Abstract
Porosified silicon membranes of defined thicknesses were first studied in the 1990s and have now been realized by electrochemical anodization, micromachining techniques, and the annealing of ultrathin deposited films. The three fabrication routes produce very different morphologies and levels of porosity. A variety of applications have been explored for both macroporous and mesoporous membranes and these are also surveyed. Wholly microporous membranes in silicon, where all pores have diameters less than 2 nm, have not been achieved to date.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Agarwal V et al (2003) Effect of the electric field on the luminescence of self-supporting porous silicon. AOM Phys Stat Solidi 197(2):345–349
Alvarez J et al (2011) Birefringent porous silicon membranes for optical sensing. Opt Express 19(27):26106–26116
Amato G et al (2000) Thermal characterisation of porous silicon membranes. J Porous Mat 7:183–186
Angelucci R et al (2000) Permeated porous silicon suspended membrane as sub-ppm benzene sensor for air quality monitoring. J Porous Mat 7:197–200
Bobo P et al (2012) Novel method of separating macroporous arrays from p-type silicon substrate. J Semi Cond 33(4):0430004-1
Böcking T et al (2012) Biofunctionalization of free-standing porous silicon films for self-assembly of photonic devices. Soft Mat 8(2):360–366
Bustarret E, Ligeon M, Mihalcescu I, Oswald J (1995) Urbach edges in light-emitting porous silicon and related materials. Thin Solid Films 255:234–237
Chan MH et al (1995) Optical absorption of free-standing porous silicon films. J Appl Phys 79(6):3273–3275
Chao KJ et al (2000) Formation of high aspect ratio macropore array on p-type silicon. Electrochem Solid State Lett 3(10):489–492
Chau CF, Melvin T (2012) Design and fabrication of a quasi-ordered nanoporous silicon membrane suitable for thermally induced drug release. J Micromech Microengn 22(8):085028
Chen XM et al (2008) Obtaining a high area ratio free-standing silicon microchannel plate via a modified electrochemical procedure. J Micromech Microengn 18:033012
Chu KL et al (2006) A nanoporous silicon membrane electrode assembly for on-chip micro fuel cell applications. J Microelectromech Syst 15(3):671
Cisneros R et al (2009) Oxygen absorption in free-standing porous silicon: a structural optical and kinetic analysis. Nanoscale Res Lett 5:686–691
Cruz S et al (2005) Fabrication and optimization of porous silicon substrates for diffusion membrane applications. J Electrochem Soc 152(6):C418–C424
Dariani RS et al (2010) DC conduction in free-standing porous silicon. Optoelect Advan Mater Rapid Commun 4(10):1526–1530
Desai TA et al (2000) Nanoporous anti-fouling silicon membranes for biosensor applications. Biosens Bioelectr 15:453–462
Drory MD et al (1990) The mechanical properties of porous silicon membranes. J Mater Sci Lett 10:81–82
Dubosc F et al (2012) Fabrication of lateral porous silicon membranes for planar microfluidic devices. Procedia Engn 47:801–804
Fang DZ et al (2010) Methods for controlling the pore properties of ultra-thin nanocrystalline silicon membranes. J Phys Condens Mater 22(454134):1–7
Feng ZC et al (1994) Surface and optical analyses of porous silicon membranes. J Phys D Appl Phys 27:1968–1975
Fissell WH et al (2009) High performance silicon nanopore hemofiltration membranes. J Membrane Sci 326(1):58–63
Garel O et al (2007) Fabrication of free-standing porous silicon microstructures. J Micromech Microeng 17:S164–S167
Ghulinyan M et al (2003) Porous silicon free-standing coupled microcavities. Appl Phys Lett 82(10):1550–1552
Guha S et al (1997) Optical characterization of free-standing porous silicon films. J Porous Mat 4:227–237
Hajj-Hassan M et al (2011) Ultrathin porous silicon membranes fabricated using dry etching. Micro Nano Lett 6(4):226–228
Hamzah AA et al (2013) Electrochemically deposited and etched membranes with precisely sized micropores for biological fluids microfiltration. J Micromech Microeng 23:074007
Hedrich F et al (2000) Structuring of membrane sensors using sacrificial porous silicon. Sensor Actuator 84:315–323
Hilnomaz P et al (1994) Photoelectric properties of self-supporting porous silicon. Appl Phys Lett 64(23):3118
Kanemitsu Y et al (1993) Microstructure and optical properties of free-standing porous silicon films: Size dependence of absorption spectra in Si nanometer-sized crystallites. Phys Rev B 48(4):2827–2830
Kendall DL (1990) A new theory for the anisotropic etching of silicon and some underdeveloped chemical micromachining concepts. J Vac Sci Technol A 8(4):3598–3605
Kittisland G et al (1990) A sub-micron particle filter in silicon. Sens Actuat A21–3:904–907
KlÃma O et al (1993) Transport properties of self-supporting porous silicon. J Non-Cryst Solid 164–166:961–964
Koyama H, Fauchet PM (2000) Laser-induced thermal effects on the optical properties of free-standing porous silicon films. J Appl Phys 87(4):1788–1794
Kumar N et al (2014) Self-detachment of free-standing porous silicon membranes in moderately doped n-type silicon. Appl Phys A 116:251–257
Lammel G, Renaud P (2000) Free standing mobile 3D porous silicon microstructures. Sens Actuat A 85(1–3):356–360
