effects of short-time vibratory ball milling on the shape of FT-IR spectra of wood and cellulose. Vib Spectrosc 36:23–40
Gavira JM, Hernanz A, Bratu I (2003) Dehydration of & β-cyclodextrin: an IR & ν(OH) band profile analysis. Vib Spectrosc 32:137–146
Hurtubise F, Krässig H (1960) Classification of fine structural characteristics in cellulose by infrared spectroscopy. Anal Chem 32:177–181
Nelson ML, O’Connor RT (1964) Relation of certain infrared bands to cellulose crystallinity and crystal lattice type. II. A new infrared ratio for estimation of crystallinity in celluloses I and II. J Appl Polym Sci 8:1325–1341
El-Saied H, Hanna AA, Ibrahem AA (1985) Comparative study of various physical methods for the determination of cellulose crystallinity. Indian Pulp Pap 40:7, 9–10, 24
Iyer PB, Sreenivasan S, Chidambareswaran PK, Patil NB, Sundaram V (1991) Induced crystallization of cellulose in never-dried cotton fibers. J Appl Polym Sci 42:1751–1757
He J, Cui S, Wang S-Y (2008) Preparation and crystalline analysis of high-grade bamboo dissolving pulp for cellulose acetate. J Appl Polym Sci 107:1029–1038
Puleo AC, Paul DR, Kelly SS (1989) The effect of degree of acetylation on gas sorption and transport behavior in cellulose acetate. J Membr Sci 47:301–332
Normakhamatov NS, Turaev AS, Burkhanova ND (2009) Cellulose supramolecular structure changes during chemical activation and sulfation. Holzforschung 63:40–46
Miyamoto T, Sato Y, Shibata T, Tanahashi M, Inagaki H (1985) Carbon-13 NMR spectral studies on the distribution of substituents in water-soluble cellulose acetate. J Polym Sci Polym Chem Ed 23:1373–1383
Krasovskii AN, Polyakov DN, Mnatsakanov SS (1993) Determination of the degree of substitution in highly substituted cellulose esters (acetates). Zh Prikl Khim 66:1118–1126
Krasovskii AN, Plodistyi AB, Polyakov DN (1996) Distribution of primary and secondary functional groups in highly substituted cellulose acetates, acetomaleates, and acetophthalates based IR absorption spectroscopy data. Zh Prikl Khim 69:1183–1189
Braun S, Kalinowski HO, Berger S (2004) 200 and more basic NMR experiments. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, p 128
Sei T, Ishitani K, Suzuki R, Ikematsu K (1985) Distribution of acetyl group in cellulose acetate as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Polym J 17:1065–1069
Iyer PB, Iyer KRK, Patil NB (1976) An infrared technique for the quick analysis of cotton-polyester. J Appl Polym Sci 20:591–595
Iyer PB, Iyer KRK, Patil NB (1978) Quantitative analysis of wool/cotton blends: an infrared method. J Appl Polym Sci 22:2677–2683
Fidale LC, Lima PM Jr, Hortencio LMA, Pires PAR, Heinze T, El Seoud OA (2012) Employing perichromism for probing the properties of carboxymethyl cellulose films: an expedient, accurate method for the determination of the degree of substitution of the biopolymer derivative. Cellulose 19:151–159
Becker ED (1999) High resolution NMR, 3rd edn. Academic Press, New York, NY, p 424
Ernst RR, Bodenhausen G, Wokaun A (1990) Principles of nuclear magnetic resonance in one and two dimensions. Oxford University Press, USA
Günther H (1995) NMR spectroscopy: basic principles, concepts, and applications in chemistry, 2nd edn. Wiley, USA
http://www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/nmr/ by Joseph P. Hornak
Sternberg U, Koch FT, Prieß W, Witter R (2003) Crystal structure refinements of cellulose polymorphs using solid state 13C chemical shifts. Cellulose 10:189–199
Witter R, Sternberg U, Hesse S, Kondo T, Koch FT, Ulrich AS (2006) 13C chemical shift constrained crystal structure refinement of cellulose Iα and its verification by NMR anisotropy experiments. Macromolecules 39:6125–6132
Unger EW, Fink HP, Philipp B (1995) Morphometric investigation of the swelling dissolution process of cellulose fibers in FeTNa and LiCl/dimethylacetamide. Papier (Darmstadt) 49(6):297–307
Evans R, Newman RH, Roick UC, Suckling ID, Wallis AFA (1995) Changes in cellulose crystallinity during kraft pulping. Comparison of infrared, x-ray diffraction and solid state NMR results. Holzforschung 49:498–504
Hesse S (2005) Strukturanalyse modifizierter Bakteriencellulosen verschiedener Subspezies des A. xylinum mittels Festkörper-Kernresonanz-Spektroskopie. Ph.D. thesis, University of Jena, Germany
Debzi EM, Chanzy H, Sugiyama J, Tekely P, Excoffier G (1991) The Iα → Iβ transformation of highly crystalline cellulose by annealing in various mediums. Macromolecules 24:6816–6822
Yamamoto H, Horii F (1993) CPMAS carbon-13 NMR analysis of the crystal transformation induced for Valonia cellulose by annealing at high temperatures. Macromolecules 26:1313–1317
Yamamoto H, Horii F (1994) In situ crystallization of bacterial cellulose. I. Influences of polymeric additives, stirring and temperature on the formation of celluloses Iα and Iβ as revealed by cross polarization/magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy. Cellulose 1:57–60
Larsson PT, Westermark U, Iversen T (1995) Determination of the cellulose Iα allomorph content in a tunicate cellulose by CP/MAS 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Carbohydr Res 278:339–343
Newman RH (1999) Estimation of the relative proportions of cellulose Iα and Iβ in wood by carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy. Holzforschung 53:335–340
Horii F, Yamamoto H, Kitamaru R (1987) Transformation of native cellulose crystals induced by saturated steam at high temperatures. Macromolecules 20:2946–2949
Sugiyama J, Okano T, Yamamoto H, Horii F (1990) Transformation of Valonia cellulose crystals by an alkaline hydrothermal treatment. Macromolecules 23:3196–3198
Kono H, Erata T, Takai M (2003) Determination of the through-bond carbon-carbon and carbon-proton connectivities of the native celluloses in the solid state. Macromolecules 36:5131–5138
Kono H, Numata Y (2006) Structural investigation of cellulose Iα and Iβ by two-dimensional RFDR NMR spectroscopy: determination of sequence of magnetically inequivalent d-glucose units along cellulose chain. Cellulose 13:317–326
Horii F, Hirai A, Kitamaru R (1982) Solid-state high-resolution carbon-13 NMR studies of regenerated cellulose samples with different crystallinities. Polym Bull 8:163–170
Kunze J, Fink HP (1999) Characterization of cellulose and cellulose derivatives by high resolution solid state 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Papier (Bingen, Germany) 53:753–764
Atalla RH, VanderHart DL (1999) The role of solid-state carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy in studies of the nature of native celluloses. Solid State Nucl Magn Reson 15:1–19
VanderHart DL, Campbell GC (1998) Off-resonance proton decoupling on-resonance and near-resonance. A close look at 13C CPMAS linewidths in solids for rigid, strongly coupled carbons under CW proton decoupling. J Magn Reson 134:88–112
Yamamoto H, Horii F, Hirai A (2006) Structural studies of bacterial cellulose through the solid-phase nitration and acetylation by CP/MAS 13C NMR spectroscopy. Cellulose 13:327–342
Tokoh C, Takabe K, Sugiyama J, Fujita M (2002) CP/MAS 13C-NMR and electron diffraction study of bacterial cellulose structure affected by cell wall polysaccharides. Cellulose 9:351–360
Larsson PT, Wickholm K, Iversen T (1997) A CP/MAS carbon-13 NMR investigation of molecular ordering in celluloses. Carbohydr Res 302:19–25
Larsson PT, Hult EL, Wickholm K, Pettersson E, Iversen T (1999) CP/MAS carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy applied to structure and interaction studies on cellulose I. Solid State Nucl Magn Reson 15:31–40
Newman RH (1999) Estimation of the lateral dimensions of cellulose crystallites using carbon-13 NMR signal strengths. Solid State Nucl Magn Reson 15:21–29
Kono H, Erata T, Takai M (2002) CP/MAS 13C NMR study of cellulose and cellulose derivatives. 2. Complete assignment of the 13C resonance for the ring carbons of cellulose triacetate polymorphs. J Am Chem Soc 124:7512–7518
Hesse-Ertelt S, Witter R, Ulrich AS, Kondo T, Heinze T (2008) Spectral assignments and anisotropy data of cellulose Iα: 13C-NMR chemical shift data of cellulose Iα determined by INADEQUATE and RAI techniques applied to uniformly 13C-labeled bacterial celluloses of different Gluconacetobacter xylinus strains. Magn Reson Chem 46:1030–1036
Hesse S, Kondo T (2005) Behavior of cellulose production of Acetobacter xylinum in 13C-enriched cultivation media including movements on nematic ordered cellulose templates. Carbohydr Polym 60:457–465
Hesse-Ertelt S, Heinze T, Togawa E, Kondo T (2010) Structure elucidation of uniformly 13C-labeled bacterial celluloses from different Gluconacetobacter xylinus strains. Cellulose 17:139–151
