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The Arts Britain Utterly Ignored: Or, Arts Council Revenue Funding and State Intervention in British East Asian Theatre in the Late 1990s and Early 2000s

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Contesting British Chinese Culture

Abstract

This chapter maps the simultaneous existence of two British East Asian (BEA) theatre companies: Mu-Lan Theatre, which was founded in 1988 and folded in 2004, and Yellow Earth Theatre, which was launched in 1995 and continues into the present. It argues that Arts Council policies on diversity were tokenistic. In particular, by ending the funding for Mu-Lan and revenue funding only one BEA theatre company (Yellow Earth), the council fermented frustration about the narrowness of BEA participation in British theatre in the early twentieth century. The chapter suggests that the logic of the “diversity of diversity”—a cornerstone of Arts Council policy—was not enacted. Until recently, an ongoing lack of funding for BEA theatre practitioners has resulted in a growing plurality of theatre voices, but as many work without even basic expenses being covered, the chapter suggests that BEA performance practice was one of the arts that Britain utterly ignored. The chapter concludes by raising questions about Arts Council policy as it embarks on a new funding initiative for BEA theatre.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In 2001, ACE announced that its regional arts boards, of which London was one of ten, would be subsumed into a single national organization, with regional offices. For an overview of the relationships between ACE policy, wider national political contexts, and theatre making, see Tomlin (2015).

  2. 2.

    However, following a cut of 15 per cent to the ACE arts budget in 2011, Yellow Earth lost its revenue funding status. This led some commentators to suggest that “minority ethnic” theatre companies had been unfairly targeted in national cuts to the arts (Iqbal 2011).

  3. 3.

    Only recently has serious academic work concerning contemporary BEA theatre practice appeared, with the analysis of specific productions by Liang (2009), the examination of transnational networks by Rogers (2015), and the Anglo-Canadian comparative analysis of Leung (2015).

  4. 4.

    The report defines “resilience and sustainability” as “the vision and capacity of organisations to anticipate and adapt to economic, environmental and social change by seizing opportunities, identifying and mitigating risks, and deploying resources effectively in order to continue delivering quality work in line with their mission” (Arts Council of England 2013: 31).

  5. 5.

    Talawa received £170,000 in 2002 and £351,937 in 2003 (a total of £521,937 across the two-year period); Tamasha received £147,840 in 2002, £216,925 in 2003, and £246,500 in 2004 (a total of £611,265 across the three-year period); and Tara Arts received £243,013 in 2002, £285,024 in 2003, and £325,000 in 2004 (a total of £853,037 across the three-year period). In comparison, Yellow Earth received a total of £276,000 across the three years: £245,937 less than Talawa, £335,265 less than Tamasha, and £577,037 less than Tara.

  6. 6.

    This website is no longer live but can be accessed through archive.org wayback machine: https://web.archive.org/web/20140601000000*/http://mu-lan.org/

  7. 7.

    The RSC interpreted The Orphan of Zhao through the lens of Shakespeare, suggesting that the play was the “Chinese Hamlet.” This implied that the same diverse casting strategies used to universalize the relevance of Shakespeare might be used in The Orphan of Zhao, excluding BEA actors in the process (Thorpe 2014: 446–447). In defence of the casting of In the Depths of Dead Love, Howard Barker suggested that “[t]he ‘Chinese’ nature of the play is within the setting, which is entirely artificial, and the naming of the characters. It’s entirely European in its sensibilities. I’ve only very rarely ever set a play in my own culture—there’s always a distancing effect. You have to understand metaphors. The theatre isn’t a place for literalness” (cited in Lawson 2017). The argument that theatre should not be literal and that a nonnaturalistic aesthetics could ratify exclusionary casting was also deployed in 2017 by Music Theatre Wales. The Golden Dragon was defended as “Brechtian” and described as a story where “migration, exploitation, hopes and lost dreams are at the heart of The Golden Dragon, a compelling fable of modern life” (Music Theatre Wales 2017). The specificity of BEA immigrant experience was downplayed in the service of more totalizing narratives of immigration.

  8. 8.

    For the analysis of other Yellow Earth productions, see Liang (2009) and Rogers (2015).

  9. 9.

    The play was inspired by real events, in which London Filipinos were involved in the murder of a headmaster, Philip Lawrence, and the Evening Standard article “So Young, So Violent” offered an exploration of discrimination and alienation in the United Kingdom that led a young British person to join a BEA gang and descend into a spiral of increasing criminality.

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Thorpe, A. (2018). The Arts Britain Utterly Ignored: Or, Arts Council Revenue Funding and State Intervention in British East Asian Theatre in the Late 1990s and Early 2000s. In: Thorpe, A., Yeh, D. (eds) Contesting British Chinese Culture. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71159-1_11

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