Abstract
This chapter presents the historical development, issues, reasons, and consequences of the migration crisis in Slovenia and opens the discussion about what crime prevention education geared toward sustainable development is supposed to achieve and how academic teachers can help students in developing skills that might be needed in order to support a sustainable future in accordance with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 4—ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all for the 2016–2030 period. It stresses the importance of education for achieving sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and nonviolence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity, as well as contributions to sustainable development.
International organizations, states, and governments promote changes in education and training systems so that these would provide education in the field of sustainable development, including crime prevention. Nevertheless, researchers surmise that these changes remain at the rhetorical level. The European Union’s Bologna Process must meet the challenge of intercultural criminological and victimological education for an inclusive, peaceful, and sustainable world. If one wants to advance this goal, it is fundamental to begin with the education and training of qualified academic teachers and teacher educators, who encourage critical thinking and positive action-oriented solutions. Nevertheless, there are already regular migrations of students and university lecturers in the European Union and across the continents, which represent examples of best practice and opportunities for knowledge sharing and extending crime prevention education for sustainable development.
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Notes
- 1.
The number of people that left the country due to economic reasons is the same as the number recorded after the First and Second World War. The so-called “brain drain” was and remains an important issue in Slovenia (Zupančič 2012).
- 2.
Article 13 In accordance with treaties, aliens in Slovenia enjoy all the rights guaranteed by this Constitution and laws, except for those rights that pursuant to this Constitution or law only citizens of Slovenia enjoy.
- 3.
Article 32 (Freedom of Movement) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement, to choose his place of residence, to leave the country and to return at any time. This right may be limited by law, but only where this is necessary to ensure the course of criminal proceedings, to prevent the spread of infectious diseases, to protect public order, or if the defence of the state so demands. Entry into the country by aliens, and the duration of their stay in the country, may be limited on the basis of law.
- 4.
The following universities and institutes have changed or adapted their curricula to the issues of migration: Austria (Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Institute of Criminal Law; Institute for the Sociology of Law and Criminology, Vienna; SIAK—Austrian Federal Security Academy; Belgium (Free University of Brussels), Estonia (Estonian Academy of Security Sciences), Germany (Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law, Freiburg im Breisgau; European University Viadrina Frankfurt, Department of Criminal Law, Criminal Law and Criminology; University of Tübingen, Institute for Criminology at the Faculty of Law; University of Köln, Faculty of Law, Institute of Criminology, Köln; University of Heidelberg, Institute of Criminology; University of Göttingen, Faculty of Law, Institute for Criminal Law and Criminal Justice Sciences; University of Greifswald, Faculty of Law and Economics, Department of Criminology; University of Potsdam, Faculty of Law, Department of Juvenile Criminal Law and Criminology; University of the Saxon Police (FH), Rothenburg; National Alliance for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders (BAG-S), Bonn; The Network Against Violence, Hessian State), Greece (National Police Academy of Greece), Hungary (National University of Public Service), Iceland (University of Akureyri), Macedonia (St. Cyril and Methodius University), Norway (University of Oslo), Poland (University of Warsaw), Slovenia (University of Maribor, University of Ljubljana), Spain (Pompeu Fabra University), Sweden (Umea University; Stockholm University; Raoul Wallenberg Institute), Switzerland (University of Lausanne), United Kingdom (University of Manchester, School of Law; University of Liverpool, School of Sociology and Social Policy; University of Portsmouth, Institute of Criminal Justice Studies; University of London, Centre for Criminal Justice, School of Law, Queen Mary; Cardiff University; University of Sheffield, Centre for Criminological Research; University of Leicester, College of Social Science, Criminology at Leicester; Canterbury Christ Church University; University of Kent, Canterbury; University of Glamorgan, Centre for Criminology; Institute for Criminal Policy Research, King’s College London; University of Wolverhampton, School of Law, Social Sciences and Communications; Teesside University, School of Social Sciences & Law; UCL Jill Dando Institute of Security and Crime Science; University of Oxford, Centre for Criminology; Keele University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Sociology and Criminology; Northumbria University, School of Arts and Social Science; University of Salford, School of English, Sociology, Politics & Contemporary History, Sociology and Criminology; University of the West of England, Bristol, School of Humanities, Languages and Social Sciences, The Department of Sociology and Criminology; University of Southampton, School of Social Sciences, Applied Social Sciences; Royal Holloway, University of London, Centre for Criminology & Sociology; University Campus Suffolk, School of Social Science and Business; Staffordshire University; St. Helens College; Swansea University, School of Human Sciences; Open University in Wales; Durham University, School of Applied Social Sciences; University of Essex; University of Gloucestershire; Loughborough University, Department of Social Sciences; University of Liverpool, School of Sociology and Social Policy, Bootle, Liverpool; University of Bradford, Department of Social Sciences and Humanities, Bradford, West Yorkshire; University of Gloucestershire, Department of Undergraduate Scheme, Cheltenham; City University, Department of Sociology; Middlesex University, London; Birkbeck, University of London, London; University of Westminster, London; London South Bank University, London; Kingston University; LSE Language Centre, Mannheim Centre for Criminology; University of Strathclyde, Forensic Science Unit, FSU, Glasgow; University of Glasgow). This list of universities is incomplete - limited by English keywords used in search engines.
- 5.
The Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security (University of Maribor) organized a roundtable on migration and crime in Slovenia in 1998. The results of research showed that crime committed by refugees from former Yugoslavia was not as alarming as presented in the media. The results were presented to two audiences—the police and NGOs. The results of the study showed that 130 refugees were suspected of 86 crimes between 1992 and 1995. The majority of suspects were minors (95%) who were suspected of committing crimes together with local juvenile delinquents. Other refugees were suspects of forging documents, particularly passports and visas (Meško 1998). After the aforementioned meeting the following central question arose: “Are refugees a source of crime or do they merely contribute to the fear of crime?” (Meško and Lobnikar 2000).
- 6.
A special edition of the European Journal of Criminology was dedicated to discussions on crimmigration (van der Woude et al. 2017).
- 7.
It is also necessary to mention that the curriculum of the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, consisted of topics on migration, crime and victimization in the scope of undergraduate and postgraduate courses in criminal justice and security studies even before the current refugee crisis in Europe (since the 1990s). Representatives of NGOs and governmental institutions have been regularly invited as guest lecturers (particularly the representatives of the Ključ NGO, which is the leading Slovene NGO offering assistance and protection to victims of trafficking in human beings). In the past decade, MA students and lecturers of the FCJS attended field work in Calderara di Reno, a municipality near Bologna, Italy, where they learnt about social programs for refugees from Africa. Aleš Bučar-Ručman (2013) completed his doctoral dissertation on migration and crime in Slovenia under the supervision of professors Rastko Močnik and Gorazd Meško, and developed his doctoral research into a monograph on migration and crime (Bučar-Ručman 2014). In 2015 and 2016, special issues of the Two Homelands journal focusing on the recent migration and refugee crisis were published (Milharčič Hladnik, Two Homelands 2015, 2016). In 2017, a new subject on migration and crime was added to the MA program in Criminal Justice and Security. A research focus on migration, crime, cultural conflict reduction strategies and crime prevention may also be observed in recent research projects (e.g. criminological and victimological perspectives on migration, local safety and security, and responses to radicalization).
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Meško, G., Hacin, R., Pirnat, U., Eman, K. (2018). Migration Issues in Slovenia: Beyond the Rhetoric of University-Level Criminology and Crime Prevention Education for Sustainable Development. In: Kury, H., Redo, S. (eds) Refugees and Migrants in Law and Policy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72159-0_22
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