Fyfe CA, Dudley RL, Stephenson PJ, Deslandes Y, Hamer GK, Marchessault RH (1983) Application of high-resolution solid-state NMR with cross-polarization magic-angle spinning (CP/MAS) techniques to cellulose chemistry. J Macromol Sci Rev Macromol Chem Phys C23:187–216
Kono H, Erata T, Takai M (2003) Complete assignment of the CP/MAS 13C NMR spectrum of cellulose IIII. Macromolecules 36:3589–3592
Kono H, Numata Y, Erata T, Takai M (2004) 13C and 1H resonance assignment of mercerized cellulose II by two-dimensional MAS NMR spectroscopies. Macromolecules 37:5310–5316
Wada M, Heux L, Nishiyama Y, Langan P (2009) X-ray crystallographic, scanning microprobe X-ray diffraction, and cross-polarized/magic angle spinning 13C NMR studies of the structure of cellulose IIIII. Biomacromolecules 10:302–309
Heinze T, Dicke R, Koschella A, Kull AH, Klohr E-A, Koch W (2000) Effective preparation of cellulose derivatives in a new simple cellulose solvent. Macromol Chem Phys 201:627–631
Heinze T, Schwikal K, Barthel S (2005) Ionic liquids as reaction medium in cellulose functionalization. Macromol Biosci 5:520–525
Fischer S, Voigt W, Fischer K (1999) The behavior of cellulose in hydrated melts of the composition LiX∙nH2O (X = I−, NO3 −, CH3COO−, ClO4 −). Cellulose 6:213–219
Nehls I, Wagenknecht W, Philipp B, Stscherbina D (1994) Characterization of cellulose and cellulose derivatives in solution by high resolution carbon-13 NMR spectrometry. Prog Polym Sci 19:29–78
Hasegawa M, Isogai A, Onabe F, Usada M (1992) Dissolving states of cellulose and chitosan in trifluoroacetic acid. J Appl Polym Sci 45:1857–1863
Yanagisawa M, Shibata I, Isogai A (2004) SEC-MALLS analysis of cellulose using LiCl/1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone as an eluent. Cellulose 11:169–176
Fujimoto T, Takahashi S, Tsuji M, Miyamoto T, Inagaki H (1986) Reaction of cellulose with formic acid and stability of cellulose formate. J Polym Sci Part C Polym Lett 24:495–501
Koehler S, Liebert T, Heinze T (2009) Ammonium-based cellulose solvents suitable for homogeneous etherification. Macromol Biosci 9:836–841
Meiland M, Heinze T, Guenther W, Liebert T (2010) Studies on the boronation of methyl-β-d-cellobioside—a cellulose model. Carbohydr Res 345:257–263
Meiland M, Heinze T, Guenther W, Liebert T (2009) Seven membered ring boronates at trans-diol moieties of carbohydrates. Tetrahedron Lett 50:469–472
Flugge LA, Blank JT, Petillo PA (1999) Isolation, modification, and NMR assignments of a series of cellulose oligomers. J Am Chem Soc 121:7228–7238
Jiang N, Pu Y, Ragauskas AJ (2010) Rapid determination of lignin content via direct dissolution and 1H NMR analysis of plant cell. Chemsuschem 3:1285–1289
Remsing RC, Swatloski RP, Rogers RD, Moyna G (2006) Mechanism of cellulose dissolution in the ionic liquid 1-N-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride: a 13C and 35/37Cl NMR relaxation study on model systems. Chem Commun 1271–1273
www.otto-diels-institut.de/studium/spektroskopie/FDS_2D-NMR1–08.pdf: 2 dimensionale-NMR Spektroskopie F.D. Sönnichsen Mittwoch, 22 Oct 2008
Fischer S, Leipner H, Thümmler K, Brendler E, Peters J (2003) Inorganic molten salts as solvents for cellulose. Cellulose 10:227–236
Heinze T, Liebert T, Koschella A (2006) Esterification of polysaccharides. Structure analysis of polysaccharide esters
Goodlett VW, Dougherty JF, Patton HW(1971) Characterization of cellulose acetates by nuclear magnetic resonance. J Polym Sci Part A-1 Polym Chem 9:155–161
Kamide K, Okajima K (1981) Determination of distribution of O-acetyl group in trihydric alcohol units of cellulose acetate by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Polym J (Tokyo) 13:127–133
Hikichi K, Kakuta Y, Katoh T (1995) 1H NMR study on substituent distribution of cellulose diacetate. Polym J (Tokyo) 27:659–663
Buchanan CM, Hyatt JA, Lowman DW (1987) 2D-NMR of polysaccharides: spectral assignments of cellulose triesters. Macromolecules 20:2750–2754
Gagnaire DY, Taravel FR, Vignon MR (1976) Attribution of carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance signals to peracetyl disaccharides in the d-glucose series. Carbohydr Res 51:157–168
