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Marginalized Racial and Ethnic Adults with Disabilities in Rural Communities: The Role of Cultural Competence and Social Justice

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Disability and Vocational Rehabilitation in Rural Settings

Abstract

Historically marginalized groups in the United States make up vast and complex groups. Although this chapter discusses historically marginalized groups broadly, we acknowledge that these groups have distinct histories, cultural contexts, and sociopolitical transitions. The intent of this chapter is to explore VR service responsiveness to persons with disabilities from historically marginalized groups in rural, frontier, and territory (RFT) settings. The discussion focuses on attitudes toward disability, access to and quality of VR services, counselor-client working alliance, counselor cultural competence, and employment outcomes. Recommendations are offered to improve service outcomes.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Early Childhood, Special Education, and Rehabilitation Counseling, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA

    Debra A. Harley

  2. Department of Rehabilitation Counseling, C024 C Anderson Center, Winston Salem State University, Winston Salem, NC, USA

    Brenda Cartwright

Authors
  1. Debra A. Harley
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  2. Brenda Cartwright
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Debra A. Harley .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Early Childhood, Special, Education, and Rehabilitation Counseling, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA

    Debra A. Harley

  2. College of Health and Human Services, Rehabilitation Services and Rehabilitation Counseling, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA

    Noel A. Ysasi

  3. Department of Early Childhood, Special, Education, and Rehabilitation Counseling, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA

    Malachy L. Bishop

  4. Pennsylvania State University, Rehabilitation and Human Services, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA

    Allison R. Fleming

Learning Exercises

Learning Exercises

Self-Check Questions

  1. 1.

    Explain what is meant by rural marginalized individuals with disabilities are considered to have a triple minority status.

  2. 2.

    What issues must be considered in determining how racial and ethnic marginalized groups define disability and chronic illness?

  3. 3.

    What are some things you can do to ensure that microaggressions do not occur in your counseling process with clients who are members of marginalized groups?

Experiential Activities

  1. 1.

    Interview an individual with a disability who is a member of a marginalized group residing in a rural area to (1) assess barriers in accessing healthcare and rehabilitation services, (2) identify their perceptions of the quality of services in the State VR agency, and (3) then compare and contrast your findings with those in the Eide et al. (2015) study found at DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0125915.

  2. 2.

    Interview five individuals with disabilities who are members of marginalized group residing in a rural area to assess the barriers to voting in the general election.

Attend a church with a majority membership from a marginalized group. Interview a prominent member of that community (e.g., religious leader) to learn about the services provided to the congregation.

Multiple-Choice Questions

  1. 1.

    Microaggressions are defined as ____.

    1. (a)

      Positive statements about a targeted group

    2. (b)

      Denigrating messages to a targeted group

    3. (c)

      Historical messages about a targeted group

    4. (d)

      Culturally specific characteristics of a targeted group

  2. 2.

    Which of the following statements is generally true of racial and ethnic marginalized groups?

    1. (a)

      They seek mental health services at the same rates as European American populations.

    2. (b)

      They are very open about acknowledging psychological problems.

    3. (c)

      They are significantly less likely to seek mental health services.

    4. (d)

      They are less likely to have mental health in comparison to European Americans.

  3. 3.

    Which of the following explain some of the differences in help-seeking behaviors of racial and ethnic marginalized groups for depression?

    1. (a)

      The way symptoms are manifested

    2. (b)

      The way depression is defined

    3. (c)

      The way symptoms are interpreted and labeled

    4. (d)

      All of the above

    5. (e)

      None of the above

  4. 4.

    Which of the following has been added to multicultural competencies by the multicultural and social justice competencies?

    1. (a)

      Awareness

    2. (b)

      Knowledge

    3. (c)

      Skills

    4. (d)

      Action

  5. 5.

    Which of the following most influences how we view people with disabilities?

    1. (a)

      Age

    2. (b)

      Gender

    3. (c)

      Culture

    4. (d)

      Religion

  6. 6.

    What are typical complicating factors impacting the well-being of marginalized groups residing in rural areas?

    1. (a)

      Lowered unemployment rates

    2. (b)

      Increased on-the-job support

    3. (c)

      Greater disparities in access to healthcare resources and availability of quality healthcare

    4. (d)

      Increased VR outreach

  7. 7.

    Which marginalized group has research reported mixed or conflicting findings with regard to racial disparities in employment outcomes?

    1. (a)

      Hispanic/Latino Americans with hearing losses

    2. (b)

      American Indians with traumatic brain injuries

    3. (c)

      African Americans with spinal cord injuries

    4. (d)

      Asian American /Pacific Islander young adults with specific learning disabilities

  8. 8.

    Which of the following is a key component in a counselor’s understanding of the existence of the intersectionality of multiple statuses impacting the well-being of an African American gay male?

    1. (a)

      Client worldview

    2. (b)

      Cultural competency

    3. (c)

      Counselor self-awareness

    4. (d)

      Advocacy intervention

  9. 9.

    What components are paramount in achieving positive outcomes in a working alliance?

    1. (a)

      Building trust and collaboration with marginalized clients and their communities

    2. (b)

      Developing a thorough knowledge of cultural characteristics of marginalized clients

    3. (c)

      Reducing early termination

    4. (d)

      Avoiding racial/cultural issues

  10. 10.

    Which of the following areas does research not demonstrate that disparities exist in VR service provision to marginalized group members?

    1. (a)

      Closure types

    2. (b)

      Employment outcomes

    3. (c)

      Eligibility

    4. (d)

      Work disincentives

Key

  • 1 – B

  • 2 – C

  • 3 – D

  • 4 – D

  • 5 – C

  • 6 – C

  • 7 – A

  • 8 – B

  • 9 – A

  • 10 – D

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Harley, D.A., Cartwright, B. (2018). Marginalized Racial and Ethnic Adults with Disabilities in Rural Communities: The Role of Cultural Competence and Social Justice. In: Harley, D., Ysasi, N., Bishop, M., Fleming, A. (eds) Disability and Vocational Rehabilitation in Rural Settings. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64786-9_9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64786-9_9

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-64785-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-64786-9

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

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