Abstract
The new Civil Code of Hungary maintained the direct connection to the special intellectual property (IP) acts by a simple provision on the subsidiary application of the Code to all civil law matters that are not provided for in the IP acts. The new code gave up the comprehensive protection of all miscellaneous intellectual creations that do not fall within the scope of the IP acts based on well-founded arguments, and reconsidered the approach to the legal protection of know-how in light of the TRIPS Agreement. The know-how is no longer a type of intellectual creation but a subcategory of trade secrets that are, in turn, a subcategory of issues protected by personality (privacy) rights.
Intellectual Property--- Abbreviated as IP.
Edited version of the presentation held at the seminar titled the “The New Civil Codes in Hungary and Romania I.” on 24 May 2013, Cluj-Napoca (Kolozsvár, Klausenburg).
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Notes
- 1.
Act V of 2013 (hereafter: CC).
- 2.
E.g. a miscellaneous intellectual creation ceases to be a protected subject-matter.
- 3.
The TRIPS Agreement is the first international instrument to define and protect trade secrets against their unlawful (unlicensed) acquisition, disclosure, making public or exploitation if committed as unfair commercial behaviour.
- 4.
For the introduction of the intellectual property approach: BACHER, VILMOS: A szellemi tulajdon jogi védelme és a Ptk. Polgári Jogi Kodifikáció 2000/3, 23–32., BOBROVSZKY, JENŐ: A szellemi tulajdon néhány dilemmájáról a körte és a sajt között. Libri Amicorum 17. Studia Gy. Boytha dedicata ELTE ÁJK Polgári Jogi Tanszék Budapest 2004. 33–45., FICSOR MIHÁLY ZOLTÁN: A szellemi tulajdon és a Ptk. Polgári Jogi Kodifikáció 2001/2., 27–30. For the maintenance of the intellectual creation approach: BOYTHA, GYÖRGY: A szellemi alkotások joga és az új Ptk. Polgári Jogi Kodifikáció 2000/2. 46–56, 2000/3. 13–23. For a compromise: FALUDI GÁBOR: Szerzői jog, iparvédelem és a Ptk. koncepciója. Polgári jogi kodifikáció, 2003/2. 3–14., 2003/3, 3–14.
- 5.
§ 4:38(1)(c) CC: save for the royalty due during the community of property, the proprietary right of the spouse as creator of intellectual property shall be part of the spouse's separate property.
- 6.
§ 6:253(5) CC: the prior consent of the principal is required for the publication of the intellectual creation generated as a result of the research.
- 7.
Promulgated as Act IX of 1998.
- 8.
Article 118 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 2012/C 326/01 (TFEU).
- 9.
Article 17(2) of the Charter of fundamental rights of the EU (2012/C 326/02).
- 10.
Article 1 of the Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedom, promulgated as Act XXXI of 1993.
- 11.
User generated content, please see e.g. Assessing the economic impacts of adapting certain limitations and exceptions to copyright and related rights in the EU, Gregor Langus, Damien Neven & Gareth Shier Charles River Associates, October 2013; http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/copyright/docs/studies/131001-study_en.pdf.
- 12.
E.g. EU Human Rights Guidelines on Freedom of Expression Online and Offline, Foreign Affairs Council meeting, Brussels, 12 May 2014, European Court of Human Rights: 40397/12 Fredrik NEIJ and Peter SUNDE KOLMISOPPI against Sweden—on file-sharing; 36769/08 Ashby Donald et al. against France on the freedom/copyright prohibition to post fashion photos on the internet, ECJ C-275/06, Promusicae; C-557/07 LSG, C-461/10 Bonnier on the provision of or refusal to provide data of the infringers by the intermediary service provider to the claimant in civil copyright litigations.
- 13.
C-92/92, C-362/92- the performing artists of another Member State shall enjoy the same rights as the performing artists in the country of exploitation, even if such right are not afforded for foreign performing artists.
- 14.
C-28/04: under the general principle of non-discrimination the right of an author to claim in a Member State the copyright protection afforded by the law of that State may not be subject to a distinguishing criterion based on the country of origin of the work, where such right is not afforded to the author.
- 15.
96/9/EC Directive on the protection of databases.
- 16.
C-145/10, Eva-Maria Painer v Standard VerlagsGmbH, et al.
- 17.
C-5/08, Infopaq International A/S v Danske Dagblades Forening.
- 18.
98/44/EC on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions.
- 19.
E.g. C-273/00 Sieckmann, C-49/02, Heidelberger Bauchemie GmbH: Colours or combinations of colours without contours.
- 20.
Article 5(1) of the so called Copyright Directive (2001/29/EC Directive: Temporary acts of reproduction referred to in Article 2, which are transient or incidental [and] an integral and essential part of a technological process and whose sole purpose is to enable: (a) a transmission in a network between third parties by an intermediary, or (b) a lawful use of a work or other subject-matter to be made, and which have no independent economic significance, shall be exempted from the reproduction right provided for in Article 2.
- 21.
Regulation 816/2006 on compulsory licensing of patents relating to the manufacture of pharmaceutical products for export to countries with public health problems; § 33/A of the Patent Act (Act XXXIII of 1995).
- 22.
BH2005. 209.
- 23.
§ 3 of Act LXXVI of 1999 on Copyright.
- 24.
§ 43/A of Act XXXIII of 1995 on the patent protection of inventions.
- 25.
Act XI of 1997 on the protection of trademarks and geographical indications.
- 26.
The acts on the protection of design, the utility model and semiconductor chips follow the Patent Act by simple references.
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Faludi, G. (2017). Intellectual Property in the New Civil Code of Hungary. In: Menyhárd, A., Veress, E. (eds) New Civil Codes in Hungary and Romania. Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, vol 63. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63327-5_7
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