Gagnaire DY, Taravel FR, Vignon MR (1982) Two-dimensional J spectroscopy: proton NMR of polysaccharides. Application to capsular heteroglycans and labeled cellulose triacetate. Macromolecules 15:126–129
Capon B, Rycroft DS, Thomson JW (1979) The carbon-13 NMR spectra of peracetylated cello-oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 70:145–149
Miyamoto T, Sato Y, Shibata T, Inagaki H, Tanahashi M (1984) Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of cellulose acetate. J Polym Sci Polym Chem Ed 22:2363–2370
Kamide K, Okajima K, Kowsaka K, Matsui T (1987) Solubility of cellulose acetate prepared by different methods and its correlationships with average acetyl group distribution on glucopyranose units. Polym J (Tokyo) 19:1405–1412
Kowsaka K, Okajima K, Kamide K (1986) Further study on the distribution of substituent group in cellulose acetate by carbon-13 and proton NMR analysis: assignment of carbonyl carbon peaks. Polym J (Tokyo) 18:843–849
Kamide K, Saito M (1994) Recent advances in molecular and supermolecular characterization of cellulose and cellulose derivatives. Macromol Symp 83:233–271
Buchanan CM, Edgar KJ, Hyatt JA, Wilson AK (1991) Preparation of cellulose [1-carbon-13]acetates and determination of monomer composition by NMR spectroscopy. Macromolecules 24:3050–3059
Reuben J, Conner HT (1983) Analysis of the carbon-13 NMR spectrum of hydrolyzed O-(carboxymethyl)cellulose: monomer composition and substitution patterns. Carbohydr Res 115:1–13
Tezuka Y, Tsuchiya Y, Shiomi T (1996) Proton and carbon-13 NMR structural study on cellulose and polysaccharide derivatives with carbonyl groups as a sensitive probe. Part II. Carbon-13 NMR determination of substituent distribution in carboxymethyl cellulose by use of its peresterified derivatives. Carbohydr Res 291:99–108
Capitani D, Porro F, Segre AL (2000) High field NMR analysis of the degree of substitution in carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt. Carbohydr Polym 42:283–286
Tezuka Y, Tsuchiya Y (1995) Determination of substituent distribution in cellulose acetate by means of a carbon-13 NMR study on its propanoated derivative. Carbohydr Res 273:83–91
Deus C, Friebolin H, Siefert E (1991) Partially acetylated cellulose. Synthesis and determination of the substituent distribution via proton NMR spectroscopy. Makromol Chem 192:75–83
Lee CK, Gray GR (1995) Analysis of positions of substitution of O-acetyl groups in partially O-acetylated cellulose by the reductive-cleavage method. Carbohydr Res 269:167–174
Schaller J, Heinze T (2005) Studies on the synthesis of 2,3-O-hydroxyalkyl ethers of cellulose. Macromol Biosci 5:58–63
Grote C, Heinze T (2005) Starch derivatives of high degree of functionalization 11: studies on alternative acylation of starch with long-chain fatty acids homogeneously in N, N-dimethyl acetamide/LiCl. Cellulose 12:435–444
Hornig S (2005) Selbststrukturierende Funktionspolymere durch chemische Modifizierung von Dextranen. Diploma thesis, University of Jena
Hussain MA, Liebert T, Heinze T (2004) Acylation of cellulose with N, N′-carbonyldiimidazole-activated acids in the novel solvent dimethyl sulfoxide/tetrabutylammonium fluoride. Macromol Rapid Commun 25:916–920
Liebert T, Hussain MA, Heinze T (2005) Structure determination of cellulose esters via subsequent functionalization and NMR spectroscopy. Macromol Symp 223:79–92
Hedenström M, Wiklund-Lindström S, Öman T, Lu F, Gerber L, Schatz P, Sundberg B, Ralph J (2009) Identification of lignin and polysaccharide modifications in Populus wood by chemometric analysis of 2D NMR spectra from dissolved cell walls. Mol Plant 2(933):942
Lu F, Ralph J (2003) Non-degradative dissolution and acetylation of ball-milled plant cell walls: high-resolution solution-state NMR. Plant J 35:535–544
Baar A, Kulicke W-M, Szablikowski K, Kiesewetter R (1994) Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose. Macromol Chem Phys 195:1483–1492
Buchanan CM, Hyatt JA, Lowman DW (1989) Supramolecular structure and microscopic conformation of cellulose esters. J Am Chem Soc 111:7312–7319
Nunes T, Burrows HD, Bastos M, Feio G, Gil MH (1995) 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of cellulose ester derivatives in solution, powder and membranes. Polymer 36:479–485
Iijima H, Kowsaka K, Kamide K (1992) Determination of sequence distribution of substituted and unsubstituted glucopyranose units in water-soluble cellulose acetate chain as revealed by enzymic degradation. Polym J (Tokyo) 24:1077–1097
King AWT, Jalomäki J, Granström M, Argyropoulos DS, Heikkinen S, Kilpelainen I (2010) A new method for rapid degree of substitution and purity determination of chloroform-soluble cellulose esters, using 31P NMR. Anal Methods 2:1499–1505
KulickeW-M Otto M, Baar A (1993) Improved NMR characterization of high-molecular-weight polymers and polyelectrolytes through the use of preliminary ultrasonic degradation. Makromol Chem 194:751–765
Iwata T, Azuma J, Okamura K, Muramoto M, Chun B (1992) Preparation and NMR assignments of cellulose mixed esters regioselectively substituted by acetyl and propanoyl groups. Carbohydr Res 224:277–283
McNair HM, Miller JM (1997) Basic gas chromatography. Wiley-Interscience, New York. ISBN 0–471-17260-X
Snyder LR, Kirkland JJ, Dolan JW (2010) Introduction to modern liquid chromatography, 3rd edn. Wiley. ISBN: 978–0-470-16754-0
Snyder LT, Glajch JL, Kirkland JJ (1988) Practical HPLC method development, 2nd edn. Wiley, USA
Cunico RL, Gooding KM, Wehr T (1998) Basic HPLC and CE of biomolecules. Bay Bioanalytical Laboratory
Dong MW (2006) Modern HPLC for practicing scientists. Wiley. ISBN 978–0-471-72789-7
Mischnick P, Momcilovic D (2010) Chemical structure analysis of starch and cellulose derivatives. In: Horton D (ed) Advances in carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry, vol 64. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 117–210
Rolf D, Gray GR (1982) Reductive cleavage of glycosides. J Am Chem Soc 104:3539–3541
Rosell K-G (1988) Distribution of substituents in methylcellulose. J Carbohydr Chem 7:525–536
Erler U, Mischnick P, Stein A, Klemm D (1992) Determination of the substitution patterns of cellulose methyl ethers by HPLC and gas-liquid chromatography—comparison of methods. Polym Bull 29:349–356
Gohdes M, Mischnick P, Wagenknecht W (1997) Methylation analysis of cellulose sulfates. Carbohydr Polym 33:163–168
Gohdes M, Mischnick P (1998) Determination of the substitution pattern in the polymer chain of cellulose sulfates. Carbohydr Res 309:109–115
Kragten EA, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JFG (1992) Composition analysis of carboxymethylcellulose by high-pH anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. J Chromatogr 623:49–53
Kragten EA, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JFG, Botter H, Batelaan JG (1992) Composition analysis of sulfoethylcelluloses by high-pH anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Carbohydr Res 233:81–86
Lee DS, Perlin AS (1984) Formation, and stereochemistry, of 1,2-O-(1-methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)-d-glucose acetals formed in the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of O-(2-hydroxypropyl)cellulose. Carbohydr Res 126:101–114
Arisz PW, Kauw HJJ, Boon JJ (1995) Substituent distribution along the cellulose backbone in O-methylcelluloses using GC and FAB-MS for monomer and oligomer analysis. Carbohydr Res 271:1–14
Heinze T (1998) Neue Funktionspolymere aus Cellulose: neue Synthesekonzepte, Strukturaufklärung und Eigenschaften. Shaker Verlag, Aachen, Germany. ISBN 3-8265-3300-3
Heinze T, Erler U, Nehls I, Klemm D (1994) Determination of the substituent pattern of heterogeneously and homogeneously synthesized carboxymethyl cellulose by using high-performance liquid chromatography. Angew Makromol Chem 215:93–106
Heinze T, Pfeiffer K, Liebert T, Heinze U (1999) Effective approaches for estimating the functionalization pattern of carboxymethyl starch of different origin. Starch/Staerke 51:11–16
Gelman RA (1982) Characterization of carboxymethylcellulose: distribution of substituent groups along the chain. J Appl Polym Sci 27:2957–2964
Ma Z, Zhang W, Li Z (1989) Study on the characterization of distribution of substituents along the chain of carboxymethyl cellulose. Chin J Polym Sci 7:45–53
Martinez-Richa A, Munoz-Alarcon H, Joseph-Nathan P (1991) Studies on enzymatic resistance and molecular structure by carbon-13 NMR of cellulosic ethers. J Appl Polym Sci 44:347–352
Heinze U, Schaller J, Heinze T, Horner S, Saake B, Puls J (2000) Characterization of regioselectively functionalized 2,3-O-carboxymethyl cellulose by enzymic and chemical methods. Cellulose 7:161–175
Horner S, Puls J, Saake B, Klohr E-A, Thielking H (1999) Enzyme-aided characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose. Carbohydr Polym 40:1–7
Puls J, Horner S, Kruse T, Saake B, Heinze T (1998) Enzyme-aided characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose with conventional and novel distribution of functional groups. Papier (Heidelberg, Germany) 52:743–748
Urbanski J (1992) Analysis and characterization of cellulose and its derivatives. Appl Polym Anal Charact 2:345–361
Mischnick P, Heinrich J, Gohdes M, Wilke O, Rogmann N (2000) Structure analysis of 1,4-glucan derivatives. Macromol Chem Phys 201:1985–1986
De Belder AN, Norrman B (1968) The distribution of substituents in partially acetylated dextran. Carbohydr Res 8:1–6
Bouveng HO (1961) Arabinogalactoglycans. V. Barry degradation of the arabinogalactoglycans from Western larch—a kinetic study of the mild acid hydrolysis of arabinogalactoglycan A. Acta Chem Scand 15:78–86
Liebert T, Pfeiffer K, Heinze T (2005) Carbamoylation applied for structure determination of cellulose derivatives. Macromol Symp 223:93–108
Bjorndal H, Lindberg B, Rosell KG (1971) Distribution of substituents in partially acetylated cellulose. J Polym Sci Polym Symp 36:523–527
Franz G (1991) Polysaccharide. Springer, Berlin
Prehm P (1980) Methylation of carbohydrates by methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate in trimethyl phosphate. Carbohydr Res 78:372–374
Mischnick P (1991) Determination of the substitution pattern of cellulose acetates. J Carbohydr Chem 10:711–722
Yu N, Gray GR (1998) Analysis of the positions of substitution of acetate and propionate groups in cellulose acetate-propionate by the reductive-cleavage method. Carbohydr Res 313:29–36
Yu N, Gray GR (1998) Analysis of the positions of substitution of acetate and butyrate groups in cellulose acetate butyrate by the reductive-cleavage method. Carbohydr Res 312:225–231
D’Ambra AJ, Rice MJ, Zeller SG, Gruber PR, Gray GR (1988) Analysis of positions of substitution of O-methyl or O-ethyl groups in partially methylated or ethylated cellulose by the reductive-cleavage method. Carbohydr Res 177:111–116
Garegg PJ, Lindberg B, Konradsson P, Kvarnstrom I (1988) Hydrolysis of glycosides under reducing conditions. Carbohydr Res 176:145–148
Stevenson TT, Furneaux RH (1991) Chemical methods for the analysis of sulfated galactans from red algae. Carbohydr Res 210:277–298
Liebert T, Schnabelrauch M, Klemm D, Erler U (1994) Readily hydrolyzable cellulose esters as intermediates for the regioselective derivatization of cellulose. Part II Soluble, highly substituted cellulose trifluoroacetates. Cellulose 1:249–258
Mischnick-Lubbecke P, König WA (1989) Determination of the substitution pattern of modified polysaccharides. Part I. Benzyl starches. Carbohydr Res 185:113–118
Mischnick P, Lange M, Gohdes M, Stein A, Petzold K (1995) Trialkylsilyl derivatives of cyclomaltoheptaose, cellulose, and amylose: rearrangement during methylation analysis. Carbohydr Res 277:179–187
Gross JH (2004) Mass spectrometry: a textbook. Springer, Heidelberg. ISBN 3-540-40739
Liebert T, Seifert M, Heinze T (2008) Efficient method for the preparation of pure, water-soluble cellodextrines. Macromol Symp 262:140–149
Hofmeister GE, Zhou Z, Leary JA (1991) Linkage position determination in lithium-cationized disaccharides: tandem mass spectrometry and semiempirical calculations. J Am Chem Soc 113:5964–5970
Adden R, Mischnick P (2005) A novel method for the analysis of the substitution pattern of O-methyl-α- and β-1,4-glucans by means of electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/collision induced dissociation. Int J Mass Spectrom 242:63–73
Ciucanu I (2006) Per-O-methylation reaction for structural analysis of carbohydrates by mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 576:147–155
Domon B, Costello CE (1988) A systematic nomenclature for carbohydrate fragmentations in FAB-MS/MS spectra of glycoconjugates. Glycoconjugate J 5:397–409
Arisz PW, Boon J (1995) Pyrolysis chemical ionization mass spectrometry of cellulose ethers. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 33:2855–2864
Heinrich J, Mischnick P (1999) Determination of the substitution pattern in the polymer chain of cellulose acetates. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 37:3011–3016