Letant SE et al (2003) Functionalized silicon membranes for selective bio-organism capture. Nat Mater 2(6):391–395
Lindroos V et al (2010) Handbook of silicon based mems materials and technologies. William Andrew, Norwich
Malý P et al (1994) Transmission study of picosecond photocarrier dynamics in free-standing porous silicon. Solid State Commun 89(8):709–712
Mathwig K et al (2011) Bias-assisted KOH etching of macroporous silicon membranes. J Micromech Microeng 21:035015
Matthias S, Muller F (2003) Asymmetric pores in a silicon membrane acting as massively parallel brownian ratchets. Nature 424:53–57
Michelotti F et al (2010) Fast optical vapour sensing by bloch surface waves on porous silicon membranes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 12:502–506
Milita S et al (2001) X-Ray diffraction study of confined porous silicon membranes. J Electrochem Soc 148(8):G447–G451
Muller F et al (2000) Membranes for micropumps from macroporous silicon. Phys Stat Solidi (a) 182:585
O’Halloran GM et al (1998) Porous silicon membrane for humidity sensing applications. Sensor applications paper presented at Eurosensors XII, 13–12 September, pp 901–904
Ohkura Y et al (2013) Flash ignition of freestanding porous silicon films: effects of film thickness and porosity. Nano Lett 13(11):5528–5533
Ookubo N et al (1993) Microscope observation of a self-standing film of porous silicon. Mater Sci Eng B20:324–327
Pagonis DN et al (2006) Free-standing macroporous silicon membranes over a large cavity for filtering and lab-on-chip applications. Microelectron Eng 83:1421
Palavicini A et al (2013) Infrared transmission in porous silicon multilayers. Opt Photonic J 3:20–25
Pap AE et al (2006) Optical properties of porous silicon Part iii: comparison of experimental and theoretical results. Opt Mater 28:506–513
Pichonat T et al (2004) New proton conducting porous silicon membrane for small fuel cells. Fuel Cells Bulletin 8:11–14
Pichonat T et al (2006) A new process for the manufacturing of reproducible mesoporous silicon membranes. J Membrane Sci 280(2):494–500
Plummer A et al (2011) The burning rate of energetic films of nanostructured porous silicon. Small 7(23):3392–3398
Pusep YA et al (2009) Internal strain distribution in freestanding porous silicon. J Electrochem Soc 156(12):K215–K217
Qi C et al (2014) Highly porous silicon membranes fabricated from silicon nitride/silicon stacks. Small 10(14):2946–2953
Rogers JA, Lagally MG, Nuzzo RG (2011) Synthesis, assembly and applications of semiconductor nanomembranes. Nature 477:45–53. doi:10.1038/nature10381
Rong G et al (2008) Label-free porous silicon membrane waveguide for DNA sensing. Appl Phys Lett 93:161109
Saharil F et al (2013) Dry adhesive bonding of nanoporous inorganic membranes to microfluidic devices using the OSTE(+) dual-cure polymer. J Micromech Microeng 23:025021
Searson PC et al (1991) Porous silicon membranes. Appl Phys Lett 59(7):832
Sedlaćlk R et al (1995) Photoconductivity study of self-supporting porous silicon. Thin Solid Films 255(102):269–271
Strathman H (2011) Introduction to membrane science and technology. Wiley VCH, Weinheim
Taliercio T et al (1995) Realization of porous silicon membranes for gas sensor application. Thin Solid Films 255:310–312
Tanino H, Kuprin A, Deal H, Koshida N (1996) Raman study of free-standing porous silicon. Phys Rev B53:1937–1947
Tantawi KH et al (2013) Porous silicon membrane for investigation of transmembrane proteins. Superlatt Microstr 58:72–80
Tjerkstra RW et al (2000) Multi-walled microchannels: free standing porous silicon membranes for use in microTAS. J Microelectromech Syst 9(4):495–501
Vadjikar RM et al (1994) Morphology of self-supporting porous silicon layers. J Mater Sci Lett 13:222–224
Velleman L et al (2010) Fabrication of self-supporting porous silicon membranes and tuning transport properties by surface functionalization. Nanoscale 2(9):1756–1761
Vincent G, LeBlanc F, Sagnes I, Badoz PA, Halimaioui A (1993) Investigation of optical properties of free-standing porous silicon films by absorption and mirage effect. J Lumin 57(1–6):217–221
Xie Y et al (1994) Absorption and luminescence studies of free-standing porous silicon films. Phys Rev B49(8):5386–5397
Xu D et al (1999) Optical absorption and photoluminescence studies of free-standing porous silicon films with high porosities. J Phys Chem B 103(26):5468–5471
Xu D, Guo G, Gui L, Tang Y, Qin GS (2000) Optical absorption property of oxidized free-standing porous silicon films. Pure Appl Chem 72(1–2):237–243
Yao S et al (2006) Electroosmotic pumps fabricated from porous silicon membranes. J Microelectromech Syst 15(3):717–728
Zheng J et al (2005) Thick macroporous membranes made of p-type silicon. Phys Stat Sol 202(8):1402–1406
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this entry
Cite this entry
Canham, L. (2018). Porous Silicon Membranes. In: Canham, L. (eds) Handbook of Porous Silicon. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71381-6_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71381-6_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-71379-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-71381-6
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics