Abstract
The chapter looks at the electricity sector, which is very rarely the object of interest in Security Studies and political science, despite its clear importance as a vital energy sector sustaining vital functions and values of (post)modern societies. We trace security debates in two sub-sectors—renewables and nuclear energy and in two neighbouring countries, Germany and Poland. Germany is often lauded as the frontrunner of an energy transition while Poland—perceived as a carbon-locked in veto payer in European decarbonisation. We show that energy security discourses play a role in informing policy choices, and certainly lead to that kind of divergent rhetoric, but in reality the two countries share a commitment to coal at least in the medium term. In Poland, renewables are often framed as a threat for the electricity system. The German debate, less securitised, seems to be closer to the “objective” systemic vulnerabilities, whereas in Poland the major vulnerability of the power sector—weak and inadequate g rid—remains a non-issue. An instrumental use of securitisation and security jargon is visible among pro-renewable environmental activist in both countries, who mimic the securitising moves known from the gas sector to portray renewables as a solution to national security problems. In the nuclear sector we also find a strong example of a successful and full securitising move, with the announcement of the nuclear project as a national security issue, followed by proposed and implemented extra-ordinary measures . We find that politicians are more prone to use and accept security jargon , while technical experts in energy are most active in de- securitisation, even of such serious and problematic issues as uncontrolled electricity flows. The more international the energy issue, the more likely it is to see spill-overs from foreign policy and securitising moves drawing on a broader “security imagi nary.”
This publication has been prepared as part of the research project “Towards a common European energy policy? Energy security debates in Poland and Germany,” financially supported by the German-Polish Science Foundation. The authors would like to express their gratitude to Karol Dobosz and Bartosz Gruszka for their assistance with interviews, as well as Julia Szulecka for her help with a gap-filling media analysis. We would also like to thank Aleh Cherp for his helpful feedback.
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Notes
- 1.
Henceforth we use “electricity” or “power” as synonyms.
- 2.
Interview with an energy expert, GermanWatch, conducted by Bartosz Gruszka, Berlin, 29 May 2015.
- 3.
Interview with a representative of the German Trade Union Confederation , conducted by Julia Kusznir, Berlin, 27 May 2015.
- 4.
Interview with an energy expert at WWF , conducted by Julia Kusznir, Berlin, 28 May 201.
- 5.
Rebecca Bertram, the Heinrich Böll Foundation’s expert on ‚European Energiewende, “Warum Deutschland eine europäische Energiewende braucht,” https://www.boell.de/de/2017/02/20/warum-deutschland-eine-europaeische-energiewende-braucht
- 6.
Interview with an energy expert at BiznesAlert, conducted by Julia Kusznir, Warsaw, 15 May 2015.
- 7.
Interview with a former Member of the European Parliament , conducted by Julia Kusznir, Warsaw, 14 May 2015.
- 8.
Interview with the president of the Polish Wind Energy Association, conducted by Karol Dobosz, Warsaw, 20 May 2015.
- 9.
Interview with an energy utilities employee, conducted by Julia Kusznir, Warsaw, 11 May 2015.
- 10.
Interview with the president of the Polish Wind Energy Association, conducted by Karol Dobosz, Warsaw, 20 May 2015.
- 11.
Interview with Anna Kwiatkowska-Drożdż, leader of the Germany and Northern Europe Team at the Center for Eastern Studies (OSW), a think-tank supervised by the Chancellery of the Prime Minister. Interview conducted by Łukasz Warzecha, “Dusza rosyjska i niemiecka,” Rzeczpospolita, 12 February 2016.
- 12.
Interview with an energy expert at BiznesAlert, Warsaw, conducted by Julia Kusznir, 13 May 2015.
- 13.
Interview with the representatives of the European and Regional Energy Policy Office and the EU Economy Department at the Polish Foreign Ministry, conducted by Karol Dobosz, Warsaw, 10 July 2015.
- 14.
Interview with an expert on economic affairs, Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany , conducted by Karol Dobosz, Warsaw, 7 July 2015.
- 15.
Interview with two experts, Energy Regulation Bureau, conducted by Karol Dobosz, Warsaw, 8 July 2015.
- 16.
Interview with two employees of 50Hertz , by Julia Kusznir, Berlin, 27 January 2016.
- 17.
Interview with two Energy Department experts, conducted by Karol Dobosz, Warsaw, 3 July 2015.
- 18.
Ibidem.
- 19.
Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej Ministerstwa Gospodarki, 2009, Koncepcja kampanii informacyjnej dotyczącej energetyki jądrowej: Bezpieczeństwo, które się opłaca.
- 20.
Interview with two Energy Department experts, conducted by Karol Dobosz, Warsaw, 3 July 2015.
- 21.
Ibidem.
- 22.
Ibidem.
- 23.
Interview with an energy expert, GermanWatch, conducted by Bartosz Gruszka, Berlin, 29 May 2015.
- 24.
Interview with an energy expert at the Renewable Energy Agency (Agentur für erneuerbare Energien), conducted by Bartosz Gruszka, Berlin, 26 May 2015.
- 25.
Sigmar Gabriel, Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy, interview in Westdeutschen Allgemeinen Zeitung, “Wir schaffen die Energiewende” 3 September 2015.
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Szulecki, K., Kusznir, J. (2018). Energy Security and Energy Transition: Securitisation in the Electricity Sector. In: Szulecki, K. (eds) Energy Security in Europe. Energy, Climate and the Environment. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64964-1_5
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