Mischnick P, Niedner W, Adden R (2005) Possibilities of mass spectrometry and tandem-mass spectrometry in the analysis of cellulose ethers. Macromol Symp 223:67–77
Adden R, Müller R, Brinkmalm G, Ehrler R, Mischnick P (2006) Comprehensive analysis of the substituent distribution in hydroxyethyl celluloses by quantitative MALDI-ToF-MS. Macromol Biosci 6:435–444
Pastorova I, Botto RE, Arisz PW, Boon JJ (1994) Cellulose char structures: a combined analytical Py-GC-MS, FTIR, and NMR study. Carbohydr Res 262:27–47
Carollo P, Grospietro B (2004) Plastic materials. Macromol Symp 208:335–351
Kamide K, Terakawa T, Miyazaki Y (1979) The viscometric and light-scattering determination of dilute solution properties of cellulose diacetate. Polym J 11:285–298
Kamide K, Miyazaki Y, Abe T (1979) Dilute solution properties and unperturbed chain dimension of cellulose triacetate. Polym J 11:523–538
Glasser WG, Samaranayake G, Dumay M, Dave V (1995) Novel cellulose derivatives. III. Thermal analysis of mixed esters with butyric and hexanois acid. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 33:2045–2054
Sealey JS, Samaranayake G, Todd JG, Glasser WG (1996) Novel cellulose derivatives. IV. Preparation and thermal analysis of waxy esters of cellulose. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 34:1613–1620
Fidale LC, Iβbrücker C, Silva PL, Lucheti CM, Heinze T, El Seoud OA (2010) Probing the dependence of the properties of cellulose acetates and their films on the degree of biopolymer substitution: use of solvatochromic indicators and thermal analysis. Cellulose 17:937–951
Crompton TR (1993) Practical polymer analysis. Plenum Press, New York, pp 595–664
Campbell D, Pethrich RA, White JR (2000) Polymer characterization: physical techniques. Stanley Thornes, Cheltenham, pp 362–407
Chartoff RP (2008) Thermal analysis of polymers. Characterization and analysis of polmers. Wiley Interscience, Hoboken, pp 805–881
Hill JO (1991) For better thermal analysis and calorimetry, ICTA, 3rd edn. CPC Reprographics, Portsmouth
Sircar AK (1982) Characterization of elastomers by thermal analysis. J Sci Ind Res 41:536–560
Savasci OT, Petkim Baysal SM (1986) Determination of effectivenesses of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-catechecol, mixed tri(mono- and dinonylphenyl) phosphite and their mixtures as antioxidants for CBR [cis-butadiene rubber] by DSC. J Appl Polym Sci 31:2157–2169
Gallagher PK (1993) Thermal analysis. Adv Anal Geochem 1:211–257
Brown ME (1988) Introduction to thermal analysis. Chapman and Hall, London
Häggkvist M, Li T-Q, Ödberg L (1998) Effects of drying and pressing on the pore structure in the cellulose fiber wall studied by proton and deuteron NMR relaxation. Cellulose 5:33–49
Crawshaw J, Cameron RE (2000) A small X-ray scattering study of pore structure in Tencel cellulose fibres and the effects of physical treatments. Polymer 41:4691–4698
Berggren J, Alderborn G (2001) Drying behavior of two sets of microcrystalline cellulose pellets. Int J Pharm 219:113–126
Rosenau T, Potthast A, Sixta H, Kosma P (2001) The chemistry of side reactions and byproduct formation in the system NMMO/cellulose (Lyocell process). Progr Polym Sci 26:1763–1837
Dorn S, Wendler F, Meister F, Heinze T (2008) Interactions of ionic liquids with polysaccharides—7: Thermal stability of cellulose in ionic liquids and N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide. Macromol Mater Eng 293:907–913
Wendler F, Konkin A, Heinze T (2008) Studies on the stabilization of modified Lyocell solutions. Macromol Symp 262:72–84
Hatakeyama H, Hatakeyama T (1998) Interactions between water and hydrophilic polymers. Thermochim Acta 308:3–22
Horbach A (1987) Thermoanalytical possibilities for characterization of cellulose and cellulose derivatives. Papier (Bingen, Germany) 41:652–657
Ruseckaite RA, Jiménez A (2003) Thermal degradation of mixtures of polycaprolactone with cellulose derivatives. Polym Degrad Stab 81:353–358
Hassan ML, Moorefield CN, Kotta K, Newkome GR (2005) Regioselective combinational-type synthesis, characterization, and physical properties of dendronized cellulose. Polymer 46:8947–8955
Heinze T, Rahn K, Jaspers M, Berghmans H (1996) Thermal studies on homogeneously synthesized cellulose p-toluenesulfonates. J Appl Polym Sci 60:1891–1900
