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Bioethanol

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Brewing and Distilling Yeasts

Part of the book series: The Yeast Handbook ((YEASTHDB))

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Abstract

As well as its use in alcoholic beverages, ethanol is employed as a liquid fuel, most often in combination (blended) with gasoline. Any fuel produced from biological materials (for example, agricultural residues and municipal waste) is generally referred to as a biofuel. The term generally refers to liquid transportation fuels. Ligand biofuels offer an alternative to fossil fuels. The primary characteristics of a suitable biofuel are: it has potential to replace fossil fuels, the production process must have a net positive energy balance, and it should have negative environmental impact. In Brazil, sugar cane is the principal raw material for bioethanol production. In the United States, starch (and latterly lignocellulosics) is the primary raw material. Whereas the sugar cane overall energy balance in Brazil for the 2005–2006 crop season was estimated to be an output/input ratio of 9.3:1, it is predicted to be at least 11:1 by 2020. Corn is estimated to be at least 1:1. The fermentation process for fuel ethanol production in both Brazil and the United States (and other countries) is far from the optimal physiological condition for the yeast. Several stress factors can influence the process, for example, high sugar and ethanol concentrations; elevated temperatures; pH variations; presence of toxic compounds such as acetic acid, acetaldehyde, diacetyl: and other factors. Genetic manipulation strategies with yeast that produce bioethanol aim to expand appropriate metabolic pathways, alleviate metabolic blocks, circumvent sugar transport limitations, and promote co-fermentation with C6 and C5 sugars in fermenting yeast species, metabolic engineering to enable cultures to ferment xylose and other pentoses and immobilization of xylose with isomerase.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. International Centre for Brewing and Distilling, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK

    Graham G. Stewart

  2. GGStewart Associates, Cardiff, Wales, UK

    Graham G. Stewart

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Stewart, G.G. (2017). Bioethanol. In: Brewing and Distilling Yeasts. The Yeast Handbook. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69126-8_9

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