Gaan S, Rupper P, Salimova V, Heuberger M, Rabe S, Vogel F (2009) Thermal decomposition and burning behavior of cellulose treated with ethyl ester phosphoramidates: effect of alkyl substituent on nitrogen atom. Polym Degrad Stab 94:1125–1134
Alvarez VA, Vásquez A (2004) Thermal degradation of cellulose derivatives/starch blends and sisal biocomposites. Polym Degrad Stab 84:13–21
El-Kalyoubi SF, El-Shinnawy NA (1985) Thermogravimetric analysis of some chemically modified celluloses. J Appl Polym Sci 30:4793–4799
Nada AMA, Hassan ML (1999/2000) Thermal behavior of cellulose and some cellulose derivatives. Polym Degrad Stab 67:111–115
Jain RK, Lal K, Bhatnagar HL (1989) Thermal degradation of cellulose esters and their tosylated products in air. Polym Degrad Stab 26:101–112
Kaloustian J, Pauli AM, Pastor J (1997) Thermal analysis of cellulose and some etherified and esterified derivatives. J Therm Anal 48:791–804
Jandura P, Riedl B, Kokta BV (2000) Thermal degradation behavior of cellulose fibers partially esterified with some long chain organic acids. Polym Degrad Stab 70:387–394
Berthold J, Rinaudo M, Salmen L (1996) Association of water to polar groups; estimations by an adsorption model for ligno-cellulosic materials. Colloids Surf A 112:117–129
Mizutani C, Inagaki H, Bertoniere NR (1999) Water absorbancy of never-dried cotton fibers. Cellulose 6:167–176
Hatakeyama T, Nakamura K, Hatakeyama H (2000) Vaporization of bound water associated with cellulose fibers. Thermochim Acta 352–353:233–239
Nakamura K, Hatakeyama T, Hatakeyama H (1981) Studies on bound water of cellulose by differential scanning calorimetry. Text Res J 51:607–613
Kaloustian J, Pauli AM, Pastor J (1996) Characterization by thermal analysis of lignin, cellulose, and some of its etherified derivatives. J Therm Anal 46:91–104
Ciesla K, Rahier H, Zakrzewska-Trznadel G (2004) Interaction of water with the regenerated cellulose membrane studied by DSC. J Therm Anal Calorim 77:279–293
Park S, Venditti RA, Jameel H, Pawlak JJ (2006) Changes in pore size distribution during the drying of cellulose fibers as measured by differential scanning calorimetry. Carbohydr Polym 66:97–103
Edgar KJ, Pecorini TJ, Glasser WG (1998) Long-chain cellulose esters: preparation, properties, and perspective. ACS Symp Ser 688:38–60
Takahashi A, Kawaharada T, Kato T (1979) Melting temperature of thermally reversible gel. V. Heat of fusion of cellulose triacetate and the melting of cellulose diacetate-benzyl alcohol gel. Polym J 11:671–675
Kamide K, Saito M (1985) Thermal analysis of cellulose acetate solids with total degrees of substitution of 0.49, 1.75, 2.46, and 2.92. Polym J 17:919–928
Joly N, Granet R, Krausz P (2004/2005) Olefin metathesis applied to cellulose derivatives: synthesis, analysis, and properties of new cross-linked cellulose plastic films. J Polym Chem A 43:407–418
Tosh BN, Saikia CN (1998) Thermal degradation of some homogeneously esterified products prepared from different molecular weight fractions of high α-cellulose pulp. J Polym Mater 15:185–195
Uryash VF, Rabinovich IB, Mochalov AN, Khlyustova TB (1985) Thermal and calorimetric analysis of cellulose, its derivatives and their mixtures with plasticizers. Termochim Acta 93:409–412
Cooney JD, Day M, Wiles DM (1984) Kinetic and thermogravimetric analysis of the thermal oxidative degradation of flame-retardant polyesters. J Appl Polym Sci 29:911–923
Cooney JD, Day M, Wiles DM (1983) Thermal degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate): a kinetic analysis of thermogravimetric data. J Appl Polym Sci 50:2887–2892
Yao F, Wu Q, Lei Y, Guo W, Xu Y (2008) Thermal decomposition kinetics of natural fibers: activation energy with dynamic thermogravimetric analysis. Polym Degrad Stab 93:90–98
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Heinze, T., El Seoud, O.A., Koschella, A. (2018). Structure and Properties of Cellulose and Its Derivatives. In: Cellulose Derivatives. Springer Series on Polymer and Composite Materials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73168-1_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73168-1_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-73167-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-73168-1
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)